Kom Lab manual

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LABORATORY MANUAL

KINEMATICS OF

MACHINE



LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S . No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE No.

FROM TO

1. To study various typs o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s )

M%(a#is$s.

1 *

+. To study i#vrsio#s o! *,Bar M%(a#is$s' si#-& ) dou& s&idr

%ra#" $%(a#is$s.

/ 0

. To !i#d %o,!!i%i#t o! !ri%tio# t2# &t a#d pu&&y. 3 1+

*. To p&ot s&idr disp&a%$#t' v&o%ity ) a%%&ratio# a-ai#st %ra#" rotatio# !or si#-& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s.

1 1*

/. To study various typs o! %a$ a#d !o&&o2r arra#-$#ts. 1/ 10

4. To study various typs o! -ars 5 H&i%a&' Cross (&i%a&' 6or$' Bv&

-ar.

13 ++

7. To Study various typs o! -ar trai#s 5 Si$p&' Co$pou#d' rvrtd'

Epi%y%&i% a#d 8i!!r#tia&.

+ +/

0. To study various typs o! stri#- $%(a#is$s. +4 +0

3. To study t( 2or"i#- o! s%r2 9a%" a#d dtr$i# its !!i%i#%y. +3

1:. Crat various typ o! &i#"a- $%(a#is$ i# CA8 a#d si$u&at !or

$otio# output a#d study t( r&va#t !!%t.

* 4

EXPERIMENT No. : -1



AIM: - To study various types o !i"e#ati$s %i"!s& pairs& $'ai"s ( Me$'a"is#s.

APPARAT)S )SE*: , Ki#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s ) M%(a#is$s.

T+EOR,: - 1. 8!i#itio#s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s )

M%(a#is$s. +. C&assi!i%atio#s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s )

M%(a#is$s.

. 8ia-ra$s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s )

M%(a#is$s * Adva#ta-s ) 8isadva#ta-s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s'

;airs' %(ai#s ) M%(a#is$s. /. App&i%atio#s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"' ;airs' %(ai#s ) M%(a#is$

4. E<a$p&s o! "i#$ati%s &i#"' ;airs' %(ai#s )

M%(a#is$s.

INEMATI LIN: , A $%(a#is$ is $ad o! a #u$r o! rsista#t odis out o! 2(i%(so$ $ay (av $otio#s r&ativ to t( ot(rs. A rsista#t ody or a -roup o! rsista#t odis

2it( ri-id %o##%tio#s prv#ti#- t(ir r&ativ $ov$#t is "#o2# as a &i#". A &i#" a&so

"#o2# as "i#$ati% &i#" or &$#t.

E/a#p%es :- A s&idr,%ra#" $%(a#is$ %o#sists o! !our &i#"s= !ra$ a#d -uids' %ra#"

%o##%ti#- rod a#d s&idr' t( %ra#" &i#" $ay (av %ra#"s(a!t a#d !&y2(& a&so' !or$i#- o#

&i#" (avi#- #o r&ativ $otio# o! t(s.

LASSIFIATIONS OF LINS:-

1. Bi#ary &i#" +. Tr#ary &i#"

. >uartr#ary &i#"

INEMATI PAIR: - A "i#$ati% pair or si$p&y a pair is a 9oi#t o! t2o &i#"s (avi#-

r&ativ $otio# t2# t($.

LASSIFIATIONS OF PAIRS:

1-i"e#ati$s pairs a$$ordi"0 to "ature o $o"ta$t:-

?i@ Lo2r pair ?&i#"s (avi#- sur!a% or ara %o#ta%t@

E/a#p%es- Nut tur#i#- o# a s%r2' s(a!t rotati#- i# a ari#-' u#ivrsa& 9oi#t t%.

?ii@ Hi-(r pair ?;oi#t or &i# %o#ta%t t2# t( &i#"s@

E/a#p%es:- 2(# ro&&i#- o# a sur!a%' %a$ a#d !o&&o2r pair' toot( -ars' a&& a#d ro&&r

ari#-s t%.

- i"e#ati$s pairs a$$ordi"0 to "ature o Me$'a"i$a% o"strai"t:-

?a@ C&osd pair ?2(# t( &$#ts o! a pair ar (&d to-t(r $%(a#i%a&&y@



E<a$p&s =, a&& t( &o2r pairs a#d so$ o! t( (i-(r pair

?@ U#%&osd pair ?2(# t2o &i#"s o! a pair ar i# %o#ta%t it(r du to !or% o! -ravity or so$ spri#- a%tio#@' E<a$p& =, %a$ a#d !o&&o2r pair.

2-i"e#ati$s pairs a$$ordi"0 to "ature o re%ative #otio":-

?i@ S&idi#- pair

?ii@ Tur#i#- pair ?iii@ Ro&&i#- ;air

?iv@ S%r2 pair ?H&i%a& pair@?v@ Sp(ri%a& pair

INEMATI +AIN :- A "i#$ati% %(ai# is a# ass$&y o! &i#"s i# 2(i%( t( r&ativ$otio#s o! t( &i#"s is possi& a#d t( $otio# o! a%( r&ativ to t( ot(rs is d!i#it. I!

i#d!i#it $otio#s o! ot(r &i#"s ' it is a #o#,"i#$ati% %(ai#.

Types o !i"e#ati$s $'ai"s :-

?i@ Four ar %(ai# or uadri% %y%& %(ai#?ii@ Si#-& s&idr %ra#" %(ai#

?iii@ 8ou& s&idr %ra#" %(ai#ME+ANISM :- A &i#"a- is otai#d i! o# o! t( &i#"s o! a "i#$ati%s %(ai# is !i<d tot( -rou#d. I! $otio# o! a%( &i#" rsu&ts i# d!i#it $otio#s o! t( ot(rs' t( &i#"a- is

"#o2# as a $%(a#is$. I! o# o! t( &i#"s o! a rdu#da#t %(ai# is !i<d' it is "#o2# as a

stru%tur. T( d-r o! !rdo$ o! a stru%tur is ro or &ss. A stru%tur 2it( #-ativd-r o! !rdo$ is "#o2# as a suprstru%tur.

