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907175
3SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY
9 0 7 1 7
© Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa, 2011. Pūmau te mana.Kia kaua
rawa he wāhi o tēnei tuhinga e tāruatia ki te kore te whakaaetanga
a te Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa.
Koiora, Kaupae 3, 201190717 Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me
ngā ia o te kunenga mai1
2.00 i te ahiahi Rātū 15 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2011 Whiwhinga:
Toru
Tirohia mehemea e ōrite ana te Tau Ākonga ā-Motu kei tō pepa
whakauru ki te tau kei runga ake nei.
Me whakautu e koe te KATOA o ngā pātai kei roto i te pukapuka
nei.
Ki te hiahia koe ki ētahi atu wāhi hei tuhituhi whakautu,
whakamahia te wāhi wātea kei muri i te pukapuka nei.
Tirohia mehemea kei roto nei ngā whārangi 2 – 21 e raupapa tika
ana, ā, kāore hoki he whārangi wātea.
HOATU TE PUKAPUKA NEI KI TE KAIWHAKAHAERE HEI TE MUTUNGA O TE
WHAKAMĀTAUTAU.
MĀ TE KAIMĀKA ANAKE Paearu Paetae
Paetae Paetae Kaiaka Paetae KairangiTe whakaahua i ngā tukanga
me ngā ia o te kunenga mai.
Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me te whakamārama i ngā ia o te
kunenga mai.
Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me te matapaki i ngā ia o te kunenga
mai.
Whakakaotanga o te tairanga mahinga
1kukuwhatanga
9 0 7 1 7 M
See back cover for an English translation of this cover
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Kia 45 meneti hei whakautu i ngā pātai o tēnei pukapuka.
PĀTAI TUATAHI
Kei te whānau pōrete o Aotearoa (Strigopidae) e rua ōna puninga
pōrete, ko te Nestor me te Strigops. Kei roto i te puninga Nestor
ko te kea, te kākā, te kākā o te Moutere o Norfolk me te kākā o
Wharekauri, ā, kei roto i te puninga Strigops ko te kākāpō noho i
te papa me te kore rere.
I tihoi atu te Nestor me te Strigops i te tipuna kākā / kākāpō
taketake i ngā tau 60 – 80 miriona ki mua. Mai i tērā wā kua tihoi
haere tonu anō te Nestor, e ai ki raro nei.
http://wapedia.mobi/en/File:Nestoridae_phylogeography.svg#3
(a) Whakaahuatia te tauira o te panoni kunenga e whakaatuhia ana
i te hoahoa, ā, ka whakamārama ka pēhea te pupū ake o tēnei momo
tauira.
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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA
ANAKE
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki
ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.
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3
Biology 90717, 2011
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY
You are advised to spend 45 minutes answering the questions in
this booklet.
QUESTION ONE
The New Zealand parrot family (Strigopidae) consists of two
genera of parrots, Nestor and Strigops. The genus Nestor consists
of the kea, kākā, Norfolk Island kākā and Chatham Island kākā,
whilst the genus Strigops contains the flightless ground-dwelling
kākāpō.
Nestor and Strigops diverged from the proto-kākā / kākāpō
ancestor 60 – 80 million years ago. Since then Nestor has gone
through further divergence, as shown below.
http://wapedia.mobi/en/File:Nestoridae_phylogeography.svg#3
(a) Describe the pattern of evolutionary change shown in the
diagram, and explain how this type of pattern can arise.
For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be reproduced
here.
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(b) Matapakia ngā take o te tihoitanga o te Nestor, ā, he aha
ēnei momo tukanga kunenga i kore ai e kitea i roto i te
Strigops.
I roto i tō whakautu me whai whakaaro ki:
• ngā tūāhua i noho hei pūtake pea o te tihoitanga rauropi o te
Nestor
• ngā tukanga i puta ake ai ngā whakamomo o te Nestor
• ngā take he tino iti ai ngā taunakitanga o te whakamomo i roto
i te Strigops (te kākāpō).
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Biology 90717, 2011
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY
(b) Discuss the reasons for divergence of Nestor, and why the
same evolutionary processes have not been evident in Strigops.
In your answer consider:
• the events likely to have caused ecological divergence of
Nestor
• the processes that have led to speciation in Nestor
• reasons why there has been little evidence of speciation in
Strigops (the kākāpō).
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PĀTAI TUARUA
Ko te Hebe odora, te Leucogenes leontopodium me te Celmisia
haastii he tipu mauwha e pāpaku ana te tipu me te whai rau kiriuka,
e tino tōtika ana hoki mō ngā wāhi noho hōrakerake i ngā maunga.
Ahakoa ēnei ōritenga, kāore ēnei tipu e toru e whai pānga ana.
