Konrad Dabrowski School of Environment and Natural ... · Konrad Dabrowski. School of Environment and Natural Resources. Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio . ... (D’Abramo et

Konrad DabrowskiSchool of Environment and Natural Resources

Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio

U.S.A.

Growth rate of piraruku or paiche (Arapaima gigas),the largest and the fastest growingAmazonian fish(Alcantara F. et al. 2004)

Tingo Maria, Upper Amazon,Peru

Fish metabolic advantages over terrestrial animalsHuman health advantages resulting from seafoodconsumptionAquaculture production in EuropeCost of feeds in aquacultureCost of individual dietary componentsFish meal replacementFish oil replacementPlant ingredients with novel functions

Gossypol, saponins, quercetin, hydroxytyrosol, steroid-inhibitors

Research needs to facilitate wider/larger use of plant ingredients in aquafeeds

1. Aquatic organisms are poikilothermic, that means the maintenance energy requirement is lower than in terrestrial homotherms and affects food utilization.

2. Aquatic organisms are ammonotelic in comparison to terrestrial animals that synthesize urea (ureotelic, mammals) or uric acid (uricotelic, birds), so there is no metabolic need to detoxify ammonia (energy loss).

3. Aquaculture facilities, culture ponds can be build in the areas unsuitable for other agriculture activities: poor land, river flood plain, swamp land, natural prairies lakes, water enclosures and cages. Fish can be produced in rice paddies or rotated with agriculture crops.

4. In developing countries fish are frequently the highest value protein in the diet. In developed countries fish oils are recognized for reducing serum triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure, reducing plasma cholesterol and platelet adhesiveness. In the end, fish consumption correlates with a decrease in coronary heart diseases.

Low cost diet: 34.7% protein, 5.4% lipid,Cost $310/tonYield 11.9 ton/ha

Feed$7,32035%

Fingerlings$5,80727%

Aeration$2,44412%

Other $3,04614%

Interest on variable costs

$1,4667%

Fixed Costs$1,021

5%

High cost dietHigh cost diet: 35.1% protein, 6.8% lipid,Cost  $378/tonYield  14.5 ton/ha

Comparison of variable and fixed cost ($US) of channel catfishstocker production

(D’Abramo et al. 2008. N. Am. J. Aquacult.)

$202,292, 43%

$58,085, 12%$5,772, 1%

$574, 0%

$88,000, 19%

$48,871, 10%

$2,935, 1%

$7,116, 2%

$46,620, 10% $9,866, 2%

Trout Production Costs

Feed

Juvenile

Diesel oil & electricity

Medicine & additives

Interest & Marketing

Labor

Rent

Repair & maintenance

Interest & depreciation

General overhead

$184,725, 48%

$40,348, 10%$5,144, 1%$861, 0%

$30,091, 8%

$87,443, 23%

$2,201, 1%

$3,366, 1%$24,980, 6% $7,835, 2%

Sea Bass Production Costs

Feed

Juvenile

Diesel oil & electricity

Medicine & additives

Interest & Marketing

Labor

Rent

Repair & maintenance

Interest & depreciation

General overhead

Fish production cost $2.58/kg

Fish production cost $4.77/kg

Percentage cost breakdown of an Atlantic salmon grower diet (39% protein, 33% fat)

(Higgs, D.A. 2008. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Vancouver, Canada, personal communication)

Estimated global use of fish oil in compound diets in 2006.

R. Hardy EAA 9.08

R. Hardy EAA .08

Soybean mealSoybean meal protein concentrateCorn gluten mealCottonseed mealDistiller’s dried grain-solubles (DDGS)Rice protein concentrate

Histological scores 0.0 0.8 5.17 4.83 0.33 0.50(Posterior intestine) Proliferating cell 780bc 716bc 1262a 1192a 884b 666c

nuclear antigen (PCNA)

Sections of posterior intestine immuno-stained for PCNA (ps). Antibody reacted against dividing cells at the base of intestinal folds.lu: lumenSBM

Protein 44-45.3%, lipid 19.7-20.8%

Weight gain of rainbow trout fed fish meal (control) and plant protein based diets supplemented with taurine (Gaylord et al. 2006. JWAS 37: 509)