O3SER4ATION ( ONL)SION:- 1. Co$pariso# t2# "i#$ati%s &i#"s'

;airs' %(ai#s ) M%(a#is$s.

+. Typ o! Motio# to #a$d.

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

a@ 8!i# $a%(i# ) stru%tur. @ Co#%pt o! "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s ) $%(a#is$.

%@ C&assi!i%atio# ) <a$p&s o! a&& t( "i#$ati%s &i#"s' pairs' %(ai#s ) $%(a#is$.

d@ rass(o!Ds %ritrio#.@ Typs ) <a$p&s o! %o#strai#d $otio#.

EXPERIMENT No. :-



AIM : - To study i"versio"s o 6 3ar Me$'a"is#s& Si"0%e ( dou7%e s%ider $ra"!

#e$'a"is#s.

APPARAT)S )SE* = , Mod&s o! * Bar M%(a#is$s' Si#-& ) dou& s&idr

Cra#" $%(a#is$s

. .

T+EOR,: - 1. 8!i#itio#s o! * Bar M%(a#is$s' Si#-& )

8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s.

+. C&assi!i%atio#s o! * Bar M%(a#is$s' Si#-& ) 8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s

. 8ia-ra$s o! * Bar M%(a#is$s' Si#-& )

8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s

*. 6or"i#- ) Co#stru%tio# o! * Bar M%(a#is$s'Si#-& ) 8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s.

/. App&i%atio#s o! o! * Bar M%(a#is$s' Si#-& ) 8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$s

FO)R 3AR ME+ANISM :- A !our ar &i#" $%(a#is$ or &i#"a- is t( $ost

!u#da$#ta& o! t( p&a# "i#$ati%s &i#"a-s. It is a $u%( pr!rrd $%(a#i%a& dvi% !or

t( $%(a#iatio# a#d %o#tro& o! $otio# du to its si$p&i%ity a#d vrsati&ity. Basi%a&&y it%o#sists o! !our ri-id &i#"s 2(i%( ar %o##%td i# t( !or$ o! a uadri&atra& y !our pi#

9oi#ts. A &i#" t(at $a"s %o$p&t rvo&utio#s is t( %ra#"' t( &i#" opposit to t( !i<d &i#"

is t( %oup&r a#d t( !ourt( &i#" a &vr or ro%"r i! os%i&&ats or a# a#ot(r %ra#"' i! rotat.By !i<i#- t( &i#" =,

• S(ortst Li#" Fi<d

• Li#" opposit to S(ortst Li#" !i<d

IN4ERSIONS OF SINGLE SLI*ER8RAN +AIN :-

8i!!r#t $%(a#is$s otai#d y !i<i#- di!!r#t &i#"s o! a "i#$ati%s %(ai# ar "#o2# as

its i#vrsio#s. A s&idr 5%ra#" %(ai# (as t( !o&&o2i#- i#vrsio#s =,

1. First i"versio" 9i. R%ipro%ati#- #-i# a#d %o$prssor@ 5 t(is i#vrsio# isotai#d 2(# &i#" 1 is !i<d a#d &i#"s+ a#d * ar $ad t( %ra#" a#d t( s&idr

rsp%tiv&y.

+. Se$o"d i"versio" ?i..' 6(it2ort( ui%" rtur# $%(a#is$ a#d Rotary #-i#@ 5!i<i#- o! &i#" + o! a s&idr 5 %ra#" %(ai#.

. T'ird i"versio" ?i..' Os%i&&ati#- %y&i#dr #-i# a#d %ra#" ) s&ottd 5 &vr

$%(a#is$@, By !i<i#- &i#" o! t( s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$.

*. Fourt' i"versio" ?Ha#d pu$p@ 5 i! &i#" * o! t( s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$ is !i<d' t(!ourt( i#vrsio# is otai#d.

*O)3LE-SLI*ER RAN-+AIN:

A !our,ar %(ai# (avi#- t2o tur#i#- a#d t2o s&idi#- pairs su%( t(at t2o pairs o! t( sa$"i#d ar ad9a%#t is "#o2# as a dou&,s&idr,%ra#" %(ai#. T( !o&&o2i#- ar its i#vrsio#s=

1. First i"versio" ?i..' E&&ipti%a& tra$$&@

+. Se$o"d i"versio" ?i..' S%ot%( yo"@. T'ird i"versio" ?i..' A%tua& O&d(a$Ds %oup&i#-@



O3SER4ATION ( ONL)SION: -

?a@ Co$pariso# t2# * Bar' Si#-& ) 8ou& s&idr %ra#"s $%(a#is$s.

?@ Typ o! Motio# to #a$d.

APPLIATIONS :-

• I# r%ipro%ati#- #-i#.

• I# r%ipro%ati#- %o$prssor.

• I# 6(it2ort( ui%" 5 rtur# $%(a#is$ a#d Rotary #-i#.

• I# Os%i&&ati#- %y&i#dr #-i# a#d %ra#" ) s&ottd,&vr $%(a#is$.

• I# (a#d pu$p.

• I# s%ot%( yo".

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

1. 6(at ar t( o! i#vrsio#s o! !our ar $%(a#is$ ) -iv t(ir app&i%atio#s a&so

+. 6(at ar t( o! I#vrsio#s o! si#-& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$ ) -iv t(ir app&i%atio#sa&so

. 6(at ar t( o! I#vrsio#s o! 8ou& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$ ) -iv t(ir

app&i%atio#s a&so *. 8!i# d-r o! !rdo$ ) -iv <a$p&s

/. 8!i# Kuta%( ) -ru&rDs %ritria#.

EXPERIMENT No. :- 2



AIM :- To i"d $oei$ie"t o ri$tio" 7etee" 7e%t a"d pu%%ey.

APPARAT)S )SE*:- B&t ) ;u&&y Syst$.

T+EOR,:- 1. 8!i#itio# o! &t a#d pu&&y.+. 8ia-ra$ o! &t a#d pu&&y syst$.

. To prov t( r&atio# o! &t t#sio# !or !&at &t i..