Hebe odora
http://wozawanderer.blogspot.com/2010/02/mt-richardson-beech-forest.html
Leucogenes
leontopodiumwww.slacktopnurseries.co.uk/expression/index.php/plants/C19/
Celmisia
haastiiwww.flickr.com/photos/stationalpinejosephfourier/2091557272/
(a) Whakamāramahia te ia kunenga e whakaatuhia ana e ēnei momo
tipu rerekē e toru.
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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA
ANAKE
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.
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Biology 90717, 2011
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY
QUESTION TWO
Hebe odora, Leucogenes leontopodium and Celmisia haastii are
three low-growing, shrubby plants with small leathery leaves,
ideally suited to their exposed mountain habitats. Despite these
similari-ties, they are not related.
Hebe odora
http://wozawanderer.blogspot.com/2010/02/mt-richardson-beech-forest.html
Leucogenes
leontopodiumwww.slacktopnurseries.co.uk/expression/index.php/plants/C19/
Celmisia
haastiiwww.flickr.com/photos/stationalpinejo-sephfourier/2091557272/
(a) Explain the pattern of evolution shown by these three
different plant species.
For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be
reproduced here.
For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be
reproduced here.
For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be
reproduced here.
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(b) Ko te Hebe te mea nui katoa o te puninga mauwha o Aotearoa.
Tata ki te 100 ngā momo Hebe ka kitea i Aotearoa.
Ko te puninga matua o te rōpū tipu Hebe i kukune mai pea i ngā
tau 5 miriona ki mua, i muri i te taenga mai o te tipuna taketake o
te momo. Kātahi ka kukune mai te Hebe ki ngā momo 100 i roto i te
kotahi miriona tau kua huri.
E whā ngā momo rerekē e whakaatuhia ana i raro.
Momo Nōhanga Hanganga Tau Pūira (n)
Hebe
speciosahttp://loveplantlife.com/2010/10/28/resplendent-natives/dsc04860/
Ngā pari moana hōrakerake i te taha uru o ngā moutere e rua.
E 5–10 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 2 m te teitei o
tēnei mauwha kōpuku.
20
Hebe
hectoriihttp://www.eecrg.uib.no/projects/AGS_BotanyExp/NewZealand/Photos/NZ%20gallery/pages/Hebe%20hectorii.htm
Tāwhao mākū me te wī kei te rohe whai otaota o ngā maunga o Te
Waipounamu.
He tipu “Whipcord”; he tipu matika, mārō ka tipu ki te 0.75 m te
teitei.
20
Hebe
gracillimawww.hebesoc.org/hebes/hebes_g/hebe_gracillima/hebe_gracillima.htm
Ngā wāhi reporepo, monoku hoki o Te Waipounamu.
1–2 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 2 m te teitei o
tēnei mauwha.
40
Hebe venustulawww.plantdatabase.co.uk/Hebe_venustula
Nō ngā rohe whai otaota o ngā maunga, kei Te Ika-a-Māui te
nuinga.
1–2 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 1.5 m te teitei o
tēnei mauwha matika.
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Koiora 90717, 2011
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka
nei.
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka
nei.
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka
nei.
He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.
Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka
nei.
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Biology 90717, 2011
(b) The Hebe is New Zealand’s largest genus of shrubs. There are
about 100 species of Hebe found in New Zealand.
The main genera of the Hebe complex probably evolved five
million years ago, after the arrival of a single ancestral founding
species. Hebe then evolved into about 100 species during the last
million years.
Four diverse examples are shown below.
Species Habitat Structure Chromosome No (n)
Hebe
speciosahttp://loveplantlife.com/2010/10/28/resplendent-natives/dsc04860/
Exposed sea cliffs on the western side of both islands.
Leaves 5–10 cm long; rounded shrub up to 2 m tall.
20
Hebe
hectoriihttp://www.eecrg.uib.no/projects/AGS_BotanyExp/NewZealand/Photos/NZ%20gallery/pages/Hebe%20hec-torii.htm
Wet sub-alpine scrub and tussock of the South Island.
Whipcord plant; erect, rigid plant that grows up to 0.75 m
tall.
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Hebe
gracillimawww.hebesoc.org/hebes/hebes_g/hebe_gracillima/hebe_gracillima.htm
Damp swampy places in the South Island.
Leaves 1–2 cm long; shrub up to 2 m tall.
40
Hebe venustulawww.plantdatabase.co.uk/Hebe_venustula
Sub-alpine, mostly North Island.
Leaves 1–2 cm long; erect bushy shrub up to 1.5 m tall.
60
For copyright reasons, this
resource cannot be reproduced here.
For copyright reasons, this
resource cannot be reproduced here.
For copyright reasons, this
resource cannot be reproduced here.
For copyright reasons, this
resource cannot be reproduced here.
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Whakatauritea, ka whakatauaro i ngā tukanga o te whai pūira
rearua (polyploidy) me te tūhāhātanga ā-matawhenua me ngā pānga o
ēnei mea e rua ki te kunenga mai o te momo Hebe i Aotearoa.
