koti ppt

WATER

WATER

Water Availability and Use

Freshwater Shortages

Water Management and Conservation

Privatization of water

Water warsGroundwaterSecond largest reservoir of fresh water. Infiltration - Process of water percolating through the soil and into fractures and permeable rocks. Zone of Saturation - Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled with water. Water Table - Top of Zone of Sat.

Hydrologic Cycle

Drought CyclesEvery continent has regions of scarce rainfall due to topographic effects or wind currents. Water shortages have most severe effect in semiarid zones where moisture availability is the critical factor in plant and animal distributionsThe most important features of drinking water: It must not contain materials that are dangerous to human health It must be with good taste It must be transparent and its colour is blue at big quantity Its temperature must be between 5 and 15 centigrade degrees Its chemical reaction must be neutral or alkalineGroundwater Aquifer

Aquifers - Porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying below the water table Artesian - Pressurized aquifer intersects the surface. (Water flows without pumping)Recharge Zone - Area where water infiltrates into an aquifer. Recharge rate is often very slow. Presently, groundwater is being removed faster than it can be replenished

WATER RESOURCESWater, liquid and solid, covers more than 70% of worlds surface.More than 370 billion billion gallons.Sources of water

Surface fresh water: 3% of liquid water,which is 13% of fresh water,which is 2.4% of water Water is the essence of life. Surface sources lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and paved areas.Underground sources wells, deep wells, artesian wells,artesian springs, land springs.

Water Supply SystemWater Main Supply pipe installed and maintained by a public entity and on public propertyWater Service Pipe from the water main to the building supply pipesMeter Measures the amount of water transported through water serviceValve A fitting used to control water flow (located next to the meter)

Water Supply and Canalisation

/Water circulates/ Catchment/Purification Distribution Consumption Collecting Carrying Purification SettingCatchmentCatchment is the process we can obtain water from nature by that Fresh water occurs 3 places on the earth: In the air as clouds In the subsurface Being on ground

Pipe FittingsPurpose of Pipe Fittings Plumbing fittings have different shapes which allow rigid straight pipe to change both direction and diameter. Elbows Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. The most common elbows come in 90 degree and 45 degree turns. The sweep of the fitting describe how fast a transition or change in direction is made.

Street Elbows One end of the fitting has male threads and the other end has female threads. Street elbows are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work well in tight quarters

Tee or T-fittingsAllow for branch lines. They are shaped like the letter T.DWV tees are known as waste or sanitary Ts. In these fittings the intersection is slightly curved in order to avoid clogs. Gradual bends are best for smooth flow of waste.

CouplingsUsed to join two straight pieces of pipe of the same diameter.

Reducers Used to join pipe of different diameters. Galvanized steel reducers are called bell reducers because they look like a bell. All reducers make a gradual transition between different diameters of pipe and therefore they take up considerable space

Bushings Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They differ from reducers in that they make abrupt changes in diameter and take very little space. Two examples of galvanized steel bushings are face bushings, which take the least amount of space, and hex bushings which can be tightened with an adjustable wrench.

UnionsUsed to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a piece of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement

Adaptor fittingsCaps They are used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female threads as needed. Adaptors are commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing jobs. For example adaptors are used to convert from a PVC glue connection to a threaded connection or from a copper soldered connection to a threaded connection. Male adapters and female adapters are both common.

Used to close the end of a dead end pipe

Plugs

Close an opening on a pipefitting normally used for inspection and cleanoutNipplesShort lengths (under 12") of pipe threaded at both ends.

Wyes Pronounced like the letter Y Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV systems.