T1G T+ J

3ELT :-

;o2r is tra#s$ittd !ro$ o# to a#ot(r y $a#s o! &ts.

• B&ts ar usd 2(r t( dista#% t2# t( s(a!ts is &ar-.

•B&ts ar !&<i& typ o! %o##%tors.

• T( !&<ii&ity o! &ts a#d rops is du to t( proprty o! t(ir $atria&s.

• B&ts tra#s$it po2r du to !ri%tio# t2# t($ a#d t( pu&&ys. I! t( po2r

tra#s$ittd <%ds t( !or% o! !ri%tio#' t( &t s&ips ovr t( pu&&y.

• B&ts ar strai#d duri#- $otio# as t#sio#s ar dv&opd i# t($.

• O2i#- to s&ippi#- a#d strai#i#- a%tio#' &ts ar #ot positiv typ o! drivs.

Types o 7e%ts :-

1. F&at &t

. ,&t

Materia% or 7e%ts :- Usua& $atria&s ar &at(r' %a#vas' %otto# a#d rur.

P)LLE, :- ;u&&y ar $ou#td o# t( t2o s(a!ts. T( spd o! t( driv# s(a!t %a#

varid y varyi#- t( dia$trs o! t( pu&&ys.

Types o pu%%eys :-1. Id&r pu&&ys

. I#tr$diat pu&&ys

2. Loos a#d !ast pu&&ys

6. uid pu&&ys



FORM)LAE )SE*:-

T1G T+ J

6(r T1 T#sio# at t( ti-(t sid o! t( &t ? NG$+

@

T+ T#sio# at t( s&a%" sid o! t( &t ? NG$+ @

J Co,!!i%i#t o! Fri%tio# t2# &t a#d pu&&y

Ar% o! %o#ta%t ? rad @

O3SER4ATION TA3LE :-

S%. No. T1

9 N;# <

T

9 N;# < = > ? 91;= <%o0 9T1; T<

9i" de0ree< 9 i" rad. <

AL)LATION :- > ? 91;= <%o0 9T1; T<

PROE*)RE:- 1. Not t( a#-& o! ar% o! %o#ta%t.

+. Ha#- so$ 2i-(t o# o# sid o! t( &t ) put so$



6i-(t o# ot(r sid o! t( &t' ti&& t( &t 9ust

s&id

. Not do2# t( va&us o! T1 ) T+

*. ary T1 ) %orrspo#di#-&y dtr$i# t( va&u

o! T+ .

/. No2 %a&%u&at t( va&u o! J

PREA)TION:- 1. Tappi#- o! pu&&y s(ou&d do# a!tr i#%rasi#-

t( 2i-(t.

+. 6i-(t s(ou&d i#%rasd i# s$a&& stp.. Add 2i-(ts s&o2&y 2it(out 9r"s.

RES)LT:- J ?Co,!!i%i#t o! Fri%tio# t2# &t a#d pu&&y @

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

a. 8!i# B&t' C&assi!i%atio# o! &t' adva#ta- ) disadva#ta-' App&i%atio#s.

. 6(at do you $a#t y s&ip ) %rp i# &t driv

%. 6(at do you $a#t y %ro2#i#- o! pu&&y

d. 6(at do you $a#t y i#itia& t#sio# ) %#tri!u-a& t#sio# . 6(at is t( !or$u&a !or t( ratio o! &t t#sio#s i# %as o! !&at ) ,&t driv

EXPERIMENT No :- 6



AIM: - To p%ot s%ider disp%a$e#e"t& ve%o$ity ( a$$e%eratio" a0ai"st $ra"! rotatio"

or Si"0%e s%ider $ra"! Me$'a"is#s.

APPARAT)S )SE*:- Si#-& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$.

T+EOR,:-

1. 8!i#itio# o! Si#-& s&idr %ra#"s $%(a#is$. . 6or"i#- o! Si#-& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$.

A s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$ %o#vrts t( r%ipro%ati#- $otio# o! a s&idr i#to a roatary $otio#

o! %ra#" or vi%,vrsa.

4e%o$ity :- Fi-. s(o2s a s&idr 5%ra#" $%(a#is$ i# 2(i%( OA is t( %ra#" $ovi#- 2it(

u#i!or$ a#-u&ar v&o%ity i# t( %&o%"2is dir%tio#. At poi#t B' a s&idr $ovs o# t( !i<d

-uid . AB is t( %oup&r 9oi#i#- A a#d B. it is ruird to !i#d t( v&o%ity o! t( s&idr at

B.

&o%ity v%tor uatio# =

&o%ity o! B r&. to O &. o! B r&. to A &. o! A r&. to O

47o ? 47a @ 4ao

470 ? 4ao @ 47a

07 ? oa @ a7

A$$e%ratio" :- A%%. O! B r&. to O A%%. O! B r&. to A A%%. O! A r&. to O

0171 ? o1a1 @ a17a @ 7a71

PROE*)RE:-

a@ Bri#- t( 2(& ) t( s&idr to t( rsp%tiv r!r#% $ar"s.

@ For a -iv# a#-& o! rotatio# o! t( %ra#"' #ot do2# t( disp&a%$#t o! t( s&ids.

%@ ;&ot a -rap( t2# s&idr disp&a%$#t ) t( %ra#" rotatio#.

d@ Assu$ t(at t( %ra#" is rotati#- 2it( a u#i!or$ a#-u&ar spd o! o# radGs%.

@ Co#vrt t( %ra#" rotatio# a#-& i#to ti$ ) p&ot t( s&idr disp&a%$#t vrsus ti$.

!@ By -rap(i%a& di!!r#tiatio#' dtr$i# t( v&o%ity ti$ -rap( .

-@ By -rap(i%a& di!!r#tiatio# t2i%' dtr$i# t( a%%&ratio# ti$ -rap(.

(@ Ca&%u&at t( va&us o! v&o%ity ) a%%&ratio#.

O3SER4ATION TA3LE :-

Cra#" Radius' r



L#-t( o! Co##%ti#- rod' &

S&.

No.

