1 21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 1 KONSEP-KONSEP BIAYA DAN LINGKUNGAN EKONOMI Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mukhyi, SE., MM 21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 2 Terminologi Biaya Biaya Tetap (Fixed Cost) Biaya Variabel (Variable Cost) Biaya Inkremental (Incremental Cost) Biaya Berulang dan Tidak Berulang Biaya langsung, Tidak Langsung dan Overhead. Biaya Tunai, Biaya Tunai Biaya Hangus Biaya Kesempatan Biaya Siklus Hidup
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1
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 1
KONSEP-KONSEP BIAYA
DAN LINGKUNGAN
EKONOMI
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mukhyi, SE., MM
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 2
Terminologi Biaya� Biaya Tetap (Fixed Cost)
� Biaya Variabel (Variable Cost)
� Biaya Inkremental (Incremental Cost)
� Biaya Berulang dan Tidak Berulang
� Biaya langsung, Tidak Langsung dan Overhead.
� Biaya Tunai, Biaya Tunai
� Biaya Hangus
� Biaya Kesempatan
� Biaya Siklus Hidup
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 3
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 4
3
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 5
Contoh 1:Pengerjaan pelapisan jalan, seorang kontraktor memperkirakan biaya $ 1,15 per yard kubik per mil untuk mengangkut material pelapis aspal dari pabrik pencampuran ke lokasi kerja.
$1,15/yd3mil$1,15/yd3milOngkos angkut
$ 25.000$ 15.000Biaya memasang dan memindahkan peralatan
$ 5.000$ 1.000Biaya sewa lokasi tiap bulan
4,3 mil6 milJarak muatan rata-rata
Lokasi BLokasi AFaktor Biaya
Bila lokasi B dipilih ada biaya tambahan $ 96 tiap hari untuk petugas pemberi isyarat. Pekerjaan ini memerlukan 50.000 yard kubil material. Pekerjaan ini memerlukan waktu 4 bulan (17 minggu dari 5 hari kerja per minggu. Jika untuk tiap yard kubik pengangkutan ke lokasi kerja di bayar $ 8,05
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 6
Pemenciunan dan pembuangan
Pemanfaatan untuk operasi atau konsumen, pemeliharaan dan dukungan
Produksi atau konstruksi
Rancangan terinci, perencanaan produksi atau konstruksi, pengadaan fasilitas dan sumberdaya
Rancangan konseptual (pendahuluan), pengembangan jamu, pengujian purwarupa
Memerlukan penaksiran, definisi keperluan
FASE AKUISISI FASE OPERASI
Potensi penghematan biaya siklus hidup
Biaya siklus hidup kumulatif
Biaya siklus hidup kumulatif yang dicadangkan
waktu
Biaya
SIKLUS HIDUP DAN BIAYA RELATIF
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 7
TEORI PERMINTAAN
� Permintaan
� Jumlah permintaan
� Harga permintaan
� Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan
� Hukum permintaan
� Teori Permintaan
� Fungsi Permintaan
� Permintaan individu
� Permintaan pasar
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 8
Skedul dan Kurva Permintaan
F100.000~0
E100.000500200
D100.000250400
C100.000166.67600
B100.000125800
A100.0001001000
TitikPendapatan Kuantitas
yang diminta (Q)
Harga
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 9
A
B
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8
kuantitas (Q)
Ha
rga
(P
)
C
D
E
F
Permintaan (D)
Marginal quantity of
price � deadweight
loss (DWL)
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 10
Perkecualian Hukum Permintaan
� Barang yang memiliki unsur spekulasi.
� Barang prestise
� Barang giffen
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 11
TEORI PENAWARAN
� Penawaran
� Jumlah penawaran
� Harga penawaran
� Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran
� Hukum penawaran
� Teori Penawaran
� Fungsi Penawaran
� Penawaran individu
� Penawaran pasar
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 12
Skedul dan Kurva Penawaran
F1000
E200200
D300400
C400600
B500800
A6001000
TitikKuantitas
yang diminta (Q)
Harga
7
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 13
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800
Kuantitas (Q)
Ha
rga
(P
)A
B
C
D
E
F
Penawaran (S)
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 14
Perkecualian Hukum Penawaran
� Backward bending supply
� Decreasing cost supply
� Constant cost supply
� Biaya yang meningkat dan pendapatan yang menurun
� Penawaran yang tetap (in-elastis sempurna) dan masalah
sewa
� Kasus situasi dinamis
� Osilasi divergen
� Osilasi abadi
� Osilasi non linear
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 15
Keseimbangan Pasar
� QD= -1,25P + 750
� QS = 0,5P + 100
Jawab:
QD = QS
–1,25P + 750 = 0,5P + 100
–1,25P – 0,5P = 100 – 750
–1,75P = –650
P = 371.43 ���� Q = 285.715
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 16
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800
Kuantitas (Q)
Ha
rga
(P
)
S
D
E
285.715
371.43
KESEIMBANGAN PASAR
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 17
Kegagalan Pasar
� Informasi tidak sempurna (incomplete information)
� Daya monopoli (monopoli power)
� Eksternalitas (externality)
� Barang public (public goods)
� Barang altruisme (altruism goods)
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 18
The Market Forces of Supply and
Demand� Supply and demand are the two words that
economists use most often.
� Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work.
� Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 19
WHAT ARE COSTS?
� According to the Law of SupplyLaw of Supply:
� Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.
� This results in a supply curve that slopes upward.
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 20
WHAT ARE COSTS?
� The Firm’s Objective
� The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 21
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit
� Total Revenue
� The amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.
� Total Cost
� The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 22
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit
� Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost.
Profit = Total revenue Profit = Total revenue -- Total costTotal cost
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 23
Costs as Opportunity Costs
� A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.
� Explicit and Implicit Costs
� A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs.
� Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm.
� Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 24
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
� Economists measure a firm’s economic profit
as total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.
� Accountants measure the accounting profit
as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs.
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 25
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
� When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.
� Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit.
� The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.
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21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 29
The Production Function
� Marginal Product
� The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of that input.
21 October 2009 Ekonomi Teknik 30
The Production Function
� Diminishing Marginal Product
� Diminishing marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.
� Example: As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.