KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO (FLORES) BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY, MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS, AND INVESTMENT NEEDS MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENTS TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED TOURISM DESTINATIONS ACROSS INDONESIA WORLD BANK SELECTION # 1223583 (2016-2017)
132
Embed
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO (FLORES) …p3tb.pu.go.id/uploads_file/20191231012352.20190319... · figure 7: seasonality of international and domestic visitors knp, 2015 .....
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO (FLORES)
BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY, MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS, AND INVESTMENT NEEDS
MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENTS TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED TOURISM DESTINATIONS ACROSS INDONESIA
WORLD BANK SELECTION # 1223583 (2016-2017)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREPARED BY:
FOR:
WITH SUPPORT FROM:
This work is a product of external contributions supervised by The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and
conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive
Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in
this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any
judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of
such boundaries. This publication has been funded by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Australian Government through
the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Swiss Confederation through the Swiss State Secretariat for
Economic Affairs (SECO). The views expressed in this publication are the author’s alone and are not necessarily the views
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Australian Government and the Swiss Confederation.
1.1 GEOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................ 7
2. DESTINATION DEFINITION .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS & TOURISM AREAS .................................................................................. 9 2.2 CONCLUSION ON ATTRACTIONS ......................................................................................... 12
3. VISITOR ARRIVALS & DEMOGRAPHICS ....................................................................................... 13 3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND .................................................................................................. 13 3.2 ORIGIN OF VISITORS ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.3 AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY (alos) AT COMMERCIAL ACCOMMODATIONs ........ 16 3.4 SEASONALITY OF VISITS .............................................................................................................. 17 3.5 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY BOOKING METHOD ......................................................... 18 3.6 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG INTERNATIONAL
4. ACCESSIBILITY HIGHLIgHtS ............................................................................................................. 24 4.1 EXISTING MODE OF TRAVEL AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT ........................................... 24
5. HOTELS & LODGING OPTIONS (AMENITIES) .......................................................................... 26 5.1 VOLUME OF ROOMS & PERFORMANCE: KABUPATEN MANGGARAI barat ............. 26 5.2 ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE BASED ON INTERVIEWS ..................................................... 29 5.3 HOTEL FACILITIES ........................................................................................................................... 29 5.4 CONCLUSIONS ON EXISTING HOTEL SUPPLY .................................................................. 31
14.1 ROAD TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................................... 60 14.2 AIR TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................. 64 14.3 WATER TRANSPORT ..................................................................................................................... 67
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS ...................................................................... 70 14.4 FUTURE MODE OF TRAVEL ........................................................................................................ 70 14.5 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS ........................................................................................................ 72 14.6 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS .............................................................................................................. 74 14.7 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS .............................................................................................................. 75
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 104 16. WHAT WILL TRIGGER INVESTMENT? ...................................................................................... 105
16.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESTINATION ENHANCEMENTS ................................... 105 16.2 LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS....................................... 106 16.3 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................ 106 16.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
109 16.5 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS.......... 109 16.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL PLANS ..................................................................... 110
APPENDIX 1: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED .................................................. 115 APPENDIX II: SUPPORTING DATA FOR TRANSPORT ANALYSIS ....................... 117 APPENDIX III: MARKET-LEADING HOTELS .............................................................. 118 APPENDIX IV: ROAD CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ....................................................... 124
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA ....................... 2
FIGURE 2: MAP OF KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT ..................................................................... 6
FIGURE 3: MONTHLY TEMPURATURE AND RAINFALL, KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT,
FIGURE 77: FLOWCHART OF VISITOR TRAFFIC VOLUME ESTIMATION ................................... 125
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 1
INTRODUCTION
The Government of Indonesia in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN) 2015 to 2019, has set a number of objectives
to increase the role of tourism in the Indonesian economy. Between 2015 and 2019, its goals
together with the Ministry of Tourism’s goals are to increase:
• international visitors from 9 million to 20 million p.a.;
• domestic visits from 250 million to 275 million p.a.;
• the tourism contribution to GDP from 4 percent to 8 percent p.a.;
• tourism foreign exchange revenues from IDR120 trillion to IDR240 trillion p.a.;
• Indonesia’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ranking from 70th to 30th place;
and
• tourism sector employment from 11 million to 13 million workers.
To achieve these goals President Joko Widodo urged his cabinet in late 2015 to accelerate
the development of 10 priority tourism destinations (Figure 1):
• Borobudur (Jogjakarta, Solo, Semarang: Central Java)
• Lake Toba (North Sumatra)
• Mandalika (Lombok)
• Bromo, Tengger, Semeru (East Java)
• Labuan Bajo/Komodo National Park (Flores)
• Wakatobi (South East Sulawesi)
• Pulau Seribu / Kota Tua (DKI Jakarta)
• Morotai (North Maluku)
• Tanjung Lesung (Banten)
• Tanjung Kelayang (Bangka Belitung)
The 3 destinations in bold are considered high priority destinations with additional effort
being expended to encourage and develop tourism.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 2
The World Bank has been requested by the Government of Indonesia to support, through
financing, advisory support, and analytics, the Government’s efforts to accelerate tourism
development in the 10 priority destinations. As part of this support, in August 2016 the
World Bank engaged Horwath HTL (HHTL) and Surbana Jurong to conduct a market analysis
and demand assessment for the 10 priority destinations, with a focus on Lake Toba, Lombok
and Borobudur.
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA
Source: Google Maps, Surbana Jurong
The key objective of the Assessment is to assist the Government of Indonesia in identifying
and prioritising infrastructure, skill and SME development, planning and other tourism-related
expenditures to accelerate the development of the 10 priority tourism destinations thereby
helping to achieve the arrivals and economic goals as listed above. The scope comprises of
(1) market demand and supply analysis, plus investment analysis and (2) demand assessment
(projections) and investment needs (including infrastructure).
To this end, the following key tasks were undertaken:
Task 1: Understanding governmental decentralization & its effect on decision making
plus preliminary information gathering.
Task 2: Collection and analysis of the government’s statistical data.
Task 3: Survey of international and domestic tourism stakeholders for collection of
public and private sector information.
Task 4: Survey of tour-operators in selected key markets.
Task 5: Secondary research on tourism supply and demand.
Task 6: Analysis of the image of Indonesia and the 10 priority destinations.
Task 7: Future market demand analysis.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 3
Task 8: Investment and infrastructure needs assessment.
Task 9: SMEs and skills assessment and needs.
Appendix I contains a list of interviews undertaken with both the public and private sectors
to gather primary research that was used to supplement secondary research. The list
includes the number of interviews, the organisation (where appropriate), the location and
the dates.
This Report is part of a series of reports:
• report for Indonesia, country level;
• reports for the 3 high priority destinations (Borobudur, Lake Toba, Lombok); and,
• reports for the 7 other priority destinations (Bromo/Tengger/Semeru, Labuan
Bajo/Komodo National Park, Wakatobi, Pulau Seribu/Kota Tua, Morotai, Tanjung
Lesung and Tanjung Kelayang). These reports only provide rough estimates and are
more basic that the ones for the 3 high priority destinations. Good practice in terms of
forecasting could not always be applied, and instead, for instance, assumptions based on
supply pipeline and constraints were used.
Assessment of the Destination and Key Tourism Areas
The 3As terminology (Attraction, Amenities and Accessibility) can help explain how the
supply and demand analysis and needs assessment was carried out for the destination with
respect to the destination boundary and the key tourism areas.
• Attractions: attractions specifically focused on engaging and drawing visitors to the
destination. The destination is defined by its attractions and their ability to draw visitors.
Within the destination boundary, (existing and future) clusters of attractions with
potential for tourism development and propensity to generate overnight stays and
revenue and/or (existing and future) key accommodation areas are identified and
henceforth called “key tourism areas”.
• Accessibility: methods of reaching the destination via the main gateways (external
accessibility) plus transport links between gateways, attractions and key accommodation
areas all of which support the destination (internal accessibility). For external
accessibility, the focus is on the gateway hubs (such as airports and ports). For internal
accessibility, the Report assesses the transport infrastructure; the existing, the gaps and
the required transportation network that facilitates accessibility within the destination.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 4
• Amenities: support the destination and the attractions such as hotels, restaurants and
entertainment facilities together with basic services infrastructure. Within the
destination boundary, and generally within the key tourism areas, the Report assesses:
- the existing basic services infrastructure capacity (water supply, power supply,
telecommunication, waste water and waste management, etc.);
- identifies any basic services infrastructure capacity gaps;
- analyses demand and supply of existing attractions and amenities;
- provides projections for future attractions and amenities; and
- provides an assessment of infrastructure needs of the destination to ensure success
of the attractions and amenities. In some cases, when amenities within the
destination boundary have a direct effect on the attractiveness of the key tourism
areas, the scope of the baseline and investment needs of basic services infrastructure
is conducted beyond the key tourism areas.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 5
BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 6
1. DESTINATION CHARACTERISTICS
1.1 GEOGRAPHY
Covering the westernmost area of Flores, Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (West Manggarai) is
one of 8 Kabupaten on Flores Island in the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT, East
Nusa Tenggara). The area boasts breath-taking nature on land and under water including
jungles, caves, lakes, waterfalls, unique beaches and stunning marine life. Kabupaten Manggarai
Barat is subdivided into 7 Kecamatan including Kecamatan Komodo.1
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat covers an area of 9,450 square kilometres although a large
percentage is undeveloped.
Located on the far west cost of the Kabupaten Manggarai Barat, Labuan Bajo is a small fishing
town and the regional capital. Transportation to the town, by land, sea and air continues to
improve as it is the gateway to the Komodo National Park (KNP), home of the famous
Komodo dragons and unique marine life. KNP was declared a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO in 1991, and drives tourism development to Kabupaten Manggarai Barat and much
of Flores Island.
FIGURE 2: MAP OF KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT
Source: Google Maps.
1 In Indonesia, subnational governance includes four levels: (1) province/Provinci, (2) city/Kota and Kabupaten/Kabupaten, (3) sub-district/Kecamatan or district/Distrik,
and (4) urban community/Kelurahan or village/Desa.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 7
1.2 CLIMATE
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat has a typical monsoon climate, also known as the tropical wet
climate. The region receives moderate amounts of rainfall, with a dry season from April to
September and a rainy season from October to March. The average temperature in
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat does not fluctuate much throughout the year, ranging from 20
to 35 degrees Celsius during the relatively hot months, and 19 to 32 degrees Celsius during
cooler months.
FIGURE 3: MONTHLY TEMPURATURE AND RAINFALL, KABUPATEN
MANGGARAI BARAT, 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temp0C 23–33
22–33
21–32
22–33
20–33
19–32
20–32
19–32
20–32
21–32
21–35
21–36
Rainfall mm3
143 139 197 158 49 10 9 14 1 14 28 85
Source: BMKG Manggarai Barat, Komodo Station.
1.3 NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat has rich natural resources with impressive marine life, rare animal
species, and beautiful natural scenery. The flora and fauna, especially aquatic ones, have
always been vital natural resources for the local communities. The area also features great
cultural amenities and diversity.
1.3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES – GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Within the boundaries of Kabupaten Manggarai Barat, there are 162 islands, of which only
17 are inhabited. There are numerous clear-water pristine beaches. These include black,
white, and even pink sand beaches, blue pebble beaches, and beaches with mountains or
jungle in the background. Beside the three main islands of Flores, Rinca, and Komodo, there
are several smaller secluded islands such as Kanawa, Seraya Kecil, and Bidadari, with white
sandy beaches and turquoise water. The islands of the national park are of volcanic origin,
generally rugged, characterized by rounded hills, with altitudes up to 735 metres.
1.3.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES
The uniqueness of Kabupaten Manggarai Barat lies in its wealth of cultures, languages, and
history. Inland areas are settled by the indigenous Manggarai ethnic group. A central theme
of Manggaraian culture is the unity of the village, the house, and the fields. This is most visibly
expressed in the unique way they plant their rice fields in a circular shape and divide it into
segments.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 8
During the colonial period, the Portuguese introduced Christianity, which has become the
dominant religion on the island. However, ancient traditions and rituals are still very much
alive and have been interwoven into Christianity.