Cra#" Rotatio#

?@

Ti$

?S%.@

S&idr

8isp&a%$#t

?$@

S&idr

&o%ity

?$G S%.@

S&idr

A%%&ratio#

?$G S%+.@

?i# d-.@ ? rad @

PREA)TIONS:- 1 8isp&a%$#t o! s&idr s(ou&d $asurd at ua& i#trva&s

o! %ra#" a#-& rotatio#.

+ S$oot( %urvs s(ou&d dra2# 2(i& p&otti#-.

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

• 6(at do you $a# y I.C.R.

• 6(at is t( !or$u&a !or %a&%u&ati#- I.C.R !or a&& $%(a#is$s

• Ho2 2i&& you !i#d I.C.R. o! v&o%ity !or * ar %(ai# $%(a#is$s a#d si#-& s&idr

%ra#" $%(a#is$

• Ho2 2i&& you !i#d -rap(i%a&&y ) a#a&yti%a&&y t( $t(ods o! v&o%ity ) a%%. A#a&ysis

o! *,ar %(ai# $%(a#is$ a#d si#-& s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$.

.

EXPERIMENT NO. -

AIM: - To study various types o $a# a"d o%%oer arra"0e#e"ts.



APPARAT)S )SE*= , Ca$ a#d !o&&o2r arra#-$#ts.

T+EOR,: , 1. 8!i#itio# o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

+. C&assi!i%atio# o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

. 8ia-ra$s o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

*. 6or"i#- ) Co#stru%tio# o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r. /. Adva#ta-s ) 8isadva#ta-s o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

4. App&i%atio#s o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r. .7. E<a$p&s o! Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

AM ( FOLLOBER :- A %a$ is a $%(a#i%a& $$r usd to i$part dsird $otio# to a!o&&o2r y dir%t %o#ta%t. T( %a$ $ay rotati#- or r%ipro%ati#- 2(ras t( !o&&o2r

$ay rotati#-' r%ipro%ati#- or os%i&&ati#-. A %a$ a#d t( !o&&o2r %o$i#atio# &o#-s to

t( %at-ory o! (i-(r pairs.

• A drivr $$r "#o2# as t( %a$.

• A driv# $$r %a&&d t( !o&&o2r

Types o a#s :

A. A$$ordi"0 to s'ape

9i< ed0e a"d %at a#s :- A 2d- %a$ (as a 2d- 6 2(i%(' i# -#ra&' (as a

tra#s&atio#a& $otio#. T( !o&&o2r. T( !o&&o2r F %a# it(r tra#s&at or os%i&at.

9ii< Radia% or *is$ a#s :- A %a$ i# 2(i%( t( !o&&o2r $ovs radia&&y !ro$ t(%#tr o! rotatio# o! t( %a$ is "#o2# as a radia& or a dis% %a$.

9iii< Spira% $a#s :, A spira& %a$ is a !a% %a$ i# 2(i%( a -roov is %ut i# t( !or$ o! a

spira& as s(o2# i# !i-. t( spira& spira& -roov %o#sists o! tt( 2(i%( $s( 2it( a pi# -ar !o&&o2r.

9iv< y%i"dri$a% $a#s :, I# a %y&i#dri%a& %a$' a %y&i#dr 2(i%( (as a %ir%u$!r#tia&

%o#tour %ut i# t( sur!a%' rotat aout its a<is.9v< o"Cu0ate $a#s :, A %o#9u-at %a$ is a dou& 5 dis% %a$' t( t2o dis%s i#-

"yd to-t(r a#d ar i# %o#sta#t tou%( 2it( t( t2o ro&&rs o! a !o&&o2r. It is

usd !or &o2 #ois' (i-( spd a#d dy#a$i% &oads.

9vi< G%o7oida% $a#s :, A -&ooida& %a$ %a# (av t2o typs o! sur!a%s' %o#v< or %o#%av. A %ir%u$!r#tia& %o#tour is %ut o# t( sur!a% o! rotatio# o! t( %a$ to

i$part $otio# to t( !o&&o2r 2(i%( (as a# os%i&&atory $otio#.

9vii< Sp'eri$a% $a#s :, I# a sp(ri%a& %a$' t( !o&&o2r os%i&&ats aout a# a<is prp#di%u&ar to t( a<is o! rotatio# o! t( %a$.

3. A$$ordi"0 to Fo%%oer Move#e"t

9i< Rise-Retur"-Rise 9R-R-R< :- I# t(is' t(r is a&tr#at ris a#d rtur# o! t(!o&&o2r 2it( #o priods o! d2&&s. Its us is vry &i$itd i# t( i#dustry. T(

!o&&o2r (as a &i#ar or a# a#-u&ar disp&a%$#t.

9ii< *e%%-Rise-Retur"-*e%% 9*-R-R-*< :- I# su%( a typ o! %a$' t(r is ris a#drtur# o! t( !o&&o2r a!tr a d2&&. T(is typ is usd $or !ru#t&y t(a# t( R,

R,R typ o! %a$

9iii< *e%%-Rise-*e%%-Retur" 9*-R-*-R< :- It is $ost 2id&y usd typ o! %a$. T(d2&&i#- o! t( %a$ is !o&&o2d y ris a#d d2&& a#d susu#t&y y rtur# a#d

d2&& as s(o2# i# !i-.



. A$$ordi"0 to Ma""er o o"strai"t o t'e Fo%%oer

9i< ;r,&oadd Spri#- Ca$

9ii< ;ositiv,8riv Ca$

9iii< ravity Ca$

Types o Fo%%oers :-A. A$$ordi"0 to s'ape

?i@ K#i!,d- Fo&&o2r ?ii@ Ro&&r Fo&&o2r

?iii@ Mus(roo$ Fo&&o2r

3. A$$ordi"0 to Move#e"t

?i@ R%ipro%ati#- Fo&&o2r

?ii@ Os%i&&ati#- Fo&&o2r

. A$$ordi"0 to Lo$ati"0 o Li"e o Move#e"t

?i@ Radia& Fo&&o2r ?ii@ O!!st Foo&o2r

O3SER4ATION ( ONL)SION: - 1. Co$pariso# t2# Ca$ ) Fo&&o2r.

+. Typ o! Motio# to #a$d.