I tō whakautu me:
• whakaahua i te tukanga o te tūhekenga urutau
• whakamārama i te puakanga mai o te whai pūira rearua me te
tūhāhātanga ā-matawhenua
• matapaki i te pānga o aua tukanga e rua ki te whakaputanga uri
me te rerenga ira i roto i te puninga Hebe.
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Biology 90717, 2011
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY
Compare and contrast the processes of polyploidy and
geographical isolation and how they are both likely to have
impacted on the evolution of Hebe species in New Zealand.
In your answer:
• describe the process of adaptive radiation
• explain how both polyploidy and geographical isolation could
occur
• discuss the impact of both processes on reproduction and gene
flow within the Hebe genus.
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PĀTAI TUATORU
Ka kitea ngā aihe pehipehi ki ngā wai e tata ana ki Aotearoa noa
iho. Kua whakaūhia e ngā mātai pītauira te noho o ngā taupori
ā-rohe e whā.
Taratahi ana te whakawhānau uri o ngā taupori o Te-Ika-a-Māui me
Te Waipounamu, e inea mai ana e ngā rerekētanga pītauira. He tino
iti te rahinga rerenga ira i waenga i ngā taupori e toru o Te
Waipounamu. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga ko te taupori o te tai tonga
he taupori whakaū mai i te taupori o Te Tai Poutini o Te
Waipounamu. Ki te tirohanga, e taratahi ana ngā taupori nā te
pāmamao o tētahi i tētahi atu, me te puta mai o te mararatanga i
waenga i ngā taupori noho tata anake.
Ngā kitenga i ia km2
< 0.2 ngā aihe 0.2 – 0.4 ngā aihe > 0.4 ngā aihe
Te tuaritanga me te mararatanga o ngā aihe pehipehi ināianei
Te Taupori ki Te Ika-a-Māui o te aihe Māui. Ko te whakatau tata
e 100 te rahi
Te taupori ki Te Tai Poutini. Ko te whakatau tata e 5400 te
rahi.
Te taupori ki te tai rāwhiti o Te Waipounamu.Ko te whakatau tata
e 1790 te rahi.
Te Taupori ki Murihiku.Ko te whakatau tata e 100 te rahi
Dawson et al 2004, Slooten et al 2004, 2005
Matapakia ngā tukanga kunenga mai e kitea ana i waenga i ngā
taupori e toru o Te Waipounamu o te aihe pehipehi.
I roto i tō whakautu me whai whakaaro ki:
• ngā pēhanga whiriwhri kei ia taupori e whai wāhi ana anō ki te
tūhāhātanga
• te momo taunakitanga e kī ana he taupori whakaū te taupori o
te tai tonga mai i te taupori o Te Tai Poutini
• te hiranga o te whakakitenga e whakaatu ana he tino iti, kāore
rānei he rerenga ira i waenga i ngā taupori e toru.
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Biology 90717, 2011
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY
QUESTION THREE
Hector’s dolphins are found only in New Zealand waters. DNA
studies have verified the existence of four regional
populations.
The North Island and South Island populations are reproductively
isolated, as measured by DNA differences. Levels of gene flow
between the three regional South Island populations are very low.
Evidence suggests that the south coast population is a founder from
the west coast South Island population. It appears the populations
are isolated by distance, and dispersal happens only between
immediately adjacent populations.
Sightings per km2 surveyed < 0.2 dolphins 0.2 – 0.4 dolphins
> 0.4 dolphins
Current distribution and abundance of Hector’s dolphin
North Island population, also called Maui’s dolphin. Estimated
size 100.
South Island west coast population. Estimated size 5400.
South Island east coast population. Estimated size 1790.South
Island south
coast population. Estimated size 100.
Dawson et al 2004, Slooten et al 2004, 2005
Discuss the evolutionary processes that appear to be happening
between the three South Island populations of Hector’s dolphin.
In your answer consider:
• the selection pressures acting on the individual populations
that contribute to their isolation
• the type of evidence that would suggest the south coast
population is a founder from the west coast population
• the significance of the finding that there appears to be
little or no gene flow between the three populations.
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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA
ANAKETAU PĀTAI
He wāhi anō mēnā ka hiahiatia.Tuhia te (ngā) tau pātai mēnā e
hāngai ana.
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Biology 90717, 2011
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QUESTION NUMBER
Extra space if required.Write the question number(s) if
applicable.
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90
71
7M
© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2011. All rights
reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means
without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications
Authority.
Level 3 Biology, 201190717 Describe processes and patterns of
evolution
2.00 pm Tuesday 15 November 2011 Credits: Three
Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission
slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.
You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.
If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space
provided at the back of this booklet.
Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 21 in the correct order
and that none of these pages is blank.
YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE
EXAMINATION.
ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY Achievement Criteria
Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with
ExcellenceDescribe processes and patterns of evolution.
Describe processes and explain patterns of evolution.
Describe processes and discuss patterns of evolution.
Overall level of performance
English translation of the wording on the front cover