The majority of people along the coast are from the Bajo, Bugis, and Bima ethnic groups,
who work as fishermen. The remainder consist of merchants, entrepreneurs, craftsmen, and
government employees. Within the boundaries of KNP, there are 3 villages occupied by
several ethnic groups or tribes. The villages are inhabited by people from tribes of Komodo,
Bima, Manggarai, and Bajo.
While Bahasa Indonesia is the main spoken language in the region, Bahasa Manggarai is widely
spoken among the indigenous people. Bajo, Bugis, Bima, and other indigenous languages are
spoken among different social groups along the coast and small islands of Manggarai Barat.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 9
2. DESTINATION DEFINITION
The following section provides an assessment of the existing and potential key attractions
that define the destination and the destination boundary.
The 2 key attractions that we have identified that will drive tourism to Flores are the KNP
and the town of Labuan Bajo, both within Kecamatan Komodo and Kabupaten Manggarai
Barat (the defined Destination Boundary). These sites can be seen in Figure 4 with the red
outline indicating Kabupaten Manggarai Barat:
FIGURE 4: MAP OF KEY ATTRACTIONS IN FLORES
Source: Horwath HTL and Google Map.
2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS & TOURISM AREAS
2.1.1 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK
The Komodo Biosphere Reserve was accepted under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere
Programme in 1977, and Komodo National Park (KNP) was created in 1980 and declared a
World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1991. When KNP was voted as one of the New 7
Wonders of Nature in 2011, this lesser-known region of eastern Indonesia saw tourism
interest grow significantly.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 10
Natural Resources – Ecological Resources
The KNP is one of the world's richest and most diverse marine environments (included in
the Coral Triangle2), home to over 260 species of coral, as well as mangroves, seagrass beds,
seamounts, and semi-enclosed bays. Large marine fauna found in KNP include more than
1,000 species of fish, 10 species of dolphins, 7 species of whales, as well as numerous species
of sharks, manta rays and turtles.
The terrestrial fauna is not as diverse in comparison to the marine fauna. The number of
terrestrial animal species found in the Park is not high. Still, Komodo Island and Rinca Island
are two of only a few islands where the famed Komodo dragons can be found. This unusually
large species of lizard, which can reach up to 3 metres in length and weigh over 70 kilograms,
has made Komodo and Rinca Islands popular attractions for tourism in recent years.
Protected under Indonesian law, the Komodo dragon population is relatively stable with
around 2,000 to 2,500 animals in the park.
Other than the Komodo dragon, several terrestrial snake species, lizards, and other reptiles
can be found on the islands. Mammals include the Timor deer—the main prey of the Komodo
dragon—, horses, water buffalo, wild boar, and the endemic Rinca rat. Over 150 species of
birds have been identified in KNP, many of which are migratory and more representative of
Australasian than Asiatic species. Distinctive species include orange-foot scrubbing fowl,
yellow-crested cockatoos, imperial pigeons, and white-breasted sea eagles.
The most popular tourism activity within the KNP is to hire a boat and island hop, visiting:
• Beaches: there are numerous clear-water pristine beaches;
• Dive Sites: KNP offers divers (and snorkelers) an overwhelming variety of marine life.
As part of the Coral Triangle it is the richest concentration of marine life in the world.
Divers can jump in the water almost anywhere in and around KNP and enjoy rich coral
and marine ecosystems;
• Manta Point within the KNP to see the manta rays;
• Pink beach on Padar Island, has a pinkish hue due to the infusion of red skeletal pieces
from the pipe-organ coral;
• The Komodo Dragons on Rinca and Komodo Islands; and
2 “The Coral Triangle is a marine area located in the western Pacific Ocean. It includes the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste
and Solomon Islands. Named for its staggering number of corals (nearly 600 different species of reef-building corals alone), the region nurtures six of the world’s seven
marine turtle species and more than 2000 species of reef fish.” https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 11
• Kalong Island at sunset to watch the many thousands of Sunda Flying Foxes flying from
the island to the mainland.
Accommodation is limited to a few island resorts, live-aboards and to the accommodations
in Labuan Bajo (more below).
2.1.2 LABUAN BAJO
Labuan Bajo is developing into the commercial hub for the KNP, with improving accessibility
(air and sea), accommodation options (discussed below) and supporting tourism
infrastructure (travel agents, tour operators, etc.).
2.1.3 OTHER AREAS OF INTEREST WITHIN THE DESTINATION BOUNDARY
• Batu Cermin Limestone Cave: cave in the dark stone hills on the outskirts of Labuan
Bajo. The cave takes its name, which means “Mirror Rock,” from the unique way sunlight
reflects off the limestone walls in the main chamber.
• Cunca Wulang Canyon: located 30 kilometres east of Labuan Bajo and nestled in a
tropical rainforest setting, is one of Flores' most striking spots for outdoor activities.
Impressive waterfalls cascade into fresh-water pools and lead into a series of smaller
waterfalls and rivers a few kilometres downstream.
• Mount Mbeliling: the highest mountain in the Manggarai Barat region, rising to 1,239
metres above sea level. The Mbeliling Forest spans over an area of 15,000 hectares, and
is the habitat of numerous endemic plant species and birds. There are 27 villages
surrounding Mount Mbeliling, providing adventure-seekers various access points to climb
the mountain.
• Cunca Rami Waterfall: an hour and a half outside of Labuan Bajo. The road to get to
Cunca Rami is very scenic and the hike takes about an hour to an hour and a half and
cuts through jungle teeming with different flora and fauna such as birds and monkeys.
• There is a growing emphasis on developing eco community tourism in the region,
including:
- Tado Village: Located 44 kilometres east of Labuan Bajo, Tado Village is one of
few tribes that still preserve their culture and Manggaraian traditions. The world-
famous unique spider web rice fields are located not far from the village.
- Melo Village: Situated beside Mount Mbeliling, Melo Village offers a range of
village-based tourism activities where visitors can watch exciting cultural art
performances such as the ‘Ndundu Dake’ dance and the well-known Caci
performances. The village is run as a cultural cooperative known as Compang To’e
and is a popular place to experience the distinct Manggaraian culture.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 12
2.2 CONCLUSION ON ATTRACTIONS
Within the destination boundary, KNP has the highest potential for tourism development as
well as a propensity to generate overnight stays and revenue. It is known not only for the
Komodo dragons, but also for its rich and diverse marine life.
Meanwhile, as the main gateway to the National Park, Labuan Bajo has also become an
important tourism hub with the increase in accommodation and ease of access to other
areas of interest.
However, the destination still lacks the infrastructure and hospitality establishments to
handle the growing number of travellers, as well as lacking essential medical services for
emergencies. The general lack of public safety standard, food hygiene, and environmental
protection regulations are key issues that must be tackled for the destination to effectively
compete against other established destinations in the region.
Other areas that can be developed to attract more tourist arrivals to the greater Flores
region include: adventure excursions, historical and cultural tourism. Beside the attractions
listed in the previous sections, other areas of interest outside the destination boundary
include:
• Kelimutu National Park in Kabupaten Ende is famous for Mount Kelimutu, which
has the three coloured lakes (blue, green, and brown) at its summit and attracts visitors
mostly at sunrise.
• Wae Rebo village, is the famous Manggarai’s traditional village. Its main characteristics
are unique houses, that are tall and conical in shape and are completely covered in lontar
thatch from its rooftop down to the ground.
Going forward, the success of the destination will be dependent on good flight connectivity,
easier land and sea travel, as well as improved facilities, attractions, activities, and services.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 13
3. VISITOR ARRIVALS & DEMOGRAPHICS
This chapter presents a high-level demand assessment of Labuan Bajo based on a thorough
review of available data, reports, and analysis on the tourism sector for Indonesia, and is
complemented by interviews with tour-operators and local stakeholders (see Appendix I).
3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND
3.1.1 Air Traffic & Passenger Movement at Komodo Airport
Komodo Airport is the major domestic gateway airport for Labuan Bajo, bringing in visitors
to Kabupaten Manggarai Barat as well as other regions in eastern Flores. The role of Komodo
Airport is significant, with increasing number of passengers handled. Domestically, it provides
access to isolated parts of the Flores Island that are inaccessible by other modes of transport.
Between 2011 and 2015, the number of passengers and aircraft arrivals increased by a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% and 18% respectively. The significant growth
in arrivals is driven by growing awareness of the destination domestically and globally.
The airport recorded a significant growth in passenger arrivals following the runway
extension mid-2013. The improved connectivity has contributed to unlock the potential for
increased tourism demand in a location as remote as Flores. Figure 5 shows the growth in
passengers at Komodo Airport.
FIGURE 5: COMMERCIAL AIR TRAFFIC & PASSENGER MOVEMENT AT KOMODO
AIRPORT
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Passengers
Arrivals 54,601 56,108 80,357 106,200 112,022
Departures 58,336 58,621 85,147 114,678 114,032
Transit 17,904 14,308 22,393 65,728 33,052
Total 130,841 129,037 187,897 286,606 259,106
Aircraft
Arrivals 906 907 1,165 1,572 1,743
Departures 906 907 1,165 1,572 1,743
Total 1,812 1,814 2,330 3,144 3,486
Source: UPBU Labuan Bajo Airport
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 14
3.1.2 VISITORS TO KOMODO NATIONAL PARKS (KNP)
As KNP is the primary tourism demand generator for the Kabupaten Manggarai Barat, the
number of visits to KNP is used through this report to evaluate the historical and potential
tourism development for the destination. Meanwhile, the statistics from Komodo Airport
reflects current demand (tourist, VFR, government, etc.) for not only Kabupaten Manggarai
Barat but other regions of Flores. Furthermore, the information from KNP is arguably the
most accurate and updated as the visitors recorded were based on tickets sold.
In 2015, the KNP recorded a total of 61,257 visitors, increasing at a CAGR of 8.3% over the
past 5 years. For the same period, international visitors increased at a CAGR of 3.5% and
domestic visitors at 40.5% off a very small base.
Currently, tourism demand for KNP is dominated by international visitors, contributing up
to 74% of total demand in 2015. Since KNP was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO,
it has fast become a popular and “must visit site” for many international visitors.
Furthermore, most of the visitors were foreign tourists as the high transport costs to this
remote location are less affordable for local visitors. That said, the demand from domestic
travellers has been rising significantly for the past 5 years.
In 2015, international visitor arrivals reached more than 45,000, while domestic arrivals were
approximately 16,000 (Figure 6).
FIGURE 6: ARRIVALS OF INTERNATIONAL & DOMESTIC VISITORS TO KNP, 2010
– 2015
Source: Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Tourism Office
The period from 2010 to 2012 saw a decline in foreign tourism arrivals, before it bounced
back in 2013. The decline is believed to be based on a couple of factors:
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Vis
ito
r A
rriv
als
Foreign Domestic
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 15
• Reduction in global publicity of the Komodo National Park following the removal of PT
Putri Naga Komodo3’s permit to manage the KNP; and
• Severe weather issues, particularly in 2012 when the ports, servicing daytrips to the
KNP were closed.
3.2 ORIGIN OF VISITORS
3.2.1 FOREIGN VISITORS
KNP is a predominantly international tourism destination, with international visitors
contributing up to 74% of total demand in 2015 (Figure 7).
• Long-haul visitors (Europe, USA, and Australia), represent the major source of demand,
particularly for resorts and star-rated hotels within the KNP. These guests will tend to
use Labuan Bajo as a transit point where they will spend the first or last night of their
trip.
• There is also a growing demand from backpackers who prefer to stay at homestays in
Labuan Bajo or liveaboards to save on their accommodation expenses and for the unique
experience of both.
• Visitors are attracted by the natural scenery, tranquillity, and beautiful diving sites. Their
most popular activities are diving and snorkelling, in combination with a visit to see the
Komodo dragon.
• Asian visitors are almost absent from the destination, which is due to the lack of
awareness of the destination and the limited air connectivity (which restricts short-stay
visitors). According to local hoteliers, it is also due to the lack of star-rated hotels,
shopping malls, souvenir shops, etc. (particularly affecting visitors from Southeast Asia
and China).
