“ “ Kojanglish”: Korean and Kojanglish”: Korean and Japanese English Japanese English vocabulary vocabulary Judy Yoneoka 2012
““Kojanglish”: Korean and Kojanglish”: Korean and Japanese English vocabularyJapanese English vocabulary
Judy Yoneoka 2012
““Janglish” and “Konglish”Janglish” and “Konglish” Janglish The language of Nippon is being
subtly transformed through a reckless frenzy of linguistic borrowing, and … this katakana revolution will ultimately only dilute and pollute it. (Denbushi blog, Aug. 3, 2003)
Konglish How bad can bad English get? Very bad indeed, … "Konglish“ (is) the hybrid of jazzy Korean and messy English that, "like heavy traffic is an unpleasant but tolerable side of life" in the East Asian capital. (Cohen 2001)
1. Historically similar 1. Historically similar “Kojanglish”“Kojanglish”
Prewar “Kojanglish”Prewar “Kojanglish”
--More than 1,400 words from foreign languages (especially English) in Japanese before 1945
– mishin (sewing machine) 1861– ou rai (all right) 1864– stove (heater) 1868– match (matches) 1870– stand (lamp) 1872 – gown (robe) 1884– trump (cards) 1884– hairpin (hair clip) 1885– hotchkiss (stapler) 1906
Postwar Postwar KojanglishKojanglishKonglishKonglish
After World War II, there were efforts to delete Japanese and Japanese style English loan words from the Korean lexicon, and/or to “correct” the pronunciation of Japanese English.
e.g. ppada ‘butter’ pӧthӧ takusi ‘taxi’ thaeksi hoteru ‘hotel’ hotel (Shim 1994:228)
But “Kojanglish” still existsBut “Kojanglish” still exists50-60% of “Konglish”=“Janglish”Another 20% or so is “understandably similar”
– ball pen (ball-point pen)– talent (entertainer)– vinyl (plastic)– rimocon (remote control)– sign pen (felt pen)– symbol mark (logo)– golden time (prime time)
… …And “Konglish” from JapanAnd “Konglish” from Japan
hand(i)phone (cell phone) motel skinship Japanese Konglish: “jake” “pas” “bansoko”
“kisu” White day -- originated in Japan 1980, and
spread to Korea. “Black Day” – April 14 is for people who did not give or receive
gifts, and it is celebrated by eating black Jajang noodles.
2. Formally similar Korean 2. Formally similar Korean and Japanese Englishand Japanese English
““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”process 1: Truncationprocess 1: Truncation
Prewar: apart(ment building), note(book), ero(tic), cray(on)-pas(tel) centi(meter), demo(nstration)
Postwar: remo(te) con(trol), cream sand(wich), (news)caster, air con(ditioning), (loud)speaker
JE only: anime(shon), barten(der), fami(ly) res(taurant), mail ad(dress), appli(cation), pro wres(tling), mother com(plex)
KE only: night (club), white(-out), le(isure)(s)ports, depre(ssion), gang(ster) movie, (com)ment 、 (mee)ting
Sharp pencil -- sharp in KE, shapen in JE Kentucky Fried Chicken -- kenchiki in JE and Kentucky chiken in
KE
=the process of truncation was in place in both languages before the war, and has continued independently since.
““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”process 2: “Plurality“process 2: “Plurality“
“Extra” pluralsdonuts, peanuts, shirts, fruits “Missing” plurals sunglass, slipper, corn flake, manner, suspender, match
Very regular!!
=No plurality in either variety
““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”3: Acronyms3: Acronyms
Largely postwar except SOS (1912)). Common to KE and JE: SF, OL, OA
KE alone: D/B = Database, D/C = discount, O/D = Owner-driver, O/T = Orientation, MT = membership training, OST = sound track, PD = producer director
JE alone: OB old boy, OG old girl, QC quality control, (L)DK=living, dining, kitchen, LL=language lab, BF= boyfriend, GF= girlfriend, SL=steam locomotive, TT =team teaching
commercial CF in KE CM in JE After sales service A/S in KE after-service in JE
=The process of creating acronyms developed independently, possibly commonly based on US military English? (GHQ, GI, etc.)
““Kojanglish 4” : HybridsKojanglish 4” : Hybrids
Common to both: 電子 range, 検索 engine
JE only KE only PET bottle PET 瓶 mailing list mail 目録 image change image 変身 発砲 styrol styropon vinyl 袋 vinyl bag hairpin 머리 pin
= Hybridization is an independent but similar process in both languages
33 . Functionally similar . Functionally similar Korean and Japanese Korean and Japanese
EnglishEnglish
English = Westernization = English = Westernization = modernizationmodernization
“decorative English”
English in business, advertising, music, TV, etc. promotes a “cool” image.
Examples:Examples:
LOTTE ExamplesLOTTE Examples
More Examples of Bridging More Examples of Bridging the Gap with Englishthe Gap with English
“ “Kojanglish” can play a role as a Kojanglish” can play a role as a bridge between Korea and Japanbridge between Korea and JapanFor three reasons:1. In terms of common script, Korea and Japan
have no other choice (kanji have different readings).
2. Like Cinderella, it is familiar and appealing, and has a positive image for both.
3. Because of historical and formal similarity, there is no need for either country to worry about being “wrong” -- JE and KE are already “wrong” in so many of the same ways.
Selected BibliographySelected Bibliography Przybyla III, L. H. Konglish2 (2004) available online at Leon’s EFL Planet http://efl.htmlplanet.com/konglish.htm
Shim, Rosa Jinyoung (1999). "Codified Korean English: Process, Characteristics and Consequence." World Englishes 18: 247-258.
Song, Jae Jung (1998). “English in South Korea”, Australian Linguistic Society, available online at http://www.cltr.uq.edu.au/als98/jsong426.html
Tranter, Nicolas (1997). “Hybrid Anglo-Japanese loans in Korean”, Linguistics 35 133-166. Tranter, Nicolas (2000). “The phonology of English loan-words in Korean”, Word. 51-3, p. 337-404.
Umegaki, Minoru, ed. (1977). A Dictionary of Loan-words (Gairaigo Jiten, in Japanese). Tokyo: Tokyodo shuppan.