APPLIATIONS :-

?i@ Ca$s ar usd i# Auto$ati% $a%(i#s

?ii@ I# i#tr#a& %o$ustio# #-i#?iii@ I# $a%(i# too&s

?iv@ ;ri#ti#- Co#tro& $%(a#is$s

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

?i@ 8!i# aout %a$ ) !o&&o2r' C&assi!i%atio# o! %a$ ) !o&&o2r' adva#ta- )disadva#ta-' App&i%atio#s.

?ii@ 8!i# 8is% %a$ #o$#%&atur.

?iii@ 8!i# t( %ut o!!,st positio# o! !o&&o2r $otio#.

EXPERIMENT NO.- D

AIM :- To study various types o 0ear- +e%i$a%& $ross 'e%i$a%& or#& 7eve% 0ear.



APPARAT) )SE* :- Arra#-$#t o! -ar syst$.

T+EOR, :-

1. 8!i#itio# o! -ar

+. C&assi!i%atio# o! -ar

. 8ia-ra$ o! di!!r#t typ o! -ar *. 6or"i#- a#d %o#stru%tio# o! di!!r#t typ o! -ar

/. Adva#ta- ) disadva#ta- o! -ar 4. App&i%atio# o! -ar

7. E<a$p& o! -ar

GEAR :- ar ar usd to tra#s$it $otio# !ro$ o# s(a!t to a#ot(r s(a!t or t2# a s(a!t or

s&id. T(is is a%%o$p&is(d y su%%ssiv&y #-a-i#- tt(.

LASSIFIATION OF GEAR :- ars %a# %&assi!id a%%ordi#- to t( r&ativ positio# o! t(irs(a!t a<is ar !o&&o2s=

A: PARALLEL S+AFT

?i@ Spur -ar

?ii@ Spur ra%" a#d pi#io#

?iii@ H&i%a& -ars or H&i%a& spur -ar ?iv@ 8ou&, (&i%a& a#d Hrri#-o# -ar

3: INTER SETING S+AFT

?i@ Strai-(t v& -ar

?ii@ Spira& v& -ar

?iii@ ro& v& -ar

: SEB S+AFT

?i@ Crossd, (&i%a& -ar

?ii@ 6or$ -ars? No#,t(roatd' Si#-& t(roatd' 8ou& t(roatd@

Spur -ar=, T(y (av strai-(t tt( para&&& to t( a<s a#d t(us ar #ot su9%td to a<ia& t(rust du

to tt( &oad.

H&i%a& -ars=, I# (&i%a& -ars' t( tt( ar %urvd' a%( i#- (&i%a& i# s(ap. T2o $ati#- -ars

(av t( sa$ (&i< a#-&' ut (av tt( o! opposit (a#ds. At t( -i##i#- o! #-a-$#t' %o#ta%t

o%%urs o#&y at t( poi#t o! &adi#- d- o! t( %urvd tt(. As t( -ars rotat' t( %o#ta%t <t#dsa&o#- a dia-o#a& &i# a%ross t( tt(. T(us t( &oad app&i%atio# is -radua& 2(i%( rsu&t i# #o2

i$pa%t strsss a#d rdu%tio# i# #ois. T(r!or' t( (&i%a& -ars %a# usd at (i-(r v&o%itis

t(# t( spur -ars a#d (av -ratr &oad 5 %arryi#- %apa%ity.

*O)3LE +ELIAL AN* +ERRING 3ONE GEARS :- A, dou&, (&i%a& -ar is uiva&#t toa pair o! (&i%a& -ars s%urd to-t(r' o# (avi#- a ri-(t 5 (a#d (&i< a#d t( ot(r a &!t (a#d

(&i<. T( toot( o! t2o ra2 is sparatd y a -roovd usd !or too ru# out.

I! t( &!t a#d t( ri-(t i#%&i#atio#s o! a dou& 5 (&i%a& -ar $t at a %o$$o# ap< a#d t(r is #o-roov i# t2#' t( -ar is "#o2# as (rri#- o# -ar.



ROSSE* 8 +ELIAL GEAR :- T( usd o! %rossd (&i%a& -ar or spira& -ars is &i$itd to &i-(t&oads. By a suita& %(oi% o! (&i< a#-& !or t( $ati#- -ars' t( t2o s(a!t %a# st at a#y a#-&.

BORM GEAR :- 6or$ -ar is a sp%ia& %as o! spira& -ar i# 2(i%( t( &ar-r 2(&' usua&&y' (as

a (o&&o2 or %o#%av s(ap su%( t(at a portio# o! t( pit%( dia$tr is t( ot(r -ar is #v&opd o#

it. T( s$a&&r o! t2o 2(&s is %a&&d t( 2or$ 2(i%( a&so (as &ar-r spira& a#-&.

3E4EL GEAR :- Ki#$ati%a&&y' t( $otio# t2# t2o i#trs%ti#- s(a!ts is uiva&#t to t(ro&&i#- o! t2o %o#s' assu$i#- #o s&ippi#-. T( -ars' i# -#ra&' ar "#o2# as v& -ar. 6(#

tt( !or$d o# t( %o#s ar strai-(t' t( -ar ar "#o2# as strai-(t v& a#d 2(# i#%&i#d' t(y

ar "#o2# as spira& or (&i%a& v&.

ONL)SION :-

APPLIATION :-

1. Bv& -ars ar usd !or t( driv to t( di!!r#tia& o! auto$oi&s.

+. Spur ra%" a#d pi#io# ar usd i# a &at(.. H&i%a& -ars ar usd !or -ratr &oad at (i-(r v&o%itis.*. ars ar usd i# di!!r#t $a%(i#ry.

4I4A 5)ESTIONS:-

1. 8!i# -ars 2it( %&assi!i%atio#' adva#ta- a#d disadva#ta-. App&i%atio#.

+. ar tr$i#o&o-y.

. La2 o! -ari#-.*. 6rit do2# t( !or$u&a !or &#-t( o! pat( o! %o#ta%t' &#-t( o! ar% o! %o#ta%t' %o#ta%t ratio.

/. For$atio# o! tt( pro!i&.