3 In 1995, the government gave a single 30-year tourism concession license to PT Putri Naga Komodo, a non-for-profit tourism
destination management company to provide technical expertise and support to science-based management initiatives within KNP. The company was a joint partnership majority owned by The Nature Conservancy (60%) and PT. Jaythasha Putrindo (40%), a private tourism company of Malaysia-born hotel businessman Feisol Hashim. The deal collapsed in 2010, when PT Putri
Naga Komodo’s permit was revoked.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 16
FIGURE 7: BREAKDOWN OF FOREIGN VISITORS TO KNP, 2015
Source: Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Tourism Office.
3.2.2 DOMESTIC VISITORS
Domestic visitors represented a small proportion of visitors to KNP in 2015 (around 26%).
• As seen in Figure 6, the number of domestic visitors has significantly increased over the
last 5 years at a CAGR of 40.5%.
• The majority of domestic visitors come from Bali, Jakarta, Lombok, and Sumbawa.
• Domestic visitors are predominantly middle to upper middle class urban residents who
go to KNP for the weekend. They are attracted by the Komodo dragon, natural scenery,
and beautiful beaches.
• The leisure segment contributes to the bulk of domestic demand while there is limited
demand from corporate and government segments.
• The most popular activities for domestic visitors are visiting Komodo Island and/or Rinca
to see the Komodo dragons and hiking on Padar Island. Limited time is spent on diving.
3.3 AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY (ALOS) AT COMMERCIAL
ACCOMMODATIONS
Based on the ALOS at commercial accommodation within the KNP, the majority of visitors
visit the KNP for one or two days, with some extending due to their diving programmes.
Visitors mostly stay in Labuan Bajo or on live-aboard boats in the KNP.
Australia
20%
USA
19%
Germany
17%
France
15%
Netherland
14%
Other
15%
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 17
Foreign visitors who travel longer distances to reach Labuan Bajo stay longer (up to 5 or 7
nights for European an Americans) than regional guests (Australian and SE Asian generally
stay an average of 3 to 4 nights)
Domestic guests stay an average of 2.8 nights.
The length of stay also varies between hotels in Labuan Bajo and resorts on remote islands.
For hotels in Labuan Bajo, ALOS ranges between 1 and 2 nights, as they are mainly used as
transit hotels where travellers spend their first or last night. Meanwhile, guests spend
between 3 and 5 nights at the resorts, due to the length of travelling time and the imposition
of 3-night minimum stay requirement on bookings at some resorts.
3.4 SEASONALITY OF VISITS
The seasonality of tourism in Labuan Bajo depends on the climate and diving season. Overall,
during the rainy season from October to March, tourism demand, especially demand from
divers, is lower than the other months of the year. Due to elevated sea levels during the
rainy season, some inland attractions can be heavily affected and become harder to access.
Figure 8 illustrates the monthly arrivals of international and domestic visitors to KNP in 2015:
FIGURE 8: SEASONALITY OF INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC VISITORS KNP,
2015
Source: Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Tourism Office.
Domestic and international visitors have slightly different travel patterns.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Num
ber
of vi
sits
to K
NP
Domestic visitors Foreign visitors
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 18
• August is the most popular month for international visitors to KNP, as it is both
European summer with longer holiday periods and Australian winter with respite sought
in the tropics. While Christmas, New Year, and Easter are generally peak months for
international visitors to most South East Asian destinations, the KNP experiences a
decline in visitors between December and March due to the monsoon season. Many
resorts are also closed during these months due to weather restrictions on activities
available for guests.
• The seasonality fluctuation is less pronounced amongst domestic visitors; however,
numbers also decline during the monsoon season.
3.5 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY BOOKING METHOD
The majority of travellers book their trip via travel agents with wholesale-based contract
rates. This will likely continue in the short to medium-term for the following reasons:
• The logistical challenges involved in getting to and from the resorts/islands imply that
package tours will continue to be preferable to avoid inconvenience;
• Higher-yielding travellers prefer to have third parties manage their travel schedule;
• Scheduling boat transfers remains unreliable and unpredictable, while chartered private
boats can be very expensive;
• Guests are generally unable to book homestays or community-based village lodges
directly;
• Many local destination management companies (DMCs) and international travel agents
have been able to market the destination by providing one-stop services for guests by
arranging their accommodation, transportation and activities under one package; and
• Lack of hotels managed by international chains that can leverage their strong distribution
and reservation systems.
Direct free independent travellers (FIT) represent a secondary source of demand, and book
directly with the resorts or via online travel agencies such as Traveloka or Agoda. The
proportion of direct FIT demand is increasing as more travellers, particularly from the
domestic market and Asian markets including expats living in Asia, opt to arrange their own
holidays. Nevertheless, the percentage of FIT bookings will still be curbed by the logistical
challenges associated with getting to the islands.
Owing to the remoteness and lack of supporting infrastructure, business-related demand
(corporate and government officials) is minimal. Only hotels in Labuan Bajo capture this
segment.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 19
3.6 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG
INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
While the awareness of Komodo Island is very high among international travellers and
tourism trade professionals internationally, the town of Labuan Bajo benefits from a lesser,
but still rather strong awareness internationally, both among tourism trade professionals and
the general public potentially travelling to Indonesia.
HIGH AWARENESS OF THE DESTINATION AMONG INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
TRADE PROFESSIONALS
All tour operators and travel agents interviewed in the framework of the study had heard
about Komodo, but less than a half had heard about Labuan Bajo. The destination benefits
from an extremely high awareness in international markets, except in Malaysia.
Generally speaking, interviewed travel trade professionals associate Labuan Bajo with Flores
Island, and moreover with KNP, while Rinca Island is also mentioned. Incoming agencies,
tour operators and tour guides alike stressed the importance of KNP for the reputation of
the destination: Labuan Bajo is mainly considered to be a getaway for the KNP.
Just over one third of the interviewed operators offered packages which included KNP: (0/6
in China, 1/3 in France, 0/4 in Malaysia, 3/5 in UK, 3/7 in Singapore, 4/4 in Germany, 0/5 in
Japan and 5/7 in Australia).
Commercialization of the destination is increasing among select international markets due
to (1) the proximity to Lombok and Bali, (2) the awareness of KNP and (3) the development
of cruises around Flores.
FAIR AWARENESS AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Many occurrences and opinions about “Labuan Bajo” as a tourism destination may be found
in the English language in user-generated content websites. For instance, Labuan Bajo
(including the KNP) accounts for 15,942 reviews on TripAdvisor website (consulted as of
October 2016, in all available languages).
THE GATEWAY FOR KNP
A review of the content written about Labuan Bajo on the internet (excluding official
websites in charge of the promotion of tourism in Indonesia) offer the image of an agreeable
fishing town well situated at the western end of Flores in East Nusa Tenggara. Presented as
the gateway for KNP, with Labuan Bajo airport named “Komodo Airport”.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 20
Activities and products associated with the destination on TripAdvisor are primarily scuba
and snorkelling, nature & wildlife tours, boat tours and water sports, cultural tours, beaches
and hiking. However, while several islands off shore are covered by reviews, the only
attraction located in the town of Labuan Bajo which attracts reviews is the fish market (Figure
9).
FIGURE 9: ACTIVITIES AND PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH LABUAN BAJO ON
TRIPADVISOR WEBSITE
Places/attractions associated
with the destination
Topics/activities/products
associated with the destination
Labuan Bajo
Kanawa Island
Loh Liang National Park
Kalong (Flying Foxes) Island
Batu Cermin Cave
Cunca Wulang Waterfall
Padar Island
Fish market
Indonesians: Beaches and wildlife
Internationals: beaches, snorkelling and
diving, wildlife
Komodo
National Park
Komodo Island
Rinca Island
Pink beach, Padar Island
Manta Point
Kalong Island
Dive sites
Cruises
Dive
Komodo observation tours
Marine observation tours
Source: Analysis of TripAdvisor Website by Horwath HTL in all available languages, 27/10/2016. HTL www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-
The limited comments obtained from foreign investors canvassed on Labuan Bajo / KNP
concerned the following:
• The destination lacks the fundamentals: accessibility, connectivity and basic
infrastructure;
• the rewards of investing in such a remote location did not outweigh the risks vis-à-vis
other regional locations;
• lack of internationally branded hotels and demand;
• land vendors require family consensus prior to change of ownership approval and this
can take long periods of time;7 and
• the need for improved regulations / communications between subnational and central
government. Some investment interviewees complained that having local, provincial, and
central governments imposing their own licenses and taxes creates complexity and
duplication and, therefore, legal uncertainty. This is especially related to the regulation
of both agencies (the National Park Authority and the district government of Kabupaten
Manggarai Barat) applying a fee for visitors and tourism businesses, tourism activity fee,
and business permit simultaneously. For example: Visitors to the park must pay both a
National Park Entrance Fee and a Manggarai Barat ‘tourism’ fee (which is paid at all
tourism gates at areas of interest in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat, such as the KNP or
Istana Ular).
6 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 25 potential and existing foreign investors from Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, and
Singapore. The questions were designed to better understand their thoughts on pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate in
Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment opportunities in KNP and Labuan Bajo.
7 Due to the lack of transparency and guarantees, particularly on land ownership or land usage extension, investors do not have confidence in
investing large amounts of capital in Manggarai Barat.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 38
7.3.2 DOMESTIC INVESTORS INTERVIEWED8
Domestic investors were well-versed on the prospects for KNP / Labuan Bajo. One of them
already has an operational resort in Labuan Bajo, and another a branch of their travel agency
conglomerate.
Comments were as follows:
• The destination is attractive for the following key reasons:
- Increasing air travel connectivity, with rumours of Cathay Pacific / Dragonair adding
a route in the near future;
- Nature: the Komodo Dragon is unique; it is pristine and beautiful; beautiful as in
ancient times;
- High quality PR and social media by the local and central governments;
- Potentially attractive for a broad segment of visitor types; and
- The cruise / yacht market has enormous potential.
• There has been no government support for investment and business. Promises of basic
infrastructure improvements have not been fulfilled.
• Securing supplies is difficult for firms, as the majority of materials/ingredients must be
transported from Bali.
• There is no waste treatment process which is problematic for continued development.
7.3.3 WHERE IS THE DESTINATION ON THE INVESTMENT CYCLE?
Investment started increasing when the destination was voted as one of the New 7 Wonders
of Nature in 2011, however it is still at the development stage of the investment cycle. There
are several challenges that hinder the growth of investment in Labuan Bajo, including:
• Lack of supporting facilities and infrastructure. Currently many businesses face
high overhead expenses due to poor electricity/power plant infrastructure, poor water
facilities (no water desalination plant on certain islands), high telecommunication costs,
etc.
8 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 9 existing Indonesian tourism investors. The investors chosen had interests in various
tourism assets including hotels, restaurants, ground transportation and travel agencies. The questions were aimed at gathering their thoughts on
the pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment in KNP and
Labuan Bajo.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 39
• Lack of willingness amongst locals to work in the industry is another limiting factor.
This lack of community initiative could be explained by a lack of awareness among locals
about ecotourism and by the fact that most individuals feel as though tourism benefits
are not being felt within their communities.
• The different status between foreign investors with leasehold interests and
local investors with freehold interests, is a disincentive when investing in the long
term, as some projects may only reach maturity after 20 years, and some land leases (i.e.
20-30 years) do not allow for maximum enjoyment after maturity due to the land lease
expiring (which is typical across Indonesia).
7.3.4 WHICH ASSET CLASS IS PREFERRED?
Investment in Labuan Bajo remains small and medium scale given high entry barriers and
other issues mentioned above that continue to dampen investors’ confidence towards the
region. Currently, there is more interest in investing in small-scale accommodation,
restaurants and cruises in Labuan Bajo.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 40
8. SKILLS ASSESSMENT
8.1 TRAINING SCHOOLS
• Hospitality Business Coaching Program (HoCo) is a hospitality-coaching program
managed by Swisscontact WISATA, to support small local hotels and guesthouses to
become more competitive, enhance guest satisfaction, and learn the benefits of being
environmentally friendly. During 2015, the program approach, process, and training
materials were developed, and a first pilot was conducted in Labuan Bajo.
• Trainings by Flores DMO9: to ensure sustainability and build local capacity, the Flores
DMO trains local training service providers, a pool of local resource trainers to
informally train the local tourism businesses. Jayakarta Hotel in Labuan Bajo has been a
major player in providing a venue for training programs.
