KM 1 – Knowledge and KM Introduction: Knowledge and KM Why is KM increasingly important? Knowledge: practical insights, descriptions and models Masterclass KM – SlideShare contribution, June 2014 http://de.slideshare.net/HoferAlfeisJ/presentations Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis Consulting on Knowledge & Innovation Management [email protected]Design: Ron Hofer
The Masterclass Knowledge Management (KM) is a set of six presentations describing and explaining KM via definitions, concepts, instruments and many practical examples, insights, stories and exercises as well as links and references. The material is the result of 25 years of research, consulting of challenging clients, discussions with appreciated peers and communities as well as ten years of lecturing on KM at various universities in Germany and Austria including discussions with many inspiring students. Contents: KM 1 – Knowledge and KM KM 2 – KM Processes 1 KM 3 – Soc.-t. KM Systems 1 / Processes 2 KM 4 – Socio-technical KM-Systems 2 KM 5 – Plan & Control Knowledge & KM KM 6 – KM and Idea / Innovation Mngt.
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KM 1 – Knowledge and KM
Introduction: Knowledge and KM
Why is KM increasingly important?
Knowledge: practical insights, descriptions and models
Masterclass KM – SlideShare contribution, June 2014
Focus: Knowledge - practical insights, descriptions and models
Agenda
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 8
Knowledge is the capability for effective action
Peter Senge,
President, Society for Organizational Learning
The basic definitions in KM are still an ongoing discussion – some forum discussions to this topic:
One Sentence Definition of Knowledge (30 comments, May 2012) http://www.linkedin.com/groupAnswers?viewQuestionAndAnswers=&discussionID=100991985&gid=154868&commentID=73362991&trk=view_disc&ut=2snoMIInCpPl81
Knowledge vs. Information (43 comments, Aug. 2012) http://www.linkedin.com/groupItem?view=&srchtype=discussedNews&gid=89493&item=99140520&type=member&trk=eml-anet_dig-b_pd-ttl-cn&ut=3Qi0paofuyPl81
u“Knowledge“ in KM: a short definition for the practice
As we know, there are known knowns. These are things we know we know
We also know that there are known unknowns. That is to say, we know there are some things we do not know.
But there are also unknown unknowns, ones we do not know we do not know.
And finally there are things, we do not know (at the moment), that we know them tacit knowledge
uKnowledge or Not-Knowledge source partly:The KNOW Network Alert, No. 186 - January 15, 2008
situative /
appearing
when needed
tacit
known
knowns
the unknown
known
unknowns
nknowledge n knowledge existent not existent
(m
om
enta
rily
)
aw
are
not
aw
are
today we only know about 1% of the animate beings
on our earth, e.g. in 2011 >20k new biologic
species have been discovered, examples
in fact not to be
named / described
?
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 11
Enterprise
u„Knowledge“: raw material, resource and product for the
business – a comprehensive view
Knowledge –
the capability for effective action
• individual competencies
• organizational capabilities
• codifiied knowledge /
information
Ideas / Inno-
vation opportunities
Patents ... (Intellectual
Property)
Standards,
Regulations ...
Customers, suppliers, partner, ... the world Relationships ... Knowledge
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 12
K. Area
Service XX
provision
K. Area
Product
Lifecycle Mngt
K. Area
Customer
Relationship
Mgt
in business-critical knowledge areas
uKnowledge areas – knowledge holders – knowledge quality
...
person
organization information
circulating in specific
knowledge holders
Total knowledge
Knowledge Quality:
• k. depth / proficiency?
• distribution / networking?
• codification?
K. Area
Quality Mngt,
Risk Mngt,
…
K
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 13
uKM strategies
...
person
organization information
circulating in specific
knowledge holders
Total knowledge
K. Area
Service XX
provision
K. Area
Product
Lifecycle Mngt
K. Area
Customer
Relationship
Mgt
in business-critical knowledge areas
K. Area
Quality mgt.,
Risk Mgt.,
…
K
KM-Strategy:
• Personalization?
• Codification?
• Networking &
Collaboration?
• blended approach
Knowledge
Strategy?
see KM 5
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 14
uKM actions and KM key players
K Area
Service XX
bereitstellen
K Area
PLM
K Area
CRM
K Areas
Quality mgt.,
Risk Mgt.,
…
...
person
organization information
Knowledge Worker
KM Support Org.
strategic control,
culture, resources,
mngt. energy
Management
KM key player
subject matter actions in
specific knowledge area
general KM measures for
any knowledge area
K
key players‘ needs
and intentions?
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 15
uKM is always an inter-disciplinary approach –
KM partner disciplines (examples)
Knowledge
the capability for effective action
• individual competencies
• organizational capabilities
• codifiied knowledge /
information
Enterprise
Customers, suppliers, partner, ... the world
relationships ... knowledge
Ideas / Inno-
vation opportunities
Patents ... (Intellectual
Property)
Standards,
Regulations ...
KM partner:
Personnel Development /
Talent Management,
„Learning/Training“ …
KM partner:
Organizational Development,
Process Mngt., Quality Mngt.,
Community Mngt. …
Social Networking Organization
KM partner:
Information Mngt., Communication,
QM …, Information Services, …
additional KM partners
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 16
various partner disciplines of KM are already active to support, e.g. learning and training, inter-connection by collaboration, information formalizing and distribution, but they are driving a kind of one-dimensional KM
The value added by the meta-discipline KM:
provide models and processes for “orchestrated” solutions across all three types of knowledge carriers: individual, organization and information
evaluate, involve and integrate contributions of the various KM partner disciplines, i.e. combine their solutions to more powerful multi-dimensional approaches
Examples:
Transferring business-critical knowledge to another site of a company
Maturing company-specific knowledge for performance and innovation
KM is a Meta-Discipline – why is it useful?
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 17
Joint KM projects with Personnel Development / Talent Management
Expert Career System based on a Knowledge Strategy
Expert Career System enriched by communities of practice
Demography-orientiented KM
Joint KM projects with Innovation Management:
Network building for innovation managers and drivers (community of practice)
Specific KM support for innovation managers
Collaboration areas for KM and Quality / Process Management:
Avoiding / learning from failure … Lesson-Learned- / Best-Practice-Sharing …
Reuse of product / service knowledge, e.g. via helpdesk „knowledge data bases“
Process modelling / improving … Lesson-Learned- / Best-Practice-Sharing …
Areas of inter-disciplinary collaboration – examples
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 18
KM comprises all management activities, which are concerned with knowledge
systematically, goal-oriented and in most cases independent of the knowledge area, i.e. its
content.
Its objective is to drive for the effective, proficient, networking and learning organization.
my own definiton, for more see D-A-CH-WM-Glossar (in German) http://wm-wiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/D-A-CH_Wissensmanagement_Glossar_v1-1.pdf 2014-05
“Managing as if Knowledge were Important”
Nick Milton, Knoco Ltd. http://www.nickmilton.com/2014/03/managing-as-if-knowledge-is-important.html 2014-05
uKM definition – an approach old corny joke: you are KMer
Knowledge is the major resource in high-income countries source: http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2014-01-21/best-countries-for-business-2014.html#slide16 22.01.2014
Tacit knowledge is internal in nature and is relatively hard to code and extract. Not only does tacit knowledge need to be discovered, extracted, and captured; it has to be creatively disseminated so that this shared knowledge can be efficiently used to extend the KM base
(Davis, 2002). Wagner and Sternberg (1985) defined tacit knowledge as ‘‘that work-related practical knowledge learned informally on the job’’. This definition defines only one part of tacit knowledge, that is, the part that encompasses know-how. The other part of tacit knowledge is the cognitive dimension (Beamer and Varner, 2001) which consists of beliefs, values, attitudes, ideals, mental maps, and schemata which are related to the cultural shaping of the individual and the group. This cognitive dimension of tacit knowledge is a most important, yet most difficult, part of enabling knowledge creation and dissemination.
Within these two dimensions of tacit knowledge there are four categories: hard-to-pin-down skills; mental models; ways of approaching problems; and organizational routines (Lubit, 2001). Metalworkers frequently cannot explain how they know the right temperature and amount of pressure to apply to a metal deformation but, over time, they learn such tacit skills that cannot be described by a process chart or in words. These skills are transferable to apprentices only as they work for several years with the master metalworker.
Tacit knowledge Quelle: Harlow, H.: The effect of tacit knowledge on firm performance. JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 12 NO. 1 2008, pp. 148-163
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 61
Group exercise: knowledge holders and specifities
Define jointly in your group the knowledge
area you will discuss.
It should be defined in its name by an
activity and an object – some examples:
conduct meeting
manage work-life-balance
cook dinner dish
manage public relations
plan journey
manage project
your choice ...
Then discuss examples in that knowledge
area for:
1. knowledge holder person
and its specific expertise?
2. knowledge holder group and its specific
organizational capability –
differentiate between
2a. collective capability?
2b. connected/networked capability?
(what is the name for the
„puzzle-like“ capability?)
3. knowledge holder information
and its documented knowledge?
4. flat and deep knowledge?
5. implicit and explicit knowledge?
6. tacit knowledge?
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 62
Knowledge, KM – and why?
3D space of knowledge quality
codified knowledge
distributed and/or networked knowledge
level of expertise / proficiency
tangibility – explicit, implicit, tacit knowledge
Summary & discussion
?
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014 - 63
Contact
Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis
Consulting for Knowledge and Innovation Management
Recommended KM Sources Dr.-Ing. Josef Hofer-Alfeis, 2014
BOOKS:
Hofer-Alfeis, J.: Entwicklung und Umsetzung einer Wissensstrategie. In: Pircher, R. (Hrsg.): Wissensmanagement, Wissenstransfer, Wissensnetzwerke - Konzepte, Methoden und Erfahrungen. Publicis Publishing Books, new edition 2013
Boisot, Max H.: Managing Knowledge Assets – Securing competitive advantage in the information economy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN: 0-19-829607-X
Learning to fly: practical knowledge management from leading and learning organisations – Nov 2004, Chris Collison, Geoff Parcell, ISBN: 1841125091
Doz, Yves, et al: From Global to Metanational. Harvard Business School Press, 2001. ISBN: 0-87584-870-2
Davenport, T. H., Probst, G.: Knowledge Management Case Book. Publicis Corp. Publishing ,2002. ISBN: 3895781819
Auer, T.: ABC der Wissensgesellschaft, Doculine-Verlag D-72766 Reutlingen, ISBN 978-3-9810595-4-0
JHAs 30 InnoLinks (regularily updated) http://delicious.com/hoferalfeisj/jhas-30-innolinks Important discussion forums for KM & Innovations Mngt. (selction):
Journal of Knowledge Management (Fokus Forschung; englisch)
KM Review (Fokus Anwendung; englisch) http://www.melcrum.com/products/journals/kmr.shtml
COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE / BODIES:
WIMIP – Community der KM Practitioners https://www.xing.com/net/wimip
Ges. für WM (GfWM); mit WM-Stammtischen zum Erfahrungsaustausch in vielen Städten, z.B. gfwm-regional München: http://www.gfwm.de/group/121
BITKOM ArbKreis Knowledge Management, organisiert die jährl. KnowTech-Konferenz
PAPERS, BOOK CONTRIBUTIONS, PRESENTATIONS FROM JHA:
Improving Knowledge Management for Service Organizations, Munich Re, Communities Meeting, Hohenkammer 2014
Wissensmanagement mit Twitter, gfwm-Knowl-edgeCamp, Karlsruhe, 2012, and more http://de.slideshare.net/HoferAlfeisJ/wissensmanagement-mit-twitter?from=new_upload_email
Hofer-Alfeis, J.: Wissensmanagement und Personalmanagement - Synergien, Projektbeispiele und Erfahrungen - In: KnowTech Konferenzband 2011, www.knowtech.net
~: Firmeninterne Vernetzung und Zusammenarbeit der Innovations-Manager und –Haupttreiber. Und: Wissensvernetzung von Firmen und externen Forschern/Interessierten für Technologie-Innovation – „Technologie-Innovations-Communities“ gfwm-KnowledgeCamp, Potsdam, 17.9.2011, http://knowledgecamp.mixxt.org/networks/files/folder.10675
Hofer-Alfeis, J.: The Leaving Expert Debriefing to fight the retirement wave of the ageing workforce. Int. J. Human Resources Development and Management, Vol. 9, Nos. 2/3, 2009
~: Lässt sich der wirtschaftliche Erfolg von Wissensmanagement überhaupt nachweisen? Keynote zum Workshop " WIEM 2009 - Messen, Bewerten und Benchmarken des wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs von WM, WM2009, Solothurn
~: Das virtuelle Aktivitätstal bei sozialen Netzwerken - Diagnose und Therapie - In: KnowTech Konferenzband 2008, www.knowtech.net
~: KM solutions for the Leaving Expert issue. JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT j VOL. 12 NO. 4 2008, pp. 44-54,
~: Was leistet WM? Wissensmanagement, Heft 1/2008, S. 38-39;
~, Keindl, K.: Die Prozess-Systematik im Unternehmenseinsatz. Wissensmanagement, Heft 2/2008, S. 38-39
~, Keindl, K. und BITKOM Ak KEM: BITKOM Leitfaden WM-Prozess-Systematik, 2007, http://www.bitkom.org/de/publikationen/38337_45785.aspx
~: Mehrwert und Zukunft von Wissensmgt. liegen im trans-disziplinären Vorgehen. In: KnowTech Konferenzband 2005, www.knowtech.net
~: Effective Integration of KM into the Business Starts with a Top-down Knowledge Strategy. J. of Universal Comput. Science, vol. 9, no. 7 2003, 719-728