Ingredients Dietary treatmentCM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100

Menhaden fish meal 200 150 100 50 0Herring fish meal 200 150 100 50 0Cottonseed meal 0 147 294.2 441.1 588Krill meal 50 50 50 50 50Wheat middlings 280 212 144 75 6Maize gluten meal 116 126 136 146 156Yeast 60 60 60 60 60DL-Methionine 0 1 2 3 4L-Lysine 0 2 4 6 8Menhaden oil 80 89 98 107 116

Parameters Dietary treatmentCM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100

Crude protein (g/kg) 409.4 430.6 428.8 424.4 429.4Lipids (g/kg) 143.8 144.8 145.9 146.9 147.9Methionine (g/kg)1 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.6Lysine (g/kg)1 27.8 27.1 26.3 25.5 24.8

Total gossypol (μg/g)3

Total nd 2268 4235 7379 9163(+)-enantiomer nd 1143 1919 3801 5008(-)-enantiomer nd 1125 2316 3578 4154

Piketon, Ohio, experimental facilities of Ohio State University

Fertility test to estimate sperm quality

Incubation until eyed-embryo stage

at 12-15oC

20-25 days

1 x 109 sperm/egg 170-200 eggs

10 ml saline 0.5% in duplicate

Sperm Concentration

Motility Fertilizing ability

Seminal plasmaProtein

LDH activity Osmolality Gossypol

Sampling procedures to evaluated effect of cottonseed meal in rainbow trout broodstock diets (II)

Sampling procedures to examined cottonseed meal inclusion in trout diets

Rainbow trout London, Ohio, registered strain

BloodHemoglobin Hematocrit

Plasma

Sex steroid hormones (RIA) Gossypol (HPLC)

Growth

Hemoglobin concentration in male rainbow trout fed different levels of CSM protein (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 20 months

Dietary treatment

Hem

oglo

bin

(g/d

l)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 510 9 11 4 10

a ab bcc

d

Sperm fertilizing ability (fresh sperm) Survival of rainbow trout at eyed-embryo stage

0102030405060708090

100

Surv

ival

(%)

Dietary treatment

10 9 10 10 9

a a a

bb

6 6 6 6 6

Year 2Year 1

CSM0 CSM25 CSM50 CSM75 CSM100

(Ciereszko and Dabrowski 1995. Biol.Reprod. )

Parameters Dietary treatment P-value for

CM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100 Linear Quadratic

Gossypol concentrations (μg/g)2

(+)-gossypol nd3 0.11 ± 0.065 0.24 ± 0.116 0.21 ± 0.098 0.41 ± 0.086 <0.001 0.987

(-)-gossypol nd 0.01 ± 0.020 0.10 ± 0.041 0.10 ± 0.010 0.27 ± 0.094 <0.001 0.028

Total gossypol nd 0.16 ± 0.049 0.35 ± 0.151 0.31 ± 0.106 0.68 ± 0.174 <0.001 0.300

FDA approved limit of gossypol for human consumption is 450 ppm i.e. 500 times lower than the level obtained in trout muscle in the present study

0

50

100

150

200

Wei

ght (

g)

1 2 3 4 5Dietary treatment

FemaleMale

aa

a

b

c

x x xy

z

21 18 17 25 1524 22 22 19 21

Final weight of male and female tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5,

respectively) for 16 weeks

Food intake of tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively)

for 16 weeks

0

250

500

750

1000

Food

inta

ke (m

g)

1 2 3 4 5Dietary treatment

a

d d

c

b.

...

. ... .....

. ... ... . .... ... ..

. . .... ... ..

. . .... ..

. ... . .... ... ..

. . .... ... ..

. . .... ..

. ... . .... ... ..

. . .... ... ..

. . .... ..

. ... . .... ..

. ... . .... ... ..

. . .... ... ..

. . .... ..

Diet 1

Diet 3

Diet 5

Concentration of gossypol in liver of tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%;

diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 16 weeks

(Rinchard, Dabrowski et al. 2002. Aquaculture Internat.)