• SMKs: a partnership between the three SMKs (vocational high schools) in Flores (SMKN
1 Labuan Bajo, SMK Swakarsa Ruten, and SMK St. Thomas Maumere) with two SMKs in
Bali (SMKN 3 Denpasar and SMK Pariwisata Harapan) has been established. All targeted
SMKs in Flores have formed a development team for local contents of their curriculum.
Further, the Ministry of Education designated SMKN 1 Labuan Bajo as a model school
for other SMKs in the region.
• Flores Homestay Network (FHN) is run by the Eco Flores Foundation 10 an
accommodation community based initiative that provides local communities with
knowledge and guidance on how best to run local homestays. This support is offered
through workshops, conferences, and the assistance of professional volunteers.
8.2 WHAT SKILLS EXIST (GLEANED FROM INTERVIEWS)?
• There is currently a lack of skills available to service the tourism sector.
- It is very difficult to find local workers that have computer or English skills, so they
often need to be hired from outside of Flores.
9 The DMO was established in August 2011 with a regulation constituted by the Directorate General of Destinations
Development (Ministry of Tourism and the Economy Creative), in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Tourism Republic of Indonesia No.50/Permen/2011 of the National Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARNAS) starting from year of 2010 to 2025.
10 http://www.ecoflores.org/en/top/home/
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 41
- There is a lack of business management skills, knowledge of the tourism industry,
and how to meet its needs and demands. The standard of service in many of the
hotels is low, which makes it hard to command increased room rates.
• There is a severe lack of trained local dive staff in the region. A large majority of dive
professionals are expatriates, and dive businesses were predominantly foreign-owned.
Other key barriers to local employment were cost of training and lack of course material
in the local language.
• Although education facilities (elementary schools) are present in the villages in KNP, the
percentage of people with education is very low. This is because children are required
to help parents earn a living at sea. Meanwhile, the community of Labuan Bajo is more
advanced than other communities in the area, as the town has education facilities from
kindergarten to senior high school.
• Educating local people takes a long time, particularly when it comes to English language
skills. Workers cannot simply be imported, however, because finding skilled staff from
outside of the region is also challenging as they are usually not interested in working and
living in remote rural areas.
• Given the high demand during dry seasons, some of the hotels and restaurants
mentioned that it is common to hire day workers for 2 to 3 months during the high
seasons. These employees often lack knowledge and skills to provide quality service and
earn commensurately low salaries.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 42
DESTINATION SWOT & VISION
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 43
9. DESTINATION SWOT
9.1 STRENGTHS
• Labuan Bajo is a strategic location, being the gateway to KNP.
• Komodo Island and Rinca Island are two of the few Indonesian islands where the famed
Komodo dragons can be found.
• KNP is a famous World Heritage site and one of the new 7 Wonders of Nature.
• Diverse tourism attractions including: pristine beaches with white sand and clear water,
rich and dense marine life, adventure trekking/cycling, historical sites, and interesting
cultural events year-round.
• Rich natural resources and marine biodiversity provide an excellent environment for
diving and eco-tourism. There are several world-class diving spots within the KNP and
outside the park.
• Diverse lodging facilities including hotels, luxurious resorts, hostels, cruises, etc., that
accommodate various types of travellers. Good supporting facilities: F&B (restaurants,
bars, local food market, etc.), travel agents, and dive masters.
• The nature is unspoilt and well preserved.
• Newly opened international-standard hospital.
9.2 WEAKNESSES
• No international flights; travelling to Labuan Bajo continues to be dependent on flights
from Denpasar or Jakarta.
• Transportation options between islands are limited and can be expensive.
• Remoteness of Labuan Bajo and the KNP.
• As activities in the KNP are largely water based, seasonality has an effect on tourism
levels.
• Limited public transportation from Labuan Bajo to the eastern parts of Flores.
• Not enough marketing to promote the destination and potential travellers do not have
sufficient travel information about Labuan Bajo.
• Limited or no access to clean water and electricity, particularly on the remote islands.
• Lack of a sewage management plan, waste is not being processed and dumped in the
ocean.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 44
• Lack of community awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and
preserving the natural habitat. Local community has very limited experience in managing
tourism.
• Limited quality suppliers for food and beverage, and guest supplies, the majority of which
are shipped from Bali.
• It is very difficult to find local workers that have good computer or English skills, so they
often need to be hired from outside of Flores.
• Supporting infrastructure (stable power supply and fresh water supply) is still inefficient
and requires improvements to respond to the increase in visitor arrivals to the region.
Power: while some parts of the main islands still cannot support sufficient power for air-
conditioners and occasional power cuts due to bad weather, most of the resorts on
remote islands are powered by generators. Water: typically drinking water is
transported from Labuan Bajo.
9.3 OPPORTUNITIES
• Manggarai Barat has preserved its natural beauty to give travellers an untouched, natural
experience, yet the overall state of local tourism attractions is still immature and has
opportunities to be further developed.
• Growing popularity of the destination amongst travellers domestically, regionally and
internationally.
• The government is planning to upgrade the runway at Labuan Bajo to accommodate
larger planes and potentially upgrade it to an international airport. Garuda has recently
launched new direct flights from Jakarta to Labuan Bajo, which will facilitate more
international and domestic demand to the region.
• Opportunities to combine maritime and land-based tourism have not yet been exploited.
• Growing interest for cycling adventure tours in Flores. Flores Cycling Tours has recently
developed 6 cycling maps comprising 4 cycling routes for different types of bikers.
• Growing support from the regional government in promoting Labuan Bajo as a cruise
ship harbour (42 cruise visits were recorded in 2015).
• Manggarai Barat is also expected to see improvement in airport infrastructure to
promote tourism.
• The WISATA program, funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,
continues to support the economic development of the region through sustainable
tourism, employment creation, and improvement of the local population’s livelihoods.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 45
9.4 THREATS
• The increase in visitor numbers without proper destination management and capacity
planning will threaten the local environment.
• The demand for developing land for tourism purposes could cut into the Komodo
dragons’ already limited habitat.
• Solid waste is one of the most visible environmental threats to Labuan Bajo. The amount
of waste generated may exceed the capacity of available landfills, which would result in
uncontained open dumps.
• Destructive fishing practices such as dynamite, cyanide, and compressor fishing severely
threaten the Park's marine resources by destroying both the habitats and the resource
itself.
• Pollution inputs, ranging from raw sewage to chemicals, are increasing and may pose a
major threat in the future.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 46
10. RECOMMENDED DESTINATION VISION
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat is an unspoilt paradise that should be developed into a world-
class environmentally sustainable destination, focusing on its unique beautiful scenery, marine
biodiversity, which offers world-class diving, snorkelling, and the unique Komodo dragons.
KNP may learn from many successful developments around the world, such as: Galapagos
National Park in Ecuador – a World Heritage Site and home to unique species.
Ecotourism should be the cornerstone of the destination development, which may be (1)
nature-base adventure tourism, and/or (2) community-based programmes providing cultural
experiences to tourists.
10.1 PRODUCTS AND ACCOMMODATION TO BE DEVELOPED
The destination should keep on developing organically, avoiding mass tourism, and
maintaining the integrity of the natural ecosystems both in the areas of KNP and on the
mainland around Labuan Bajo.
The activities in the National Park are constrained by its sensitive ecosystem, therefore
diving, nature tours, and sailing should be developed in a sustainable way.
The harbour amenities should be developed to attract and welcome visitors (food stalls,
restaurant, etc.) together with limited high end, low impact cruise ships.
Eco-resorts with limited capacity should keep on being developed close to the National Park,
especially on the islands close to the city, whereas Labuan Bajo will develop into a busy,
animated site for accommodations.
10.2 UNIQUE SELLING POINTS
The destination’s Unique Selling Points are the diving spots and the possibility to observe the
famous Komodo dragons.
Labuan Bajo and KNP is not a standalone destination, but is rather destined to be integrated
into a circuit paired with Bali and/or Lombok, or, for repeat visitors, with the rest of Flores
Island.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 47
MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 48
11. FUTURE MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS
This section provides high-level projections for the scale, origin, and characteristics of future
visitor demand to Labuan Bajo (Kabupaten Manggarai Barat and KNP in particular), based on
the above positioning and the following quantitative approach.
The quantitative approaches focus on identifying a level of increased demand in terms of total
visitor arrivals, visitor nights, and visitor expenditures. The steps are:
1. Assess and analyse potential market demand for Kabupaten Manggarai Barat and
KNP in particular to define the most prospective market segments (based on the
segment’s ability to generate value for the destination in a sustainable manner),
building on the baseline supply and demand analysis;
2. Define different demand scenarios based on the conditions required for the
development of the destination; and
3. Provide quantitative forecasts of future demand from source markets depending on
the scenarios.
The next sections of the Report use this assessment of future demand to identify
opportunities for the development of the destination (accommodation, transportation,
leisure activities, etc.) in terms of scale, location, and timing, and to assess public investment
needs (transport and basic services and infrastructure).
11.1 FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS
11.1.1 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS
The forecast of foreign demand has been established by considering trends at the national
level in Indonesia and because of the assumed limits to accommodation capacity growth
constrained by its sensitive ecosystem.11
11 Two other hypothesis have been considered but not adopted :
• A past trend approach, based on 5 years of available data (as tourism data collected before that is unreliable and not representative of the destination’s
tourism growth potential) cannot be applied, because the average growth of 8.3% is influenced by recently improved airport infrastructure (refer to
chapter 15.2 on air transport) and is thus of limited use to predict future trends; and
• Another hypothesis is that international visitor demand to Labuan Bajo will follow the future Lombok trend as developed in the Lombok destination
report. This is believed possible considering that both destinations share similar characteristics in terms of attractions, source market, travellers’ behaviour,
proximity to Bali, etc. This hypothesis has not been used for the forecast because the expected tourism increase in Lombok will be mostly generated
by mass tourism in southern Lombok, which has a very different profile from Komodo ecological tourism.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 49
• In the short term, the increase in the number of foreign visitors is assumed to be in line
with national-level growth projections (6.4% compared with 6.5% at national level). This
assumption is based on the assumption that Labuan Bajo is not and will not become a
standalone destination but rather a side trip from other destinations, particularly Bali
and Lombok. In the short term, the accessibility and the level of infrastructure will be
an obstacle to rapid development of the flow of arrivals to Labuan Bajo, despite the
increasing attractiveness of the destination.
• From 2022 we anticipate a sharp increase in visitors (CAGR 8.0% compared with 4.3%)
due to the improvement of accessibility and the development of accommodation capacity
(400 additional rooms).
• In the medium term (2026 – 2041), visitor growth experience is expected to be more
moderate (2.6%), as the destination develops organically, with some small eco-resorts
developed close in the National Park, and Labuan Bajo developing into a busier
accommodation hub for the KNP. The total number of additional rooms is forecast to
be around 1,000 between 2026 and 2041. The improvement of harbour amenities will
also attract limited high end, low impact cruise ships.
11.1.2 DOMESTIC VISITORS
Despite the significant growth of domestic visitors over the past 5 years, we do not expect
this segment to grow as fast as the foreign visitor segment. For the domestic market, the
destination will share similar visitor trends to Lombok when it gains more awareness.
The quantitative expression of these assumptions in presented in Figure 17.
FIGURE 17: FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO LABUAN BAJO, 2015 – 2041
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 65
The annual numbers of passengers at Komodo Airport increased at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 18.63% between 2011 and 2015. However, such high CAGR over 5
years is due to an accelerated growth from mid-2013 to 2014 immediately after completion
of the runway extension. The total number of air passengers was about 259,000 in 2015.
There are six airlines (Garuda Indonesia, NAM Air, Susi Air, Air Fast, Kalstar, Wings Air),
which operate at Komodo Airport. Figure 27 below shows the details of existing airport
facilities.