4. Aout i#tr!r#% a#d u#dr %utti#-.

7. 6rit do2# t( !or$u&a !or $i#i$u$ #u$r o! tt( ruird !or 2(& to avoidi#tr!r#%.

0. 6rit do2# t( !or$u&a !or $i#i$u$ #u$r o! tt( ruird !or pi#io# to avoid

i#tr!r#%.3. 6rit do2# t( !or$u&a !or $i#i$u$ #u$r o! tt( ruird !or ra%" a#d pi#io#

to avoid i#tr!r#%.

EXPERIMENT No. : -



AIM: - To study various types o 0ear trai"s- si#p%e& $o#pou"d& reverted& epi$y$%i$

a"d diere"tia%.

APPARAT)S )SE*= ,. Arra#-$#t o! ar trai# syst$.

T+EOR,: - 1. 8!i#itio# o!. art rai#

+. C&assi!i%atio# o! artrai# . 8ia-ra$s o! di!!r#t typs o! ar trai#.

*. 6or"i#- ) Co#stru%tio# o! di!!r#t typs o! ar trai#.

/. Adva#ta-s ) 8isadva#ta-s o! ar trai#4. App&i%atio#s o! ar trai# .

7. E<a$p&s o! ar trai#

GEAR TRAIN :- A -ar trai# is a %o$i#atio# o! -ars usd to tra#s$it $otio# !ro$ o#

s(a!t to a#ot(r. It %o$s #%ssary 2(# it is ruird to otai# &ar- spd rdu%tio#2it(i# a s$a&& spa%. T( !o&&o2i#- ar t( $ai# typs o! -ar trai#s=

?i@ Si$p& -ar trai#?ii@ Co$pou#d -ar trai#?iii@ Rvrtd -ar trai#

?iv@ ;&a#tary -ar trai#

SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN :- A sris o! -ars' %apa& o! r%ivi#- a#d tra#s$itti#- $otio#!ro$ o# -ar to a#ot(r is %a&&d a si$p& -ar trai#. I# it' a&& t( -ar a<s r$ai# !i<d

r&ativ to t( !ra$ a#d a%( -ar is o# a sparat s(a!t.

Trai# a&u Nu$r o! tt( o# drivi#- -ar G Nu$r o! tt( o# driv# -ar

OMPO)N* GEAR TRAIN :- 6(# a sris o! -ars ar %o##%td i# su%( a 2ay t(at

t2o or $or -ars rotat aout a# a<is 2it( t( sa$ a#-u&ar v&o%ity' it is "#o2# as%o$pou#d -ar trai#. I# t(is typ' so$ o! t( i#tr$diat s(a!ts.

Trai# a&u ;rodu%t o! Nu$r o! tt( o# drivi#- -ar G ;rodu%t o! Nu$r o! tt( o#

driv# -ar

RE4ERTE* GEAR TRAIN :- I! t( a<s o! t( !irst a#d &ast 2(&s o! a %o$pou#d -ar

%oi#%id it is %a&&d a rvrtd -ar trai#. Su%( a# arra#-$#t is usd i# %&o%"s a#d i#

si$p& &at(s 2(r a%" -arD is usd to -iv a s&o2 spd to t( %(u%".

Trai# a&u ;rodu%t o! Nu$r o! tt( o# drivi#- -ar G ;rodu%t o! Nu$r o! tt( o#

driv# -ar

PLANETAR, OR EPI,LI GEAR TRAIN :- 6(# t(r <ists a r&ativ $otio# o!

a<is i# -ar trai#' it is %a&&d a p&a#tary or a# pi%y%&i% -ar trai# ?or si$p&y pi%y%&i% -ar or

trai#@. T(us i# a# pi%y%&i% trai#' t( a<is o! at &ast o# o! t( -ars a&so $ovs r&ativ tot( !ra$.

Co#sidr t2o -ar 2(&s S a#d ;' t( a<is o! 2(i%( ar %o##%td y a# ar$ a. i!

t( ar$ aD is !i<d' t( 2(&s S a#d ; %o#stitut a si$p& trai#. Ho2vr' i! t( 2(& s is



!i<d so t(at t( ar$ %a# rotat aout t( a<is o! S' t( 2(& ; 2ou&d a&so $ov arou#d S.

t(r!or' it is a# pi%y%&i% trai#.

*IFFERENTIAL GEAR :- 6(# a v(i%& ta"s a tur#' t( outr 2(&s $ust trav&

!art(r t(a# t( i##r 2(&s. I# auto$oi&s' t( !ro#t 2(&s %a# rotat !r&y o# t(ir a<is

a#d t(us %a# adapt t($s&vs to t( %o#ditio#s. Bot( rar 2(&s ar driv# y t( #-i#

t(rou-( -ari#-. T(r!or' so$ sirt o! auto$ati% dvi% is #%ssary so t(at t( t2o rar 2(&s ar driv# at s&i-(t&y di!!r#t spds. T(is is a%%o$p&is(d y !itti#- a di!!r#tia&

-ar o# t( rar a<&.

O3SER4ATION ( ONL)SION: -

1. Co$pariso# t2# si$p&' %o$pou#d rvrtd' pi%y%&i% a#d di!!r#tia&. ar trai#.

+. To %a&%u&at t( trai# va&u.

. To %a&%u&at t( spd o! a#y -ar.

APPLIATIONS :-

?i@ ar trai#s ar usd i# auto$oi&s.?ii@ Rvrtd -ar trai# ar usd i# %&o%" a#d si$p& &at(?iii@ Epi%y%&i% -ar ar usd i# tra#s$issio#' %o$puti#- dvi%s.

?iv@ ars ar usd i# di!!r#t $a%(i#ry.

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

a. 8!i# aout -ar trai#s 2it( %&assi!i%atio#' adva#ta-s ) disadva#ta-s a#d

app&i%atio#s. . 8!i# trai# va&u.

%. 8!i# di!!r#tia& -ar trai# 2it( app&i%atio#s.

EXPERIMENT No.:-



AIM: - To study various types o steeri"0 #e$'a"is#s.

APPARAT)S )SE*= ,. Stri#- M%(a#is$ Apparatus.

T+EOR,: - 1. 8!i#itio# o!. Stri#- $%(a#is$s +. C&assi!i%atio# o! stri#- $%(a#is$s

. 8ia-ra$s o! di!!r#t typs o! stri#- $%(a#is$s

*. 6or"i#- ) Co#stru%tio# o! di!!r#t typs o!

stri#- . . . $%(a#is$s.

/. Adva#ta-s ) 8isadva#ta-s o! stri#- $%(a#is$s

4. App&i%atio#s o! stri#- $%(a#is$s.

7. E<a$p&s o! stri#- $%(a#is$s

STEERING GEAR :- 6(# a# auto$oi& ta"s tur# o# a road a&& t( 2(&s s(ou&d $a"

%o#%#tri% %ir%& to #sur t(at t(y ro&& o# t( road s$oot(&y a#d t(r is &i# %o#ta%t

t2# t( tyrs a#d t( sur!a% o! t( pat(' prv#ti#- t( <%ss 2ar o! t( tyrs.t(is is

a%(ivd y $ou#ti#- t( t2o !ro#t 2(&s o# t2o s(ort a<&s' "#o2# as stu a<&s. T( stu

a<&s ar pi#,9oi#td 2it( t( $ai# !ro#t a<& 2(i%( is ri-id&y atta%(d to t( rar a<&. T(us

t( stri#- is a!!%td y t( us o! !ro#t 2(&s o#&y.

T,PES OF STERING GEARS :-

T(r ar t2o $ai# typs o! stri#- -ars =

1. T( 8avis stri#- ar

. T( A%"r$a## stri#- -ar

*A4IS STEERING GEAR :- A 8avis stri#- -ar (as s&idi#- pairs 2(i%( $a#s $or

!ri%tio# a#d asy 2ari#-. T( -ar !u&!i&s t( !u#da$#ta& uatio# o! -ari#- i# a&& t(

positio#s. Ho2vr' du to asy 2ari#- it %o$s i#a%%urat a!tr so$ ti$. A davis

stri#- s(o2# i# !i-. %o#sists o! t2o ar$s ;K a#d >L !i<d to t( stu a<&s ;C a#d >8 to

!or$ t2o si$i&ar && %ra#" &vrs C;K a#d 8>L pivotd at ; a#d > rsp%tiv&y. A %ross

&i#" AB' %o#strai#d to s&id para&&& to ;>' is pi#,9oi#td at its #ds to t2o s&idrs. T(

s&idrs S1 a#d S+ ar !r to s&id o# t( &i#"s ;K a#d >L rsp%tiv&y. 8uri#- t( strai-(t

$otio# o! t( v(i%&' t( -ar is i# t( $id,positio# 2it( ua& i#%&i#atio# o! t( ar$s ;K

a#d >L 2it( ;>.



As t( v(i%& tur#s ri-(t' t( %ross,ar$ AB a&so $ovs ri-(t t(rou-( a dista#% <

!ro$ t( $od,positio# as s(o2# i# !i-. t( && %ra#" &vrs assu$ t( positio#s CP ; KP a#d

8P>LP.

ta" ? ;% ?& 2(& as' 2 dista#% t2# t( pivots o! !ro#t a<&@

usua& va&u o! 2G& is t2# :.* to :./ a#d t(at o! Q !ro$ 11 to 1* d-rs.AERMANN STEERING GEAR :- A# A%"r$a## stri#- -ar (as o#&y tur#i#- pairs

a#d t(us is pr!rrd. Its dra2a%" is t(at it !u&!i&s t( !u#da$#ta& uatio# o! %orr%t

-ari#- at t( $idd& a#d t( t2o <tr$ positio# a#d #ot i# a&& positio#s. T(is stri#- -ar

%o#sists o! a !our &i#" $%(a#is$ ;AB> (avi#- !our,tur#i#- pairs.

T(r positio#s o! t( %orr%t -ari#- ar,

1. 2(# t( v(i%& $ovs strai-(t.

. 2(# t( v(i%& $ovs at a %orr%t a#-& to t( ri-(t' a#d

2. 2(# t( v(i%& $ovs at a %orr%t a#-& to t( &!t.

O3SER4ATION ( ONL)SION:- 1. Typ o! Motio# to #a$d.

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

i. 2(at do you $a# y stri#-

ii. 6(at is t( di!!r#% t2# t( 8avis ) A%"r$a## stri#- -ar $%(a#is$

iii. 6(at is %orr%t !u#da$#ta& uatio# o! stri#- -ar $%(a#is$

iv. 6(at do you $a# y stu



EXPERIMENT NO.:- H

AIM:- To study t'e si#p%e a"d $o#pou"d s$re Ca$! a"d to i"d out Me$'a"i$a%

Adva"ta0e& 4.R. a"d Ei$ie"$y.

APPARAT)S )SE*:- Si$p& a#d %o$pou#d s%r2 9a%"

T+EOR, :-

S$re a$! :- It is a dvi% $p&oyd !or &i!ti#- (avy &oads 2it( (&p o! a s$a&& !!ort app&id at its

(a#d&. T( &oads ar usua&&y %#tra&&y &oadd upo# it. S%r2 9a%"s o! t(r typs =

1. Si$p& s%r2 9a%"

+. Co$pou#d S%r2 9a%"

. 8i!!r#tia& S%r2 9a%"

A si$p& s%r2 9a%" %o#sists o! a #ut' a s%r2 suar t(radd a#d a (a#d& !ittd to t( (ad o!

t( s%r2. T( #ut a&so !or$s t( ody o! t( 9a%". T( &oad to &i!td is p&a%d o# t( (ad o!

t( s%r2. Hr t( a<ia& dista#% t2# %orrspo#di#- poi#ts o# t2o %o#s%utiv t(rads is

"#o2# as pit%(. I! pD t( pit%( o! t( s%r2 a#d tD is t( t(i%"#ss o! t(rad' t(# p +t.

.R. 8ista#% $ovd y t( !!ortG8ista#% $ovd y t( &oad +& G p

No2 M.A. 6 G ;

PROE*)RE :-

6(# 2 ar $ovi#- t( (a#d& (orio#ta& dir%tio# t( s%r2 is a&so $ovd it atta%(d 2it(

s%r2 a#d &oad is &i!td y pit%( o! t( s%r2' i# o# rvo&utio# o! t( (a#d&.

O3SER4ATION :-

For si"0%e S$re a$! :

S.No. Load 9B<

i" Nt.

Eort

9P< i" Nt.

Le"0t' o

%ever

Pit$' o

s$re

4.R. M.A. Ei$ie"$y



OMPO)N* SREB A :-

It is a !urt(r i$provd !ro$ o! di!!r#tia& s%r2 9a%"' i# 2(i%( t( v&o%ity ratio is !urt(r

i#t#si!id 2it( t( (&p o! a -ard s%r2 9a%"' i# 2(i%( t( s%r2 is &i!td 2it( t( (&p o!

2or$ a#d 2or$ 2(&' i#stad o! !!ort at t( #d o! a &vr. No2 %o#sidr a 2or$ -ards%r2 9a%".

Lt'

& Radius o! t( !!ort 2(&

p pit%( o! t( s%r2'

; !!ort app&id to &i!t t( &oad'

6 Load &i!td a#d

T No. o! tt( o# t( 2or$ 2(&.

6 "#o2 t(at dista#% $ovd y !!ort i# o# rvo&utio# o! 2(& +&

I! t( 2or$ is si#-& t(radd t(# t( 2or$ 2(& $ov t(rou-( 1GT rvo&utio#.

T(r!or dista#% $ovd y t( &oad pGT

.R. +&G pGT

M.A. 6G;

E!!i%i#%y M.A. G .R.

For o#pou"d s$re Ca$! :

S.No. Load 9B<

i" Nt.

Eort

9P< i" Nt.

*ista"$e

#oved 7y

eort

*ista"$e

#oved 7y

%oad

4.R. M.A. Ei$ie"$y

AL)LATION :-

M.A. 6G;

.R. 8ista#% $ovd y !!ortG8ista#% $ovd y &oad

E!!i%i#%y M.A. G .R.

PREA)TIONS :-



1. Rop s(ou&d #ot ovr&ap.

+. Car!u&&y $asur pit%( o! s%r2.

. E!!ort (a#d& $ov s$oot(&y do #ot app&id sudd#&y or 9r"i#-.

*. Oi&i#- ) -rasi#- s(ou&d propr&y.

/. E!!ort ar$ $asur vry %ar!u&&y.

RES)LT :-

ONL)SION :-

4I4A-5)ESTIONS :-

• 6(at is $a<i$u$ !!i%i#%y o! s%r2 9a%"

• 6(at is !!i%i#%y !or #o#,rvrsi& $G%

• I! a $G% (avi#- a# !!i%i#%y -ratr t(a# /: is "#o2# as $G%. rvrsi& or #o#,

rvrsi& $G%.

• 6(o is $G% s&! &o%"i#- $G%

• 6(at is t( $a<. M.A. o! a &i!ti#- $G%

EXPERIMENT No.-1J



AIM :- reate various type o %i"!a0e #e$'a"is# i" A* a"d si#u%ate or #otio"

output a"d study t'e re%eva"t ee$t.

T+EOR, :- A &i#" %a# rprs#td y a v%tor. T(s v%tor ar rso&vd a&o#- a#d Y,

a<is. T( disp&a%$#t uatio# %a# otai#d y 2riti#- uatio# aout ,Y,a<is. T(

v%tor rprs#ti#- &i#"s !ro$ %&osd &oop i# $%(. It is si$i&ar to t( %as o! ua& !or%s

a#d a %&osd po&y-o# o! !or%s.

OMP)TER AI*E* ANALISES OF SLI*ER RAN ME+ANISM :-

T(is rp. a -#ra& %as 2(# a<is o! $otio# o! s&idr is o!!st 2it( rsp%t to t(

%#tr o! t( rotatio# o! t( %ra#". T( a#-& o! %o##%ti#- rod is i# t( #-ativ sa$ as

s(o2# i# !i-.

OMP)TER PROGRAMME FOR A SLI*ER RAN ME+ANISM IN :-

Co$putr ;ro-ra$$ to !i#d v&o%ity a#d a%%&ratio# !or s&idr %ra#" $%(a#is$.

V i#%&udWiostra$ . (X

V i#%&udW$at( . (X

void $ai# ? @

!&oat .4 ' s 1.+ ' t .:7/ ' v& +: ' a%% 1: ' t(ta :.: ' pi

pi * Z ata# ?1.:@

!or ?i#t i : i W 1+ i @

!&oat p(i asi# ??t, Z si# ?t(ta@@ G s@

!&oat a& ,+ Z Z %os ?t(ta@!&oat a+ Zt Z t 5 sZs 5 +ZtZZsi# ?t(ta@

!&oat a1+ a& Z a& 5 * Z a+

!&oat a+1 srt ?a1+@

!&oat disp ?,a& a+1@ G +

!&oat v&p ?Zv&Zsi# ?p(i 5 t(ta@@ G %os ?p(i@



!&oat v&s , ?v&ZZ%os ?t(ta@@ G ?sZ%os ?p(i@@

!&oat a%%p ?Za%%Zsi# ?p(i 5 t(ta@ 5 Zv&Zv&Z%os ?p(i,t(ta@ 5 sZv&sZv&s@ G %os

?p(i@

!&oat a%%s ?sZsi# ?p(i@Zv&sZv&s 5

Z%os ?t(ta@ Z a%% Zsi# ?t(ta@ Zv&sZv&@ G ?sZ%os ?p(i@@ %out WW [[t(ta [[WW ?t(ta Z 10: G pi@ WW [[p(i [[ WW ?p(i Z 10: G pi@ WW[[' disp

[[WWdispWW[[

v&p [[WW v&pWW[[' v&s [[WW v&s WW[[' a%%p [[WW a%%p WW [[' a%%s

[[WWa%%sWW#d&WW#d&

t(ta t(tapi G 4

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Kom Lab manual

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