Dietary treatment (% CSM)

0%

1.3e

-

1.3e

25%

22.9d

9.4d

32.3d

50%

51.3c

21.0c

72.3c

75%

72.3b

27.1b

99.4b

100%

95.9a

36.2a

132.1a

(+)-isomer (μg/g)

(-)-isomer (μg/g)

Total (μg/g)

Palm oilSoybean oilRapeseed oilOlive oil

Fish oil replacement with soybean oil in Atlantic salmon diet

(Grisdale-Helland et al. 2002. Aquaculture 207: 311)

Growth results Fatty acids in fish tissuesHeart phospholipids

Heart triglycerides

Muscle total lipids

Linoleic

Linoleic

Linoleic

DHA

DHA

DHA

Effect of genistein in sturgeon (Acipenser sp.)

Experiments with phytochemicals in Nile tilapiaon sex reversal

Effects of soybean saponins on growth performance and immune boost in rainbow trout

Effect of genistein on Siberian sturgeonFish were 1.5 kg and fed 4 months on 3 diets

Commercial diet

Casein 45%

2

0

6

4

8

Vit

ello

gen

in c

once

ntr

atio

n(m

g/m

l)

0 3 6 9 12 15Time (weeks)

(Pelissero et al. 1991 – Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 83: 440)

30% soybean meal, 30% casein(genistein)

Ohio State University (all female)

UJAT Tabasco (mixed sex) Villahermosa, Mexico

Female gonad (Control group) Male gonad

(MT-group)

Ohio State University (all female)

UJAT Tabasco (mixed sex)

Effect of diets of juvenile rainbow trout supplemented with soybean saponin extracts (Penn and Dabrowski, in preparation)

Diet Control SPC SBMafterextr

SBM-saponins

Quillajasaponins

CaseinCasein-hydrolysateGelatinSBMSBM-after extrSBM-SaponinsSBM-FlavonoidsSPCSPC-after extrSaponins (Quillaja)

30.0010.008.00

-------

10.0010.004.00

----

32.00--

10.0010.004.00

-35.20

-----

30.00 10.00 8.00

--

0.171----

30.00 10.00 8.00

------

0.171

SBM-flav.

30.00 10.00 8.00

---

0.277---

SBM

10.0010.004.00

44.00------

SPCafterextr

10.0010.004.00

-----

30.90-

Other ingredients (%): Dextrin 1.05 - 21.25; Soluble fish protein concentrate (CPSP) 5.0; Cod liver oil 11; lecithin 3.0, vitamin mix 4.0, Mineral mix 3.0, Vitamin C 0.05, CMC 2.0, L-Arg 0.5, L-Met 0.4, L-Lys 0.8, Choline chloride 1.0.

1No. 2 3 t4 5 6 7 8

Effect of dietary saponins on weight gain in rainbow trout after 8 weeks of feeding

(Penn and Dabrowski, in preparation)

Control SPC SBMafter

extract

SBMsaponins

SBMflavonoids

SBM SPCafter

extract

Quillajasaponins

Dietary treatments

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Fina

l wei

ght (

g)

Initial weight

b

d

b

ab

cd

e

c

1) Studies involving interaction of protein in the food, protein synthesis, protein deposition, metabolites. Testing new hypotheses challenging “ideal protein” concept.

2) Studies of “food chain” involved in effects of fish diet on quality of fish muscle (meat storage) and tests on mice/rat models (health promoting effects).

3) Studies of plant specific substances, such as appetite and growth promoters, sex reversal, immune resistance enhancers, antixoidants. Isolation, testing, synthesis and use.

4) Studies addressing the mechanisms of action of nutrients in all ontogenic stage of fish development. Genomic, metabolomic and proteomic techniques.

5) Prepare predictive models and conduct studies that would optimize (economize) aquafeed formulations based on current commodity prices.

“It is good to be wanted.But it’s more important to be needed”.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

20

40

60

80

:Final body weight

Initial body weight

Whole body concentration of taurine in Silver bream (Vimba vimba) juveniles raised on live and formulated diets

(Kwasek, Dabrowski, 2009. Comp.Bioch.Physiol. in press)

Fasting

Postprandial