FIGURE 27: KOMODO AIRPORT FACILITIES
Facilities Remark
Runway (Lm X Wm) 2370 x 45 m
Taxiway 97 x 18 m
445 x 23 m
Loading Apron Requirements 2 narrow aircraft
3 propeller aircraft
Terminal building 9967 m2
Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA
14.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The existing airport infrastructure at Komodo Airport is summarized in Figure 28:
FIGURE 28: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT KOMODO AIRPORT
Facilities Komodo Airport Assessment
Runway (Lm X Wm) 2370 x 45 m
Capacity: 16 movements per hour
Adequate to meet existing
aircraft movement
Taxiway (Parallel)
97 x 18 m
445 x 23 m
No Parallel Taxiway
Adequate to meet existing
aircraft movement
Loading Apron
Requirements Capacity: 5 aircrafts stands
Adequate to meet existing
aircraft movement
Terminal Building
Capacity 1.7million
Adequate to meet existing air
passenger demand
Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA, Surbana Jurong Analysis
• Komodo Airport can handle up to 1.7 million passengers. Existing passenger demand was
around 259,106 at Komodo Airport in 2015, indicating that the airport is more than
adequate.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 66
• The estimated capacity of the airport’s existing single runway is approximately 16
movements for Komodo Airport with Instrument Flight Rule facilities (refer to Appendix
II for details). Airports handling fewer than one million passengers annually are
categorized as small airports; estimated peak aircraft movement per hour in such
airports is six, including take-off and landing. Since Komodo Airport’s passenger total is
far lower than one million, it can reasonably be said that its runway capacity is more than
sufficient.
14.2.3 FUTURE PLAN FOR AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The government is planning to upgrade Komodo Airport’s runway to accommodate larger
planes to potentially upgrade it to an international airport.
According to the Airport Master Plan (Ministry Decree KP 869 Year 2014), the following
projects are proposed for Komodo Airport.
• Construction of new terminal facilities including an apron (2 spaces for B-737s, 2 for
smaller jetliners, 4 for propeller aircraft), car parking, and access roads.
• Construction of a new terminal building of 11,240 square metres with a passenger
handling capacity of 950 passengers during peak hours. Terminal building is estimated to
accommodate about 2 million annual passengers.16
• Runway extension to 2450 x 45 metres.
FIGURE 29: KOMODO AIRPORT MASTER PLAN
Source: Directorate General Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transport, 2016
16 The Federal Aviation Administration indicates that a gross terminal area space requirement is planned to be between 0.06 and 0.12 sqft per annual passenger. Source:
Planning and Design Guidelines for Airport Terminal Facilities, FAA Advisory Circular AC/150/5360-13, Washington, DC, April 1988.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 67
The proposed project is expected to improve Komodo Airport’s capability to accommodate
narrow body aircraft for medium-haul flights and increase terminal capacity. The safety level
will be improved to some extent at the same time because of the project includes installation
of ILS (Instrument Landing System) facilities.
For these improvements to Komodo Airport’s passenger-handling capacity to be maximized,
more frequent flights into Labuan Bajo must be implemented as well. These could from
domestic origins such as Jakarta or regional international locations like Singapore or Kuala
Lumpur, subject to demand.
14.3 WATER TRANSPORT
14.3.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS
Water transport activities are largely concentrated in Labuan Bajo, as most visitors travel to
Komodo Island via this port.
Currently, there are three means of water transport available to visitors to the tourism
destination. These include: a government run ferry (ASDP) that travels between Labuan Bajo
and Sape (West Nusa Tenggara); privately operated chartered boats to KNP; and cruise
ships from Bali or Lombok.
• Labuan Bajo port is used mainly for transporting regional passengers and goods. Visitors
staying in Labuan Bajo rent a boat from the private boat operators or local fishermen
to visit the Park. Current port infrastructure in Labuan Bajo is managed by Dinas
Perhubungan Manggarai Barat. The port hosts big and small boats and a new container
terminal. Figure 30 shows the Labuan Bajo port facilities.
FIGURE 30: LABUAN BAJO PORT FACILITIES
Facilities Remark Facilities Remark
Status Class III National Terminal Capacity 200 pax
Berth Ship Channel
Length and width 245 X 12 m Length and width 1.44 mil x 250 m
Surface Concrete Deep 7-10 m (LWS)
Deep 8-12 m Port Basin
Capacity 6,528 T/ m2 Area 300 m2
Tourism Berth 97 x 18 m Deep 6 m (LWS)
Length and width 50 x 6 m
Surface Concrete
Deep 3-5 m
Capacity Terminal 298 m2
Source: Directorate General Sea Transport, Ministry of Transport, 2016
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 68
• Charter boats from Labuan Bajo are mostly used by independent travellers, with very
few overnight visitors using liveaboards. According to Dinas Perhubungan, currently
there are about 300 charter boats in service to Komodo.
• The majority of the chartered boats are shared tour boats used by foreign visitors, while
domestic visitors use chartered boats (as they are more affordable) from local fishermen.
The boats range from small boats with a capacity of 8 seats to bigger boats with 20 seats.
• In 2015, 42 cruises visited KNP. There are no existing cruise port facilities on Komodo
Island, so cruise ships are not able to dock, requiring passengers to be tendered ashore.
Cruise ships currently tender at Loh Liang tender pier.
• Regarding other jetty facilities, Loh Buaya Jetty is used to access Rinca Island, which is in
good condition. There are no jetty facilities available on Padar Island.
14.3.2 EXISTING ASSESSMENT OF WATER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The Labuan Bajo port infrastructure is adequate for handling current passenger ferry services
from Labuan Bajo Sape, Denpasar, and Makassar. The boat services to the KNP, provided by
private operators are adequate as well. There is a need to develop basic jetty facilities on
Rinca Island.
Though there is no cruise ship infrastructure in KNP, considering the environmental
sensitivity of the site, any improvement to cruise infrastructure should be carefully assessed.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 69
14.3.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR WATER TRANSPORT
PT Pelindo plans to build a new Marina facility (50Ha) in Labuan Bajo Port dedicated to yachts
and cruise ships in the near future, seen in Figure 31. It is estimated that this facility will take
two years to complete once construction begins.
FIGURE 31: LABUAN BAJO PORT FACILITIES
Source: Pelindo III
However, considering that charter boats and cruise ships offer on-board accommodation
and that these tours have a scheduled timetable; visitors are given very little time in the park
(2 – 3 hours). Hence, the cruise infrastructure improvement will be subject to future demand
study.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 70
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS
14.4 FUTURE MODE OF TRAVEL
14.4.1 MARKET SHARE OF VISITORS
According to the market study, the share of foreign visitors will further increase in future.
Out of 83,200 visitor arrivals in 2021, around 79% are estimated to be foreign visitors, and
this rate is expected to grow by 2041, with 86% of 165,400 total visitors coming from
overseas.
14.4.2 MODE OF ARRIVAL
The mode of arrival and visitor movement pattern is expected to remain similar to current
trends, with air transit being the mode used by the overwhelming majority of visitors. In
2021 and 2041, 95% of domestic visitors and around 100% of foreign visitors are estimated
to arrive by air.
Hence, air transport remains an important means of transport for visitors. Komodo Airport
will remain the principal gateway and it is important to ensure the adequacy of Komodo
Airport infrastructure. Internal road connectivity in Labuan Bajo and sea connectivity to the
attraction areas will also play an important role.
FIGURE 32: SURVEY OF TRANSPORT MODAL SPLIT
Domestic Share (%) Foreign Share (%)
Mode of Transport Arrival Mode of Transport Arrival 2021 2041 2021 2041
Air 95% 95% Air 100% 100%
Sea 5% 5% Sea 0% 0%
Land 0% 0% Land 0% 0%
Total 100 100 Total 100
Source: Surbana Jurong and HHTL
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 71
14.4.3 TRANSPORT MODAL SPLIT
Private transport will remain the preferred mode of transport for visitors. The following
modal split assesses the impact of tourism on the road infrastructure capacity (Figure 33).
FIGURE 33: FUTURE SCENARIO OF TRANSPORT MODAL SPLIT
Based on the above modal split, Figure 34 and Figure 35 present the distribution of peak
visitors using different modes of transport.
FIGURE 34: ESTIMATE OF TOURISM PASSENGERS BY TRANSPORT MODES IN
2021
Domestic Share Foreign Share
Peak visitor per day 335 Peak visitor per day 1,685
Mode of Transport Arrival Mode of Transport Arrival
Air Sea Land Air Sea Land
No of Visitor 318 17 - No of Visitor 1,685 - -
Mode of Transport to reach tourism
attractions
Mode of Transport to reach tourism
attractions
Tour Bus - - - Tour Bus - - -
Tour Van 64 3 - Tour Van - - -
Public
bus/Railway 64 3 -
Public
bus/Railway - - -
Private
car/Car
rental/Taxi 191 10 -
Private
car/Car
rental/Taxi
1,685 - -
Total 318 17 - Total 1,685 - -
Source: Surbana Jurong
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 72
FIGURE 35: ESTIMATE OF TOURISM PASSENGERS BY TRANSPORT MODES IN
2041
Domestic Share Foreign Share
Peak visitor per day 405 Peak visitor per day 3,615
Mode of Transport Arrival Mode of Transport Arrival Air Sea Land Air Sea Land
No of Visitor 385 20 - No of Visitor 3,615 - -
Mode of Transport to reach tourism
attractions
Mode of Transport to reach tourism
attractions
Tour Bus - - - Tour Bus - - -
Tour Van 77 4 - Tour Van - - -
Public
bus/Railway 77 4 -
Public
bus/Railway - - -
Private
car/Car
rental/Taxi 231 12 -
Private
car/Car
rental/Taxi
3,615 - -
Total 385 20 - Total 3,615 - -
Source: Surbana Jurong
14.5 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS
14.5.1 FUTURE TRAFFIC VOLUME AND ROAD CAPACITY
Traffic analysis constitutes general traffic generated by the daily commuters and traffic
generated by visitors.
General Traffic Volume and Road Capacity
The traffic volume to and from the tourism attractions in the future will be affected by the
traffic increases as a result of other economic activities in the Labuan Bajo region. The
forecast number of vehicles in 2021 and 2041 in Manggarai Barat is presented in Figure 36.
By 2041, registered vehicles are estimated to increase from the existing 18,000 vehicles to
an estimated 43,000 vehicles.
FIGURE 36: NUMBER OF VEHICLES IN PAST AND FUTURE
Manggarai Barat
Year No of Vehicles Growth
2015 18,402 Base
2021 24,528 4.91%
2041 42,874 2.83%
Source: Surbana Jurong
Since the current traffic volume is not available, the future general traffic volume is difficult
to be estimated.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 73
Visitors Traffic Volume
The visitor traffic volume generated is an important component that will be distributed on
the road network. Based on the provisional modal split for domestic and foreign visitors, the
number of vehicles generated for each mode and number of visitors per vehicle are shown
in Figure 37 and Figure 38. Refer to Appendix 4 for Visitor Traffic Volume Estimation
Approach.
FIGURE 37: TRAFFIC VOLUME ESTIMATION IN 2021
Domestic Share Foreign Share
Labuan
Bajo
Pax /
vehicle Labuan
Bajo
Pax /
vehicle
Tour Bus - 35 Tour Bus - 35
Tour Van 5 14 Tour Van - 14
Public bus/Railway 2 35 Public bus/Railway - 35
Private car/Car
rental/Taxi 50 4 Private car/Car
rental/Taxi 421 4
Total 57 Total 421
FIGURE 38: TRAFFIC VOLUME ESTIMATION IN 2041
Domestic Share Foreign Share
Labuan Bajo Pax /
vehicle Labuan Bajo
Pax /
vehicle
Tour Bus - 35 Tour Bus - 35
Tour Van 6 14 Tour Van - 14
Public bus/Railway 2 35 Public bus/Railway - 35
Private car/Car
rental/Taxi 61 4 Private car/Car
rental/Taxi 904 4
Total 69 Total 904
The summary of visitor traffic in key road corridors is shown in Figure 39.
FIGURE 39: TRAFFIC VOLUME ESTIMATION IN 2021 AND 2041 (ADT)
2021 2041
Corridor ADT PCE Peak ADT PCE Peak
Labuan Bajo 429 433 43 69 978 98
ADT: Average Daily Traffic
PCE: Passenger Car Equivalent was adopted from Djohar (1984) Passenger Car Unit value and Saturation Flow for Junctions in Bandung
Peak: Peak hour
In summary, the traffic volume generated by visitors is insignificant and will not have any
major impact on the road traffic.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 74
14.5.2 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Based on the above assessment, following are the key road transport infrastructure needs
for the destination.
• The road capacity in Labuan Bajo will be adequate to cater to the expected low traffic
volume in future. In future, all the major roads in Labuan Bajo should be well maintained
in terms of pavement conditions targeting for IRI < 4 (IRI: International Roughness Index
<= Good), including the key segment in Labuan Bajo connecting the city center to
Komodo Airport (20 kilometers). It is also important to improve the sidewalks in key
tourism areas, including beach resort/hotel and port areas.
• In 2015, the ratio of paved national and provincial roads on Flores was 100%. This
condition benefits the visitors’ movement for inner-island trips. Considering the low
traffic volume, regional road capacity is adequate. However, for the connectivity to other
places of interest on the island, it is desirable to upgrade the road width to Bina Marga
standards (7 meters wide). Furthermore, all roads—national, provincial, and
kabupaten—that connect Labuan Bajo to other sites of interest need to be well
maintained in terms of pavement conditions, with a target of IRI <4.
14.6 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS
14.6.1 FUTURE AIR PASSENGER DEMAND17
KOMODO AIRPORT
• Air passenger movement at Komodo Airport is forecast to reach 399,000 in 2021 and
about 722,000 by 2041.
• The yearly aircraft movement is forecast to reach 4,555 aircraft in 2021 and 7,831 aircraft
by 2041.
14.6.2 AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
KOMODO AIRPORT
Figure 40 below summarises the demand and capacity for air travel at Komodo Airport. The
air passenger demand for 2021 and 2041 is equivalent to 8 and 13 peak hour movements
respectively. Hence, the 16 peak hour movement that the runway could handle is more than
sufficient to handle the demand.
17 The Future Air Passenger Demand and Aircraft Movement are estimated on a broad basis to assess the airport infrastructure needs for tourism development. A
separate detailed specific Airport Study needs to be conducted to look into the specific air passenger and aircraft demand for individual airports.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 75
FIGURE 40: KOMODO AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Existing
(2015)
Airport
Improvement
Plan
Short Term
(2021)
Long Term
(2041)
Air Passenger
Demand 259,106 NA 339,654 722,453
Aircraft landing
and Take Off
Demand
3,486 aircrafts per
year
6 peak hour
movement
2 spots for B737,
2 spots for small,
4 spots for
propeller
4,555 aircrafts
per year
8 peak hour
movement
7,830 aircrafts per
year
13 peak hour
movement
Runway (Lm X
Wm)
2225 X 45 m
Estimated
Capacity: 16
movements per
hour
Existing Capacity
Adequate
Runway extension
to 2450 x 45 m
Estimated
Capacity: 16
movements per
hour
Adequate Adequate
Parallel Taxiway No No Adequate Adequate
Loading Apron
Requirements
5 aircrafts in peak
hour
Capacity: 4
aircrafts stands
2 spots for B737,
2 spots for small,
4 spots for
propeller
Capacity: 8 stands
5 active stands
needed for
aircrafts in
peak hour
Adequate with
apron
expansion
7 aircraft stands
needed in peak
hour
Adequate with
apron expansion
Terminal
Building 1.7 million
2 million pax /
year Adequate
Existing Terminal
Building Capacity
is adequate.
Terminal Building
Expansion not
needed
Hence, only certain components of airport improvement plan such as apron expansion will
be needed in the long term.
14.7 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS
Most visitors use air rather than sea transport to reach Komodo or Labuan Bajo. Therefore,
it is less likely that transport ferry demand will increase significantly for Labuan Bajo.
Based on this assessment, the existing port infrastructure has the capacity to accommodate
projected ferry passengers. The existing passenger terminal facility is sufficient to
accommodate 200 passengers and therefore there is no need for port facility improvements
for the Port of Labuan Bajo.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 76
Access to the KNP is constrained by sensitive eco-system and the tourism study considers
a sustainable ecotourism within the key tourism areas of Labuan Bajo and the Komodo
National Park. Thus, there will not be a significant increase in demand for boat access to
these islands from Labuan Bajo. While existing jetty facilities need to be well-maintained, a
jetty facility will need to be developed for Rinca Island. In addition, the market study identifies
potential for eco-resorts close to the KNP, especially on the islands close to the city. Basic
Jetty facilities will be needed for these eco-resort Islands as well.
While the privately-owned chartered boats provide sufficient services at this time and will
grow as per the demand increases, the informal services need to be regulated by the
government to ensure the maintenance of quality and safety standards.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 77
15. BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES)
BASELINE
15.1 BACKGROUND FOR PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT
FIGURE 41: LABUAN BAJO TOURISM DESTINATION AND KEY ATTRACTIONS
Source: Google Maps, HHTL, Surbana Jurong
The 2 key attractions that we have identified that will drive tourism to Flores are the
Komodo National Park (KNP) and the town of Labuan Bajo, both within Kecamatan
Komodo, shown in Figure 41. The basic infrastructure assessment is conducted for
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat, the designated Destination, with a focus on Kecamatan Komodo
and selected towns for wastewater and sanitary assessment.
15.2 WATER SUPPLY
15.2.1 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
Surface water is the main source of water supply in Labuan Bajo. PDAM (local water utility)
Wae MBeliling is responsible for the production, storage, and distribution of portable water
from five water sources, located at Wae Mowol, Wae Moto, Wae MBaru, Wae Kaca, and
Wae Mese. Total capacity of these water sources is 82 L/s. As much as 56 L/s of water are
produced from these sources, shown in Figure 42.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 78
FIGURE 42: CAPACITY OF PDAM WATER SOURCES IN LABUAN BAJO
No. Water Source System Available Capacity
(L/s)
Produced Capacity
(L/s)
1 Wae Mowol Gravity 10.00 5.00
2 Wae Moto Gravity 13.00 6.00
3 Wae Kaca Gravity 8.00 3.00
4 Wae M Baru Gravity 11.00 4.00
5 Wae Mese WTP Pump 40.00 38.00
Total 82.00 56.00
Source: PDAM Wae MBeliling Kab. Manggarai Barat
Water produced is distributed through a piping network to the city of Labuan Bajo. Ten
reservoirs were constructed for storage of water: DRPD, Batu Cermin, Firdaus/ BTN, Golo
Koe, Wae Mata, Tuke Tai Kaba, PT. Sak, PU, Merombik, and Tondong Pengka, shown in
Figure 43. These reservoirs have a total storage capacity of 1,850 cubic metres, broken down
in Figure 44.
FIGURE 43: LOCATION OF WATER SOURCE AND WATER RESERVOIR AT
LABUAN BAKO
Source: Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum, Wae MBeliling Kab. Manggarai Barat
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 79
FIGURE 44: CAPACITY OF WATER RESERVOIRS AT LABUAN BAJO
No. Water Reservoir Capacity (cubic metres)
1 DPRD 250
2 Batu Cermin 150
3 Firdaus/ BTN 150
4 Golo Koe 200
5 Wae Mata 325
6 Tuke Tai Kaba 150
7 PT. Sak 150
8 PU 125
9 Merombik 200
10 Tondong Pengka 150
Total 1,850
Source: Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum, Wae MBeliling Kab. Manggarai Barat
15.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
Based on Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014 sustainable water supply is defined as having access to
a safe and reliable water source that can supply at least 60l/cap/day. For the key tourism
areas, the higher quality SNI 3-7065-2005 standard is assumed, meaning that the population
and visitors in key tourism areas should have access to sustainable piped water supply which
is defined as having a house connection and 24-hour water supply at 120l/cap/day for
domestic users and 250l/cap/day for visitors staying overnight.
The national statistical office (BPS) has baseline information on service provision. BPS collects
this information by sample surveys and aggregate data are available at the Provincial level and
sometimes at the Kabupaten/Kota level. In practice, it was not possible to arrive at a reliable
baseline for water supply service provision in the key tourism areas because data were either
not available or were only available at the Provincial level which is not sufficiently detailed to
serve as a baseline for the tourism areas.
As a proxy data have been collected on population connected to piped networks of water
supply companies (PDAM), because these data are widely available by PDAM at Kabupaten
and Kecamatan level. It should be noted however that these data should be regarded as
minimum number of people served by piped water supply, because apart from PDAM many
local networks exist, often community operated, that deliver sustainable water supply.
In the context of this study PDAM data as presented here should therefore not be taken as
absolute figures for current water supply service levels but should be considered as an
indication of variation in service levels between the several tourism areas. More detailed
study at Kecamatan level is needed to arrive at a thorough baseline for each of the key
tourism areas. Existing coverage of PDAM water supply is tabulated below in Figure 45.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 80
FIGURE 45: EXISTING COVERAGE OF PDAM WATER SUPPLY
Key Tourism Area PDAM Coverage (% of households served)
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat 7.53
Kecamatan Komodo 25.65
Source: BPS Nusa Tenggara Timur
As of 2015, PDAM water supply service has covered 7.53% of households in Kabupaten
Manggarai Barat, and 25.65% of households in Kecamatan Komodo18, where most of the
tourism activities are taking place. Other source of water supply comes from groundwater
(private wells in rural areas), small scale desalination plants and other types of surface water.
Residents of Labuan Bajo also purchase bottled water for their daily use.
Existing capacity of the raw water sources is not fully utilized. Only 68.3% of potable water
are produced from the existing raw water sources. The actual water delivered to the end
users is lesser the high rate of water loss in Indonesia is taken into consideration (about
33%).
Residents in rural areas, especially islands (i.e. Komodo Island, Rinca Island, etc.) where water
distribution networks are difficult to reach, use rainwater as their main source of water
supply. During the dry season when water supply is insufficient, residents of these islands
import water from Labuan Bajo.
15.2.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR WATER SUPPLY
The local authorities intend to extend water supply coverage by expanding the water supply
network. Moreover, to support the development of tourism activities, local authorities have
proposed to expand the water supply network to the ports in Labuan Bajo. This will shorten
the distance to transport water to the surrounding islands. Water will also be used to
support the boat and cruise business at the ports.19
Extension of the water supply network to the ports area would help to improve water supply
for port operation. It is recommended that the extension should also cover areas
surrounding the port where most of the hotels are located. However, upgrading the water
treatment plants’ capacity and control in water loss during distribution is equally important
to optimize utilization of the available raw water sources.
18 Source: PDAM Wae MBeliling Kab.MaBar, Dinas Kependudukan Kab.MaBar, 2016 19 Source: Pengembangan Destinasi Pariwisata Prioritas Indonesia – Labuan Bajo
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 81
To mitigate the shortfall of water supply in rural areas such as Komodo and Rinca Islands,
sufficient numbers of water storage tanks shall be placed to store and stock water for usage
during the dry season.
15.3 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
15.3.1 EXISTING WASTEWATER AND SANITATION CONDITIONS
According to the national service standards for public works and spatial planning (SPM
Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014) sustainable sanitation is defined as having access to a private or
a communal (MCK) toilet connected to a septic tank or to a piped sewer system with
downstream treatment facilities. If population density is higher than 300 inhabitants/ha an
off-site sewer system is required with centralized wastewater treatment plant. Waste water
treatment facilities must meet specified technical and effluent quality standards.
The national statistical office (BPS) has baseline information on service provision. BPS collects
this information by sample surveys and aggregate data are available at the Provincial level and
sometimes at the Kabupaten/Kota level. In practice, it was not possible to arrive at a reliable
baseline for sanitation service provision in the key tourism areas because data were either
not available or were only available at the provincial level, which is not sufficiently detailed
to serve as a baseline for the tourism areas.
As a proxy, STBM (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat) data have been collected because
these data are widely available to the kecamatan level. It should be noted, however, that
STBM data in general give a much too positive picture of current service levels, because the
STBM service level represents a lesser quality than the level required in the relevant national
standards noted above. STBM’s definition of adequate sanitation includes sanitation facilities
which:
• Avoid water contamination;
• Avoid contact between human and feces;
• Avoid contact between insects/ animals and feces;
• Not smelling unpleasant; and
• Easy to clean.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 82
The STBM definition means that all sanitation facilities are included, even pit latrines and
temporary structures, and only open defecation practices are excluded. The percentage of
population served as indicated by STBM data is therefore much higher than population served
in accordance with national service level quality standards. In the context of this study STBM
data as presented here should therefore not be taken as absolute figures for current
sanitation service levels but should be considered as an indication of variation in service levels
between the several tourism areas. More detailed study at Kecamatan level is needed to
arrive at a reliable baseline for each of the key tourism areas.
15.3.2 EXISTING ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
Existing coverage of adequate sanitation, as defined by STBM standards, is tabulated in Figure
46 below:
FIGURE 46: EXISTING COVERAGE OF STBM STANDARD SANITATION
Core Tourism Area
Adequate Sanitation
(% of households equipped with/ has access to adequate
sanitation)
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat 38.88
Kecamatan Komodo 62.67
Source: Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat
There is no off-site or integrated wastewater discharge and management system in
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. Domestic, industrial, and tourism waste is discharged into
onsite/individual septic tanks. Wastewater is often discharged directly into drains and rivers
or into the sea in areas where septic tanks are unavailable.
Only 38.88% of the households in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat and 62.67% in Kecamatan
Komodo are equipped with adequate sanitation facilities according to the relatively low
STBM standard. Meanwhile, percentage of adequate sanitation at towns where most of the
hotels are located varies. Batu Cermin, Goron Talo, Labuan Bajo, and Pasir Putih has
satisfactory access to adequate sanitation (>80%); meanwhile, only 11.46% of the households
in Macang Tanggar has access to adequate sanitation. It is recommended that the existing gap
be closed immediately.
15.3.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
The authority has plans to develop an integrated wastewater treatment plant at visitor
attractions. Meanwhile, in Pokja (Kelompok Kerja Air Minum Dan Penyehatan Lingkungan)
medium term plan for Kabupaten Manggarai Barat,
a) To reduce BABS (open defecation) to 0%
b) To increase on-site wastewater management facilities (septic tank) to 85%
c) To increase centralized and integrated wastewater management facilities to 15%
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 83
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater and sanitation facilities are important to promote
hygienic living of residents and visitors in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. The above-mentioned
plans (especially item (a)) have to be implemented as soon as possible.
15.4 DRAINAGE
15.4.1 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ISSUES
The entirety of Kabupaten Manggarai Barat is categorized as a high-risk flood zone. Flash
floods often occur in low-lying areas during heavy downpour.
The upgrading of existing drainage systems, including construction of a detention and
retention pond, is recommended to slow down the runoff time, thus providing sufficient time
for the surface runoff to be discharged into water bodies.
FIGURE 47: FLOOD DISASTER RISK INDEX MAP
Source: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), 2010
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 84
15.5 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
15.5.1 EXISTING SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL CONDITIONS
Generally, waste is collected manually and transported to a TPS (Tempat Pembuangan
Sementara, or Temporary Disposal Site). TPSs are located at residential and community
centres. From TPS, waste is transported to TPST (Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu, or
Integrated Waste Processing). Most of the TPSTs are located near the market and managed
by Kecamatan/ District agency. Segregation of wastes takes place in TPST. Remaining waste
is then transported to TPA (Tempat pembuangan Akhir, or Final Disposal Area). The process
of solid waste collection and disposal is shown in Figure 48.
FIGURE 48: PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
Source: RTRW, Rencana Tataruang Wilayah
According to the national service standards for public works and spatial planning, sustainable
solid waste management is defined as having access to a solid waste collection services of at
least twice a week and transport of waste collected to a transfer station or processing unit.
Solid waste management operations must be in accordance with national technical standards
for management of solid waste facilities (Permen PU 03 Year 2013) and for urban waste
management techniques (SNI 19-2454-2002).
A number of TPS are provided in the city of Labuan Bajo. One TPA (open dumping) is located
at Kaper, Desa Golo Bilas, with a capacity of 41.829 cubic metres. Locations of TPS and TPA
in Labuan Bajo are shown in Figure 49.
However, some waste is disposed on the roadside or on unoccupied land due to insufficient
numbers of TPS and a lack of community awareness. The average amount of solid waste
generated at Labuan Bajo is 46,281 cubic metres/ year, but only 38,690 cubic metres are
collected. Coverage of solid waste management is at a satisfactory level of 83.60%.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 85
FIGURE 49: LOCATION OF TPS AND TPA IN LABUAN BAJO
Source: Dinas Kebersihan, Pengelolaan Sampah, Google Earth.
15.5.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The existing solid waste management system in Labuan Bajo is insufficient. Both Temporary
Disposal Sites (TPS) and Final Disposal Sites (TPA) demonstrate gaps between waste
generated and their capacity to manage the generated waste. Another 4.452 cubic metres of
TPA capacity is required to manage all the wastes generated. Beforehand, sufficient numbers
of TPS and wastes collection/ transportation system must be in place.
Although the percentage of solid waste collected in Labuan Bajo is relatively high (83.60%)
as compared to other cities in Indonesia, pollution caused by solid wastes are still critical.
Uncollected solid waste from the city of Labuan Bajo is disposed of in drains and rivers which
end up in the open sea, and is carried by the waves to the surrounding islands, including the
KNP.
Other than household waste, other sources of waste that are currently not managed and
that pollute the ocean and reefs are the yachts, fishing settlements on some small islands,
and the visitor boats traveling to islands and reefs, which often leave behind plastic bottles
and other litter.
Existing service level data were collected for each of the key tourism areas at the
Kabupaten/Kota level. More detailed and disaggregated data were not encountered. In
Kabupaten, the solid waste collection services are limited to the most densely populated and
urbanized towns, whereas rural areas are often not yet served. More detailed study is needed
to arrive at a thorough baseline for the key tourism areas.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 86
15.5.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
According to Dinas Kebersihan (Sanitation Agency) Labuan Bajo, the authority has plans to
close the existing gap of solid waste management facilities. A research study is in progress
to locate a suitable location for a new TPA. It is anticipated that this new TPA will be capable
of handling existing and future waste generation.
Though proposals for upgrading and improving solid waste management facilities are in place,
no detailed information such as a timeline, capacities of the proposed TPS and TPA, or
frequency of waste collection have been made known. The existing capacity gap must be
closed as soon as possible.
15.6 POWER SUPPLY
15.6.1 EXISTING POWER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
PLN (the National Electricity Company) Labuan Bajo is responsible for electricity production,
transmission, and distribution in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. In 2015, only 25.25% of the
households in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat are served by PLN. The coverage is higher
(89.72%) in Kecamatan Komodo where most of the visitor attractions and hotels are located.
There are three diesel power plants in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (2 located in Kecamatan
Komodo and 1 in Kecamatan Lembor). A total of 5.4 MW of electricity is produced and
distributed from these power plants. However, electricity demand during peak hours has
reached 5.8 MW, exceeding capacity. Therefore, rolling blackouts are practiced to overcome
the 0.4 MW power demand deficit. Figure 50 illustrates the location and capacities of the
power plants in Manggarai Barat.
15.6.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing coverage of power supply network is tabulated in Figure 50 below:
FIGURE 50: EXISTING COVERAGE OF POWER SUPPLY NETWORK
Core Tourism Area PLN Coverage (% of households served)
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat 25.25
Kecamatan Komodo 89.72
Source: BPS Nusa Tenggara Timur
Coverage of PLN power network is unsatisfactory in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. Although
the percentage is higher in Kecamatan Komodo, expansion of the coverage is still required
as this is the Kecamatan where Labuan Bajo and most of the visitor attractions are located.
15.6.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR POWER SUPPLY
A few plans have been proposed by the authority to improve the power supply condition in
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat:
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 87
• Construction of a geothermal power plant at Golo Bilas in Kecamatan Komodo is on-
going. It is expected to be completed by the end of 2017 and would be able to supply 5
MW of electricity.
• Plan to build a diesel power plant at Golo Bilas, with capacity of 1.8 MW.
• Plan to build a gas engine power plant at Kecamatan Boleng. This is a long-term plan and
the proposed power plant would be able to generate 2x10 MW of power.
Existing and planned power facilities are shown on the map below (Figure 51).
FIGURE 51: EXISTING AND PROPOSED POWER PLANTS IN MANGGARAI BARAT
Source: PLN Labuan Bajo, Google Earth
The shortage of power supply, especially during peak hours, can be solved by the completion
of the under-construction geothermal power plant at Golo Bilas, provided that it is finished
and in operation as planned. In the longer term, the proposed power plants are necessary
to fill the gap and to support the growth in power demand.
15.7 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
15.7.1 EXISTING TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
According to dishubkominfo of Manggarai Barat (Dinas Perhubungan Komunikasi dan
Informatika, or the Department of Communication and Informatics), residents in Labuan
Bajo are well served with the existing telecommunication facilities. There are twenty-seven
(27) telecom towers at Manggarai Barat. These telecom towers are owned by 3 private
companies: Tower Bersama Group, Day Mitra Telekomunikasi, and Telkomsel.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 88
FIGURE 52: TELECOM TOWERS IN MANGGARAI BARAT
Source: dishubkominfo Manggarai Barat, Google Earth
15.7.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing conditions of telecommunication infrastructure in Labuan Bajo is satisfactory. There
are no major gaps or issues with regards to the service and coverage of the
telecommunication system in Labuan Bajo. However, our finding shows that the coverage of
the telecommunication facilities in the KNP is low.
The government’s expansion plans were not known during the interview, as most of the
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and towers are owned by the telco companies. As long as
there are business opportunities and potential new subscribers, the telco companies are
willing to invest and set up new BTS and telecom towers to widen their coverage and
improve their service.
15.8 SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
A summary of existing coverage and basic infrastructures gaps in Labuan Bajo is shown in
Figure 53.
FIGURE 53: SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT
Infrastructure Existing
Coverage
Existing
Gap Remarks
Water Supply
(households served by
PDAM)
Kab.
Manggarai
Barat
7.53% 92.47%
Low coverage in Kabupaten Manggarai
Barat and relatively higher coverage in
Kec Komodo. Note that actual current
coverage is higher because non-PDAM
piped supply is not captured in the
baseline.
Kec.
Komodo
25.65%
74.35%
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 89
Wastewater and
Sanitation
(households equipped/
has access to adequate
sanitation)
Kab.
Manggarai
Barat
38.88% 61.12% Coverage at main hotel location varies:
Batu Cermin – 100%
Goron Talo – 100%
Labuan Bajo – 100%
Pasir Putih – 80.94%
Macang Tanggar – 11.46%
Note that actual current sanitation
coverage is lower because STBM
standards are inferior to national
standards.
Kec.
Komodo
62.67%
37.33%
Drainage Kabupaten Manggarai Barat categorized as
high risk flood zone
Need to manage flood risk for
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat
Solid Waste
(solid waste generated
collected and disposed
at designated TPA)
Kec.
Komodo 83.60% 16.40%
Existing gap (settlements along the
coast line) has to be closed at the
soonest
Power Supply
(households served by
PLN)
Kab.
Manggarai
Barat
25.25% 74.75% Low power supply coverage at
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat
Kec.
Komodo 89.72% 10.28%
Higher coverage at Kecamatan
Komodo, but need to be improved
Telecommunication Kec.
Komodo
Coverage is satisfactory, but
restricted to the city area
Expansion of coverage is needed at
KNP
Currently, the development of infrastructure facilities is concentrated at the mainland of the
Labuan Bajo, despite the fact that the off-shore KNP is the primary tourist draw in the area.
Basic infrastructure facility improvements, such as public toilets and solid waste management,
are essential in the Komodo Islands as more foreign and local visitors are expected. It is
recommended that the development of infrastructure facilities in these islands must be
planned with caution, so that the habitats of the Komodo dragons and other flora and fauna
are not disrupted.
Only 7.53% of the households in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat and 25.65% of the households
in Kecamatan Komodo are served by PDAM water supply. Production of potable water from
the existing raw water sources must be optimized. Meanwhile, in Komodo and Rinca Island,
and other islets with a resident population of fishermen, construction of water storage
facilities would help to mitigate the problem of insufficient water sources during dry season.
Accessibility to the adequate sanitation facilities are 38.88% in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat
and 62.67% in Kecamatan Komodo. The existing gap has to be closed as soon as possible,
with focus given to areas where most of the hotels are located, namely Pasir Putih and
Macang Tanggar.
Power supply in Labuan Bajo is insufficient. There is urgent need to ease the shortage of
capacity during peak hours. Generally, coverage of power supply in Kecamatan Komodo is
high (89.72%) as compared to other Indonesian cities, improvement is required as more
visitor arrivals are expected.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 90
The existing solid waste management system in Labuan Bajo is insufficient and community
awareness of solid waste management and cleanliness issues is low. Existing capacity of the
TPA is unable to cope with the wastes generated. Uncollected solid waste has caused
pollution at the nearby islands, including the KNP. The existing gap, especially the settlements
along the coastline, including settlements on islets, and other sources of pollution such as
yachts and visitor boats, has to be closed as soon as possible.
There are no major issues with regards to the telecommunication infrastructure. Other than
improvement and expansion of existing coverage in Labuan Bajo, focus should be given to
the KNP area.
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat is categorized as a high-risk flood zone. Flooding often occurs at
low-lying areas during heavy downpours and at high tide. Improvement and upgrading of the
storm water drainage system is required.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 91
BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
NEEDS
15.9 FORECAST POPULATION & VISITOR ARRIVALS
Basic infrastructure analyses are carried out for the short and long term with reference to
the projected population and visitor arrivals as shown in Figure 54 and Figure 55.
The population growth for the key kabupaten is based on the growth rate produced by BPS
at the kabupaten level. As Kabupaten Manggarai Barat is dominated by hotels in Labuan Bajo
(Kecamatan Komodo), projection for basic infrastructure needs are broken down to
Kecamatan Komodo. It is assumed in this assessment that all the existing and future
commercial accommodation are located in Kecamatan Komodo.
FIGURE 54: FORECAST OF POPULATION
Key Tourism Area 2015 2021 2041
Kec. Komodo 48,812 50,336 51,016
Source: Horwath HTL
FIGURE 55: FORECAST OF COMMERCIAL ROOMS REQUIRED
2015 2021 2041
Kec. Komodo 710 1,010 2,010
Guest per room = 2.0
Source: Horwath HTL
Basic infrastructure demand projections are carried out based on the projected population
in the key tourism kecamatan and the number of visitor arrivals staying in commercial
accommodation.
15.10 WATER SUPPLY
15.10.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals and water consumption rates
(as shown in Figure 57), water demand forecasts are tabulated in
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 92
Figure 56 and Figure 57. Note that these projections represent maximum requirements if all
piped water supply would be provided by PDAM. In reality, many non-PDAM local piped
water supply networks exist, often community operated, that deliver sustainable water
supply.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 93
FIGURE 56: WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS (L/S)
Kec. Komodo
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Served by
PDAM
Not Served by
PDAM
Domestic 56 14 42 70 71
Visitor 3 1 2 6 12
Total 60 15 44 76 82
Source: Surbana Jurong
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 94
Figure 56 above showcases estimated water demand (L/s) by different categories of
consumers in 2015 (with amount of water served and not served by PDAM). Projected
water demand by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 are also presented.
Ratio of estimated water demand to support tourism activities with respect to overall
demand is shown in Figure 57.
FIGURE 57: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 56 70 71
Visitor 3 6 12
% of visitor / total 5.50% 7.72% 14.10%
Source: Surbana Jurong
Key Assumptions
The average water demand for the study area is estimated by using unit water demand per
capita for local residents and visitors. The SNI 3-7065-2005 standard has been used, meaning
that the population and visitors should have access to sustainable piped water supply which
is defined as having a house connection and 24 hours water supply at 120l/cap/day for
domestic users and 250l/cap/day for visitors staying overnight. The adopted water
consumption rate in lpcd (litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors are tabulated
in Figure 58. The projected water demand is then converted to L/s (litres per second). The
unit rates of water consumption for different usages are expected to increase by 20% – 25%
in 2021 due to an upturn in living standards and water accessibility; and then remain constant
to 2041, considering sufficient water conservation approaches and awareness among
residents.
FIGURE 58: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE
Type of Usage Unit Rate (lpcd)
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 100 120 120
Visitor Commercial Accommodation 200 250 250
Based on the above considerations, total existing water demand is forecast to be 60 L/s for
Kecamatan Komodo. From total demand, 25.65% are provided by piped water supply. Water
demand in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to be about 76 L/s and 82 L/s in Kecamatan Komodo.
Existing water demand for tourism activities is about 5.5% of the overall water demand, and
forecast to increase to close to 15% in 2041.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 95
15.10.2 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
It is estimated that the available raw water sources are insufficient to fulfil the water demand
in Kecamatan Komodo in the near future. Other than on expansion of piped water coverage
and utilization of raw water sources, the authority must look for new sources of raw water.
Short Term Recommendations (2021)
• 100% piped water in Kecamatan Komodo.
• Look for new sources of raw water.
• Expansion of existing water supply networks and construction of new networks to meet
the above-mentioned targets.
• Expansion of existing water treatment plants to utilize the existing water sources
available.
• Effective and necessary efforts should be put in place to reduce water loss to 20%.
Long Term Recommendations (2041)
• Construction of new water treatment plant(s) to produce potable water from the
existing and potential new water sources.
• Expansion of existing water supply networks and the construction of networks to serve
the potential growth of population and visitor arrivals.
• Effective and necessary efforts should be made to reduce water loss to 10%.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 96
15.11 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
15.11.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, the forecast sewage
generation is tabulated in Figure 59 and Figure 60. Sewage generation is assumed at 80% of
water supplied. Note that current coverage of adequate sanitation in this analysis relates to
STBM standards. Actual current sustainable sanitation coverage is lower because STBM
quality standards are inferior to national standard SPM Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014.
FIGURE 59: SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S) *
Kec. Komodo
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Adequate
Sanitation
Inadequate
Sanitation
Domestic 45 28 17 56 57
Visitor 3 3 - 5 9
Total 48 31 17 61 66
Source: Surbana Jurong * Sewage generation = 80% water consumed
Figure 59 above showcases estimated sewage generation (L/s) by different categories of
consumers in 2015 (with the amount of adequate and inadequate sanitation as per STBM
standards). Projected sewage generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and
2041 are also presented. The ratio of estimated sewage generation from tourism activities
with respect to overall generation is shown in Figure 60.
FIGURE 60: ESTIMATED SEWAGE GENERATION RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 45 56 57
Visitor 3 5 9
% of visitor / total 5.50% 7.72% 14.10%
Source: Surbana Jurong
The total current sewage generation is estimated to be 48 L/s for Kecamatan Komodo. From
the total generated sewage 62.67% is discharged and managed by STBM standard sanitation
facilities. Sewage generation in 2021 and 2041 is forecast to be about 61 L/s and 66 L/s.
Current sewage generation from visitors is about 5.5% of the overall sewage generation, and
is estimated to increase to close to 15% by 2041.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 97
15.11.2 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The following key projects for wastewater and sanitation infrastructure are recommended
for the short term (2021):
• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation in Kecamatan Komodo;
• Installation of sufficient numbers of septic tanks in residential areas;
• Small scale wastewater treatment plants are recommended at the hotels/ resorts; and
• Public toilet and sanitation facilities should be provided at tourism sites.
Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:
• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat;
• Development of integrated sewage treatment facilities, including sewage treatment plants
and sewerage networks.
15.12 DRAINAGE
15.12.1 DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (including Kecamatan Komodo) is categorized as a high-risk flood
zone. Flooding often occurs at low lying areas during heavy downpours.
Upgrading of storm water drainage facilities are required, especially in Labuan Bajo. Other
than deepening and widening of the existing drainage system, the authorities should consider
construction of detention and retention ponds to slow the water runoff time. Besides this,
solid waste collection and disposal facilities must be improved so that no trash ends up in
the waterways.
15.13 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
15.13.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and the rate of solid waste
generation (as shown in Figure 62), the forecast solid waste generation is tabulated in Figures
61 and 62.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
Figure 61 above showcases estimated solid waste generation (L/day) by different categories
of consumers in 2015 (with amount of sustainable and unsustainable management). Projected
solid waste generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 is also
presented. The ratio of estimated solid waste generation from tourism activities with respect
to overall generation is shown in Figure 62.
FIGURE 62: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 109,827 113,256 137,745
Visitor 4,970 7,070 16,884
% of visitor / total 4.33% 5.88% 10.92%
Source: Surbana Jurong
Key Assumptions
The average solid waste generation for the study area is estimated by using solid waste
generation unit rates per capita for local residents and visitors. The adopted rate in L/c/d
(litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors is tabulated in Figure 63. It is forecast
that there will be no changes in unit rate of solid waste generation over the short term
(2021), but it will increase by 20% in the longer term (2041).
FIGURE 63: RATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION20
Type of Usage Unit Rate (L/capita/day)
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 2.25 2.25 2.7
Visitors Commercial Accommodation 3.5 3.5 4.2
20 Reference: Standard for Setting of Town Environmental Sanitation Facilities, China and Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore, Kosuke. K,
Tomohiro. T. Revisiting Estimates of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation per Capita and Their Reliability, 2015.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 99
Our analysis shows that total solid waste generation in 2015 is forecast to be 114,797 L/day
in Kec. Komodo. From the total solid waste generated, only about 83.60% is collected and
disposed at the designated TPAs. Solid waste generation in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to
be about 120,326 L/day and 154,629 L/day in Kecamatan Komodo. Existing solid waste
generated from tourism activities is about 4.33% of the overall generation, and estimated to
slightly increase to 5.88% in 2021, and further climb to 10.92% in 2041.
15.13.2 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Sustainable solid waste facilities should be made available at residential areas, markets and
visitor attractions. Organized collection, transportation and disposal systems are necessary,
particularly in the key tourism areas.
KNP is made up of several islands near Labuan Bajo. The environmental health of the park is
crucial and must be preserved. As such, the following solid waste infrastructure projects are
recommended for the short term (2021):
• 100% sustainable solid waste management (collection and disposal at designated TPAs)
in Kec. Komodo, especially in Batu Cermin, Goron Talo, Labuan Bajo, Pasir Putih, and
Macang Tanggar where most of the tourist attractions and hotels are located;
• Allocation of sufficient numbers of Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS);
• Increase in the capacity of trash trucks and frequency of collection is needed;
• Education and enforcement is needed to create awareness among the residents of the
importance of solid waste management and to forbid them from disposing rubbish into
the water bodies; and
• Expansion of existing Final Disposal Sites at TPA Kaper.
Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:
• Solid waste collection and disposal facilities should be increased and expanded
accordingly;
• Allocation of more Integrated Waste Processing Sites (TPST) will be needed so that solid
waste is sorted and segregated before transporting to Final Disposal Sites (TPA). This
can reduce the amount of waste delivered and is a more sustainable and environmentally-
friendly approach; and
• Development of new TPA sanitary landfill technology. Landfill sites can fill up quickly if
waste is not reduced and reusable waste is not collected, separately and recycled. There
is also the risk of groundwater contamination if not sealed correctly or the liner system
of the landfill site is damaged.
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 100
15.14 POWER SUPPLY
15.14.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and power consumption rate
(Figure 65), the forecast power demand is tabulated in
Figure 64 and Figure 65:
FIGURE 64: POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH)
Kec. Komodo
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Served by
PLN
Not Served by
PLN
Domestic 48,812 43,797 5,015 125,840 242,328
Visitor 2,840 2,548 292 5,050 12,060
Total 51,652 46,345 5,307 130,890 254,388
Source: Surbana Jurong
Figure 64 above showcases estimated power demand (Mwh) by different categories of
consumers in 2015 (with amount of power served and not served by PLN). Projected power
demand by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 are also presented. Ratio of
estimated power demand to support tourism activities with respect to overall demand is
shown in Figure 65.
FIGURE 65: ESIMATED POWER DEMAND RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 48,812 125,840 242,328
Visitor 2,840 5,050 12,060
% of visitor / total 5.50% 3.86% 4.74%
Source: Surbana Jurong
Key Assumptions
The adopted rate Kwh (Kilowatt hours) for residents and visitors is tabulated in
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #
1223583
Page 101
Figure 66. It is estimated that the unit rate of power consumption will increase in the short
term (2021) and long term (2041).
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND LABUAN BAJO: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION #