KLY-3 / KLY-3S / CS-3 / CS-L / CS-23 - AGICO · 2017. 11. 24. · Ver. 2.3 Nov. 2003 KLY-3 / KLY-3S / CS-3 / CS-L / CS-23 User’s Guide Modular system for measuring magnetic susceptibility,

Ver. 2.3 Nov. 2003

KLY-3 / KLY-3S / CS-3 / CS-L / CS-23

User’s Guide

Modular system for measuring magnetic susceptibility,anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility,

and temperature variation of magnetic susceptibility.

AGICOAdvanced Geoscience Instruments Co.

BrnoCzech Republic

Contens

CONTENS....................................................................................................................2 .................................................................................................................................................................4INTRODUCTION TO THE USER’S GUIDE............................................................................................................5PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................5WARRANTY...............................................................................................................................................7

GENERAL SAFETY SUMMARY............................................................................8Convention................................................................................................................................................................8Injury Precautions......................................................................................................................................................8Product Damage Precautions.....................................................................................................................................9

GETTING STARTED...............................................................................................10KLY-3S / KLY-3 DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................................10 KLY-3S / KLY-3 SPECIFICATIONS...........................................................................................................12CS-3 / CS-L DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................................................13CS-3 / CS-L SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................................13CS-23 DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................................................14KLY-2 / CS-3 INTERFACE UNIT SPECIFICATION...........................................................................................14EC DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY..............................................................................................................15UNPACKING INSTRUCTIONS..........................................................................................................................17STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION..................................................................................................................17

INSTALLATION PROCEDURES..........................................................................18Choosing the place..................................................................................................................................................18Interconnection of Units..........................................................................................................................................18Interconnection Scheme KLY-3 / CS-3 ............................................................................................................16Testing the communication with computer.............................................................................................................20Testing the magnetic environment ..........................................................................................................................21

OPERATING BASICS ..............................................22MEASURING OF AMS USING PROGRAM SUSAM......................................................................................23Purpose....................................................................................................................................................................23Running Program ....................................................................................................................................................23MEASURING MENU OF SUSAM....................................................................................................................24Function Key 1 15dir Susam.................................................................................................................................24Measuring positions of the specimen SUSAM........................................................................................................25Function Key 2 Corr Susam.................................................................................................................................27Function Key 5 Eval Susam................................................................................................................................27 Function Key 6 ActVol Susam...........................................................................................................................32Function Key 7 Help Susam..................................................................................................................................32Function Key 9 Kill Susam...................................................................................................................................32Function Key 10 Aux Susam.................................................................................................................................32MEASURING OF AMS USING PROGRAM SUSAR......................................................................................33Purpose....................................................................................................................................................................33Running Program ....................................................................................................................................................33MEASURING MENU OF SUSAR..................................................................................................................35Function Key 1 Ax1 Susar....................................................................................................................................35 Measuring positions of the specimen SUSAR........................................................................................................36Function Key 2 Ax2 Susar...................................................................................................................................37Function Key 3 Ax3 Susar....................................................................................................................................37Function Key 4 Bulk3 Susar.................................................................................................................................37

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Function Key 5 Eval Susar....................................................................................................................................38Function Key 6 ActVol Susar...............................................................................................................................43Function Key 7 Help Susar....................................................................................................................................43Function Key 8 Stop Susar...................................................................................................................................43Function Key 9 Kill Susar....................................................................................................................................43Function Key 10 Aux Susar.................................................................................................................................43AUXILIARY MENU OF SUSAR AND SUSAM............................................................................................44Convention..............................................................................................................................................................44Function AKey 1 Bulk...........................................................................................................................................45Function AKey 2 Etal Susar.................................................................................................................................45Function AKey 2 Etal Susam...............................................................................................................................46Function AKey 3 Cal Susar..................................................................................................................................47Function AKey 3 Cal Susam........................................................................................................................48Function AKey 4 Hol Susar........................................................................................................................49Function AKey 4 Hol Susam................................................................................................................................50Function AKey 5 Orpar........................................................................................................................................51Function AKey 6 Anfac........................................................................................................................................52Function AKey 7 Help..........................................................................................................................................52Function AKey 8 U/D Susar.................................................................................................................................52Function AKey 8 Zero Susam..............................................................................................................................52Function AKey 9 Kill...........................................................................................................................................53Function AKey 10 Main.......................................................................................................................................53

APPENDICES............................................................................................................54LIST OF MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY FACTORS....................................................................................................54STRUCTURES OF DATA FILES......................................................................................................................56Structure of Standard AMS File..............................................................................................................................57Structure of Geological Data File...........................................................................................................................58SELECTION OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS..........................................................................................................59GEOLOGICAL LOCALITY DATA.....................................................................................................................60

MAINTENANCE......................................................................................................61Cleaning the Holder.................................................................................................................................................61Cleaning the Rotator................................................................................................................................................61KLY-3S Rotator - Belt Adjustment ........................................................................................................................62Cleaning the Up/Down Mechanism.........................................................................................................................63List of Error Messages of the System KLY-3S / CS-3 ...........................................................................................64PREFACE..................................................................................................................................................67CS-3 / CS-L DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................................................68CS-3 / CS-L SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................................68INSTALLING AND OPERATING THE CS-3 / CS-L...........................................................................................69Furnace....................................................................................................................................................................69Temperature Sensor.................................................................................................................................................69Specimen ................................................................................................................................................................70Argon Flow Meter...................................................................................................................................................70Measuring Vessel....................................................................................................................................................70Cooling System.......................................................................................................................................................71Cryostat CS-L..........................................................................................................................................................72MEASURING TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY USING PROGRAM SUSTE.........................73Purpose....................................................................................................................................................................73Running the Program...............................................................................................................................................73Data File Description...............................................................................................................................................79MEASURING TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY USING PROGRAM SUSTEL.......................80Purpose....................................................................................................................................................................80Running the Program...............................................................................................................................................80

APPARATUS CS-23.................................................................................................82

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4

Introduction to the User’s Guide

Thank you for purchasing magnetic susceptibility meter AGICO Kappabridge KLY-3.

Kappabridge and its optional accessories represent modular system designed for measurement of magnetic susceptibility of rock and its anisotropy, and in conjunction with furnace or cryostat apparatus, also for measurement of temperature variation of magnetic susceptibility.

Preface

The User’s Guide is divided into two parts.

❐ The Part 1, Kappabridge KLY-3 / KLY-3S, contains general common information, description and specifications of individual modules, and decribes the capabilities of the system. The attention is focused on measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) using the Kappabridge KLY-3S with a spinning specimen and the KLY-3 version with static specimen.

❐ The Part 2, Apparatus CS-3 / CS-L, describes the measurement of temperature variation of magnetic susceptibility using the high temperature furnace CS-3 and low temperature cryostat CS-L.

The CS-23 Apparatus is intended for users who already have the older Kappabridge KLY-2 and wish to make measurement with CS-3 or CS-L.

❐ This User’s Guide substitutes the original AGICO Prints Nos. 5,11,12,17,25.

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KAPPABRIDGEKLY-3 / KLY-3S

User’s Manual

Instrument for measuring magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy

AGICOAdvanced Geoscience Instruments Co.

BrnoCzech Republic

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Warranty

AGICO warrants that this product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 1 (one) year from date of installation. However, if the installation is performed later than 3 (three) months after the date of shipment due to causes on side of Customer, the warranty period begins three months after the date of shipment. If any such product proves defective during this warranty period, AGICO, at its option, either will repair the defective product without charge for parts and labour, or will provide a replacement in exchange for the defective product.

In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customer must notify AGICO of the defect before the expiration of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service. AGICO will decide if the repair is to be performed by AGICO technician or AGICO delegated serviceman in customers laboratory, or product shall be sent for repair to the manufacturer. In latter case, customer shall be responsible for packaging and shipping the defective product to the AGICO service centre. In both cases, all the costs related to a warranty repair shall be at expenses of AGICO.

The warranty becomes invalid if the Customer modifies the instrument or fails to follow the operating instructions, in case of failure caused by improper use or improper or inadequate maintenance and care, or if the Customer attempts to install the instrument without explicit written permission of AGICO company. AGICO shall not be obligated to furnish service under this warranty a) to repair damage resulting from attempts by personnel other than AGICO representatives to install, repair or service the product; b) to repair damage resulting from improper use or connection to incompatible equipment; or c) to service a product that has been modified or integrated with other products when the effect of such modification increases the time or difficulty of servicing the product.

This warranty is given by AGICO with respect to this product in lieu of any other warranties, expressed or implied. AGICO and its vendors disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. AGICO’s responsibility to repair or replace defective products is the sole and exclusive remedy provided to the Customer for breach of this warranty. AGICO and its vendors will not be liable for any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages irrespective of whether AGICO or vendor has advance notice of the possibility of such damages.

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General Safety Summary

Review the following safety precautions to avoid and prevent damage to this product or any products connected to it.

Only qualified personnel should perform service procedures.

Convention

Symbol Attention is used to draw attention to a particular information.

Symbol Prohibition is used to accent important instruction, omission of which may cause lost of properties, damage or injury.

Injury Precautions

Use Proper Power Cord. To avoid fire hazard, use only the power cord specified for this product.

Do Not Operate Without Covers. To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, do not operate this product with covers or panels removed.

Fasten Connectors. Do not operate the instrument if all connectors are not properly plugged and fixed by screws.

Do Not Operate in Wet / Damp Conditions. To avoid electric shock, do not operate this product in wet or damp conditions.

Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere. To avoid injury or fire hazard, do not operate this product in an explosive atmosphere.

Disconnect Power Source. To avoid risk of electric shock unplug the instrument from mains before reinstalling or removing unit.

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Product Damage Precautions

Use Proper Power Source. Do not operate this product from a power source that applies more than the voltage specified.

Use Proper Fuses only. Do not use fuses which are not specified by the manufacturer. If a fuse with a different characteristics or value is used, the protection is not effective.

Operator’s Training. Operator should be familiar with operation of the instrument and Safety Regulations.

Use Manufacturer’s Cables Only. Other devices can be connected to the instrument via the appropriate cables only.

Do Not Disconnect Connectors. To avoid damage of the instrument never disconnect any connector while device is on.

Do Not Operate With Suspected Failures. If you suspect there is damage to this product, have it inspected by qualified service personnel.

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Getting Started

In addition to a brief product description, this chapter covers the following topics:

❐ Specifications of Individual Modules.

❐ Declaration of Conformity.

❐ Unpacking Instructions.

❐ Storage and Transportation.

KLY-3S / KLY-3 Description

The KLY-3S / KLY-3 Kappabridge is probably the world's most sensitive commercially available laboratory instrument for measuring bulk magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). In comparison with its predecessor, the KLY-2 Kappabridge, the new instrument has the following new features:

Higher sensitivity.

Automatic zeroing over the entire measuring range.

Autoranging.

Slowly spinning specimen (KLY-3S).

Quicker measurement (KLY-3S).

Easier manipulation.

Only three manual manipulations for measuring AMS (KLY-3S).

Built-in circuitry for controlling the furnace CS-3 and cryostat CS-L.

Full control by computer.

Sophisticated software support.

The Kappabridge apparatus consists of the Pick-Up Unit, Control Unit and User’s Computer. In principle the instrument represents a precision fully automatic inductivity bridge. It is equipped with automatic zeroing system and automatic compensation of the thermal drift of the bridge unbalance as well as automatic switching appropriate measuring range. The measuring coils are designed as 6th-order compensated solenoids with a remarkably high field homogeneity.

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The digital part of the instrument is based on micro-electronic components, with the microprocessor controlling all functions of the Kappabridge. The instrument has no control knobs, it is fully controlled by external computer via serial channel RS-232C.

The KLY-3 version measures the AMS of a static specimen fixed in the manual holder. In the static method, the same as in KLY-2 bridge, the specimen susceptibility is measured in 15 different orientations following rotatable design. From these values six independent components of the susceptibility tensor and statistical errors of its determination are calculated using software SUSAM. The specimen positions are changed manually during measurement.

The KLY-3S version measures the AMS of a spinning specimen fixed in the rotator. In the spinning method, the specimen rotates with small speed of 0.5 r.p.s. inside the coil, subsequently about three axes. From these data, the deviatoric susceptibility tensor can be computed. This tensor carries information only on anisotropic component of the specimens. For obtaining complete susceptibility tensor one complementary measurement of bulk susceptibility must be done.

The main advantages of the new model KLY-3 / KLY-3S are autoranging and autozeroing over the entire measuring range. Automatic zeroing has been extended to both components real and imaginary, the zeroing circuits work in digital way using 16-bit up-down counters and D/A converters. It enables the range of compensation to be extended drastically over the entire measuring range. The output signal is digitalized, raw data are transferred directly to the computer which controls all the instrument functions. These features enable to zero the bridge prior the anisotropy measurement after inserting the specimen into the measuring coil. The ´background´ bulk susceptibility is eliminated and the bridge measures only the susceptibility changes during specimen rotation and thus the most sensitive range can be used. The result is high precision of measurement and determination of principlal directions of susceptibility tensor.

One has to adjust the specimen only in three perpendicular positions. Thus the specimen measurement time was dramatically shortened. The measurement is rapid, about two minutes per specimen, and precise, profiting from many susceptibility determinations in each plane perpendicular to the axis of specimen rotation. The static method of the measurement can also be used.

Software SUSAR combines the measurements in three perpendicular planes plus one bulk value to create a complete susceptibility tensor. The errors in determination of this tensor are estimated using a new method based on multivariate statistics principle.

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KLY-3S / KLY-3 Specifications

Specimen Size1 Spinning Specimen Static SpecimenCylinder Diameter 25.4 mm (+0. 2 , -1. 5) 25.4 mm (+1. 0, -1. 0)

Length 22.0 mm (+0. 5 , -1. 5) 22.0 mm (+2. 0, -2. 0)

Cube 20 mm (+0. 5 , -1. 5) 20 mm (+0.5 , -2. 0)Cube 23 mm (+0.5 , -2. 0)ODP box 26 x 25 x 19.5 mm3Fragments (bulk. susc.) 40 cm3

Pick-up coil inner diameter 43 mmNominal specimen volume 10 cm3Operating frequency 875 HzField intensity 300 Am-1Field homogeneity 0.2 %Measuring range 0 to 0.2 (SI)Sensitivity (typical) Bulk measurement 3 x 10-8 (SI)

AMS measurement (spinning specimen) 2 x 10-8 (SI)Accuracy within one range 0.1 %Accuracy of the range divider 0.3 %Accuracy of the absolute calibration 3 %HF Electromagnetic Field Intensity Resistance 1 Vm-1Power requirements 240, 230, 120, 100 V ±10 %

50 / 60 Hz Power consumption 45 VAOperating temperature range + 15 to + 35 oCRelative humidity max. 80 %Dimensions / Mass

Measuring Unit 260 mm x 160 mm x 250 mm / 4 kgPick-up Unit 240 mm x 320 mm x 330 mm / 11 kgRotator 320 mm x 70 mm x 65 mm / 1 kg

1 Holders for specimens of slightly different size can be supplied on request.

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CS-3 / CS-L Description

The CS-3 Temperature Control Unit has been designed for measurement, in connection with the KLY-3S Kappabridge, of the temperature variation of low-field magnetic susceptibility of minerals, rocks and synthetic materials in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 700 oC. The apparatus consists of non-magnetic Furnace with a special platinum Thermometer, electronic Temperature Control Unit, cooling water Reservoir with Pump, and Argon Flow Meter. The specimen is placed in a measuring vessel which is heated by a platinum wire in three selectable heating rates. The temperature is measured by special platinum thermometer. The protect Argon atmosphere during heating can be applied to prevent oxidation of measured specimen. To perform susceptibility measurement at a chosen temperature range, the equipment moves automatically the furnace into and out of the pick-up coil of the KLY-3S Kappabridge. The quasi-continuous measurement process is fully automated, being controlled by the software SUSTE.

The CS-L Low Temperature Apparatus has been designed for measurement, in connection with the KLY-3S Kappabridge and CS-3 Temperature Control Unit, of the temperature variation of low-field magnetic susceptibility of minerals, rocks and synthetic materials in the temperature range from minus 192 oC to ambient temperature. The apparatus consists of non-magnetic Cryostat with a special platinum Thermometer. The specimen is placed in a measuring vessel which is cooled inside the cryostat by liquid nitrogen and then heated spontaneously to a given temperature. The argon gas is needed for deplenishing the liquid nitrogen out of cryostat. Temperature is measured by special platinum thermometer. The quasi-continuous measurement process, after cooling the specimen, is fully automated, being controlled by the software SUSTEL.

CS-3 / CS-L SpecificationsMaximum specimen volume (fragments or powder) 0.25 cm3Inner diameter of measuring vessel 6.5 mm Sensitivity to susceptibility changes 1 x 10 -7 (SI)Temperature range CS-3 ambient temperature to 700 oCTemperature range CS-L -192 oC to ambient temperatureAccuracy of temperature sensor ± 2 oCPower requirements 240, 230, 120, 100 V ±10 %, 50 / 60 HzPower consumption 350 VADimensions / Mass

Electronic unit 260 mm x 160 mm x 250 mm / 9 kgWater container with Pump 380 mm x 380 mm x 700 mm / 2 kgArgon flow meter 32 mm x 32 mm x 140 mm / 1 kgCryostat diameter 60 mm, length 220 mm / 0.5 kg

Argon gas flow requirement (protect atmosphere) approx. 100 ml min-1Amount of liquid nitrogen (cooling cryostat) approx. 0.5 l for one coolingArgon gas flow requirement (deplenishing cryostat) approx. 20 l min-1 for about 10 s

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CS-23 Description

The CS-23 Apparatus has been designed for users who already have the older Kappabridge KLY-2 and wish to take measurement with CS-3 or CS-L.

The CS-23 Apparatus for KLY-2 Kappabridge consists of KLY-2 / CS-3 Interface Unit and CS-3 Temperature Control Unit with Furnace, and Up-Down Extension mechanism which moves automatically the furnace or cryostat into and out of the Pick-Up Coil of the KLY-2 Kappabridge. The measurement process is controlled by the software SUSTE23 for high temperature measurement with furnace or by software SUSTE23L in case of low temperature measurement with cryostat.

KLY-2 / CS-3 Interface Unit SpecificationPower requirements 240, 230, 120, 100 V ±10 %

50 / 60 Hz Power consumption 40 VAOperating temperature range + 15 to + 35 oCRelative humidity max. 80 %Dimensions / Mass

Interface Unit 260 mm x 160 mm x 250 mm / 4 kg

Extension Up-Down Mechanism 240 mm x 320 mm x 140 mm / 5 kg

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EC Declaration of Conformity

We declare that the Modular system for measuring magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and temperature variation of magnetic susceptibility

KLY-3 / KLY-3S / CS-3 / CS-L / CS-23 conforms to :

EN 55 011 Class B Radiated and Conducted Emissions.

EN 61 000-3-2 Emissions Power Harmonics

EN 61 000-3-3

EN 61 000-4-2 Immunity Electrostatic Discharge

EN 61 000-4-3 RF Radiated

EN 61 000-4-4 Fast Transients

EN 61 000-4-5 Surge

EN 61 000-4-6

EN 61 000-4-11

EN 61 010-1 Safety

Overvoltage Category Class II Equipment

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Interconnection Scheme KLY-3 / CS-3

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Unpacking Instructions

Remove carefully the instrument and its accessories from the box and packing material, referring to the packing list included to confirm that everything has been delivered. Briefly inspect each item for shipping damage. If anything is missing or damaged, contact the manufacturer or your dealer immediately. You may want to retain the box and other packing material in case later you need to ship the instrument.

Storage and Transportation

The properly wrapped instrument can be stored and transported at a temperature -20 oC to + 55 oC and relative humidity up to 80 %. In both cases the instrument should be stored in suitable premises, free of dust and chemical evaporation.

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Installation Procedures

The first installation and training is performed exclusively by the AGICO technician or by the authorised representatives. If you need later to reinstall the apparatus, due to the removing the instrument to another place or any other reasons, be sure the following conditions are met to achieve guaranteed parameters.

Choosing the place

Place the apparatus to a room with relatively magnetically clean environment.

The instrument must not be placed near sources of alternating magnetic field, e.g. big transformers, electric motors, electricity power source wires, thermal sources etc.

Do not place the instrument near thermal and electrical sources and prevent the pick-up coils from direct sunshine. The pick-up coils must not be exposed to heat from the sun or from other sources, which would affect the precision of measurement.

Do not place the pick-up coils near the other instruments or computer’s monitors.

Do not place the instrument to a draughty room. Air condition may sometimes cause higher thermal drift of coils, prevent the direct air flowing in the room .

The temperature in the room should be stable as much as possible. The temperature variation in the room should not exceed 2 oC / hour.

Place the instrument and pick-up unit on a wooden table with good stability which has no iron loop under working desk.

It is recommended to place the pick-up unit on a separate stand or a small table which should be of such a height so that the middle of the pick-up unit coincides with the level of the working table. This arrangement makes the operation easier.

During measurement prevent motion of magnetically significant parts (metal parts of chairs, doors, furniture, watches, rings, tools, components of your clothes, etc.)

Interconnection of Units

Fig. 1 shows the Interconnection Scheme. If you are installing only Kappabridge do not care CS-3 unit and its accessories. Be sure the instrument is unplugged from mains during connecting the cables. Fix the connectors by screws, plug the mains socket and switch the Kappabridge on.

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19

Testing the communication with computer

Copy the software SUSAR and SUSAM (for KLY-3) to your computer exactly in the same structure as it is on original diskette and run program SUSAR.EXE or SUSAM.EXE.

After the program is started the communication of the instrument with your computer via serial channel RS-232C is tested automatically each time you run the program SUSAR or SUSAM. If there is something wrong in the communication, the following message appears on the screen :

#### RS-232 COMMUNICATION ERROR

Current communication port: COM1

For change edit the file SUSAR.SAV

In this case it is recommended to switch the instrument off and to check the connection of the instrument with the computer as well as to check whether the correct serial port number is set in the configuration file SUSAR.SAV or SUSAM.SAV.

If the number of the serial channel should be changed, it can be done using any text editor (for example the NORTON Commander).

One must be very careful in this operation, because the SUSAR.SAV file is the random access file and the port number must be changed only through overwriting the number, but without affecting the other information contained in the file and retaining the original format of the file. Then, the program should be started once again after switching on the instrument.

If the communication is O.K., the following information subsequently appear on the screen of the computer :

SUSAR program :

In case the initialization of the Up/Down Mechanism, of the Rotator and the Zeroing of the bridge were successful :

Initialization in progress...

** LEVEL SET

** AUTO RANGE

Zeroing in progress ...

** END OF ZEROING

** READY

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SUSAM program :

In case the Zeroing of the bridge was successful :

** AUTO RANGE

Zeroing in progress ...

** END OF ZEROING

These information inform the user of the current activities of the instrument. In case the communication test was successful, and there are no other problems, the offer of the MAIN MANU appears. For detailed information and explanation of the main menu see chapter Operating Basics. Press to quit the program.

In the case that something fails during initialization for some reasons (for example, too strong disturbing magnetic fields in the vicinity of the pick up coil) the following message appears :

F A T A L E R R O R

E7 ZEROING ERROR (blinking)

Press any key to return to AUX menu

If you wish to finish the program press .

Testing the magnetic environment

Connect the multimeter (using a single two-wire cable - it is in the holder box) to the KLY-3S control unit rear panel.

Run program SUSAM.EXE.

In the MAIN menu select function Key 10 AUX, then function Key 8 ZERO, which starts the zeroing process. (During zeroing you can hear the sound whose frequency is approximately proportional to the level of unbalance of the bridge).

Immediately after and only after you obtain message ** END OF ZEROING, read the voltage level on the multimeter. This voltage is approximately proportional to the level of magnetic environmental background, should not be higher than 1 Volt and should not be changing quickly.

If you do not use notebook with LCD display (we recommend it), take attention to your PC monitor. The monitor distance from pick-up coils and its azimuth position can have sometimes great influence. Try to rotate the monitor and/or pick-up coils about the vertical axis, zero the bridge again, read the voltage value on multimeter. Repeat several times and try to find the best configuration, when the voltage value is minimal. Usually it is possible to obtain about 0.5 V, but there is no reason to be nervous if it is higher but below 1 V.

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Operating Basics

This chapter covers the following topics:

❐ Measuring of AMS using KLY-3 and program SUSAM

Measuring Menu of the SUSAM

❐ Measuring of AMS using KLY-3S and program SUSAR

Measuring Menu of the SUSAR

❐ Auxiliary Menu of the SUSAM and SUSAR

❐ Appendices

List of Magnetic Anisotropy Factors

Structures of Data Files

Selection of Coordinate Systems

Geological Locality Data

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Measuring of AMS Using Program SUSAM

Purpose

This program serves for on line measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of rocks using the KLY-3 Kappabridge (static specimen method). During measurement process, the susceptibility of the specimen is measured subsequently in 15 directions following the rotatable design in exactly the same way as in the KLY-2 Kappabridge. Using the least squares method, the susceptibility tensor is fit to these measurements of the 15 directional susceptibilities and the errors of the fit are calculated. The results of the measurement, in the form of various parameters derived from the susceptibility tensor and orientations of the directions of the principal susceptibilities in various coordinate systems, are presented on the screen, can be printed using the line printer or written on the disk. The tensor elements together with orientations of mesoscopic foliations and lineations can be also written on the disk (into standard AMS file which is binary random access file) from where they can be read in advanced processing.

Running Program

After the SUSAM.EXE is started, the information how to terminate the program appears on the screen

EXIT ,

the communication of the instrument with the computer is tested and the bridge is automatically zeroed.

If there is no zeroing problem, the offer of the MAIN MENU appears

1 15dir 2 Corr 3 4 5 Eval 6 ActVol 7 Help 8 9 Kill 10 Aux

This menu serves for the measurement of the specimen using program SUSAM.

Do not forget to install the plastic cylinder into the coil before the measurement with SUSAM program.

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Measuring Menu of Susam

The individual function keys start the following activities:

F1 - measurement of the AMS in 15 directions

F2 - correction (repetition) of current position

F5 - evaluation of the measured data (activated only after the measurements F1 are completed)

F6 - setting up the actual volume of the measured specimen

F7 - invoking the HELP page

F9 - breaking the current activities and clearing current specimen data

F10 - activation of the AUXILIARY MENU

Function Key 1 15dir SusamThis procedure serves for the measurement of 15 directional susceptibilities. The design of the 15 directions is shown in the Fig. 2. The position design is the same for the cubic and cylindrical specimens. After pressing F1, the following picture appears on the screen

DATA MEASURED RESIDUALS

Next direction 1

Press to continue

One puts the specimen into the holder in the position 1 (see Fig. 2), presses the SpaceBar key and waits the computer's beep. Then, one inserts the specimen into the measuring coil from where one pulls it out after the second beep. Then, one changes the specimen's position and continues analogously until all the 15 directional susceptibilities are measured.

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Measuring positions of the specimen SUSAM

Fig. 2 Measuring positions of the specimen

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The results look like in the following example

DATA MEASURED RESIDUALS in %

30.41E-03 32.25E-03 31.54E-03 -0.12 -0.19 0.03

31.27E-03 31.42E-03 31.79E-03 -0.11 -0.13 0.05

30.60E-03 31.20E-03 32.63E-03 -0.13 -0.28 -0.12

30.44E-03 32.33E-03 31.60E-03 -0.02 -0.05 0.24

30.29E-03 31.45E-03 31.85E-03 -0.03 -0.02 0.22

Std. error :0.18

Anisotropy test : 356.1 322.9 135.6

Confidence angles : 3.3 5.1 2.0

1 2 Corr 3 4 5 Eval 6 7 8 9 Kill 10 Aux

The three columns DATA MEASURED show the values of 15 directional susceptibilities measured. The data RESIDUALS represent the deviations of the measured and fitted data. After fitting the susceptibility ellipsoid to the measured data using the least squares method, the susceptibility in each measuring direction is calculated from the fitted tensor and subtracted from the measured value; this is the residual. The residuals are the lower the higher is the measuring accuracy and better fit. Ideally, the residuals are as low as the measuring errors of individual directional susceptibilities. Std. error is the mean value of the absolute values of the residuals.

The quality of the measurement can be evaluated also from the values of Anisotropy test and Confidence angles. The Anisotropy test values are the values of the F-test for anisotropy/isotropy and for triaxial/rotational prolate and for triaxial/rotational oblate ellipsoids. If the left value is higher than 3.48, then the differences between the principal susceptibilities determined by measurement compared to measuring errors are great enough that the specimen can be considered anisotropic from the statistical point of view (on the 95 % level of significance). If the central and right values are higher than 4.25, then the ellipsoid is triaxial. The Confidence angles values are those of the angles defining the statistical accuracy of the determination of the directions of the individual principal susceptibilities on the 95 % level of significance (for more details see AGICO Print No. 1).

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Function Key 2 Corr SusamThis key may be activated during and after the 15 directional susceptibilities are measured (during the measurement pressing Corr sets the position number to the current position minus one). It enables any imprecisely measured directional susceptibility to be re-measured. After complete measurement and after pressing F2, one has to input the Direction to be repeated and re-measure the corresponding directional susceptibility. The proper specimen position should be prepared before pressing F2 key. The re-measurements in various directions can be repeated until the expected accuracy is reached.

Function Key 5 Eval SusamThis procedure evaluates the measured data through the determination of the susceptibility tensor and its related parameters. Before this procedure is activated, it is possible to repeat measurement of any of the 15 directional susceptibilities in order to get the best data for the evaluation. After the evaluation is once started, neither of the directional susceptibilities can be re-measured; only the whole specimen can be re-measured.

If the Eval procedure is started for the first time, the following questions subsequently appear on the screen

Path ? drive:\ dir1\dir2\...\ ...current

Name of file ? without extension, 8 chars max.

Each of associated files contains x record(s)

Specimen name (# means new file) ?

After the above information are input, the question appears for the way of inputting the geological orientation data

➪ Select:

Using geological file [1]

Manual input from memo-book [2]

Non-oriented specimen [3]

➪ One selects [1] if the data should be read from the geological data file created earlier (the geological data file can be created using the program EFILE of the ANISOFT program package, see AGICO Print No. 7) which is located in the same directory as the standard AMS file being measured. The reading is made automatically by the computer. The geological data are used in the calculations and also copied into the standard AMS file (see Appendix 2).

➪ If one selects [2], the following questions appear on the screen

27

MANUAL INPUT FROM MEMO-BOOK

2 sampling angles ?

One inputs the angles of the orientation of the specimen, the first is azimuth of the fiducial mark of the specimen, the second is the dip or plunge of the fiducial mark, for details see the AGICO Print No. 6.

Number of tectonic systems (0 to 2):

If 0 is input (for example if non-foliated and non-lineated volcanic or plutonic rock is measured), no other geological data are input.

If 1 or 2 is input, the following data must also be input

1: Code, 4 tectonic angles ?

The two-character code characterizes the measured mesoscopic foliation and lineation, the angles are azimuth of the dip (or strike if the orientation parameter P4 is 90), dip of the first mesoscopic foliation, trend, plunge of the first mesoscopic lineation, respectively. If only foliation exists, the second character in the code must be zero and the last two angles are also zeros.

If 2 is input, the following data must also be input

2: Code, 4 tectonic angles ?

The two-character code characterizes the measured mesoscopic foliation and lineation, the angles are azimuth of the dip (or strike if the orientation parameter P4 is 90), dip of the second mesoscopic foliation, trend, plunge of the second mesoscopic lineation, respectively. If only foliation exists, the second character of the code must be zero and the last two angles are also zeros.

➪ If one selects [3], no angle data are necessary.

After the geological data are input the program displays the results and after pressing ESC key, the program asks

Output to file [Y/N] = YES

Output to printer [Y/N] = NO

These questions concern the calculated data which appear later on the screen. They can be written to the file on the disk and/or on the paper using the line printer. If they are written on the disk, they are written as an ASCII file in the same format as they appear on the screen (later they can be re-printed on the paper if necessary). The extension of this file is ASC and the file is located in the same directory as the standard AMS file.

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After measuring the second or later specimen only the question for the specimen name appears on the screen. The data are handled in the same way as those of the first specimen. If one wishes to change the file, one inputs # instead of the specimen name and the inputting is made as in the first specimen.

Then, the calculated data are shown on the screen in the form whose example is shown on the next page. The meaning of the presented results is as follows :

Azi first orientation angle (mostly azimuth of the dip or strike of the fiducial mark on the specimen)

Dip second orientation angle (dip of the fiducial mark or plunge of the cylinder axis)

O.P. orientation parameters (see the section OrPar)

Nom.vol. nominal volume of the used pick up unit (mostly 10cm3)

Act.vol. the volume of the specimen measured (in cm3)

Demag.fac. information whether the demagnetizing factor of the specimen was considered in the calculation of the mean susceptibility

Holder susceptibility of the holder (measured in the section Hol)

T1 code for the first pair of mesoscopic foliation and lineation

F1 orientation angles for the first foliation

L1 orientation angles for the first lineation

T2 code for the second pair of mesoscopic foliation and lineation

F2 orientation angles for the second foliation

L2 orientation angles for the second lineation

Mean mean susceptibility

Norming factor norming factor for calculation of the normed susceptibility tensor

Standard err. [%] error in fitting the susceptibility tensor of the measured data

F, F12, F23 statistics for anisotropy, triaxiality and uniaxiality testing

Normed principal susceptibilities principal susceptibilities normed by the norming factor and errors in their determination

29

95% confidence angles, E12, E23, E13 confidence angles (on the 95 % probability level) in the determination of the orientations of the principal susceptibilities

Anisotropy factors values of the selected anisotropy parameters

Principal directions orientations of principal susceptibilities (in decreasing succession) as declination (D) and inclination (I) in various coordinate systems

Normed tensor values of the normed susceptibility tensor in the appropriate coordinate system; the upper line gives the diagonal tensor elements (consecutively K11, K22, K33),while the lower line gives the non-diagonal elements (K12, K23, K13)

30

NJC8-1 ANISOTROPY OF SUSCEPTIBILITY PROGRAM SUSAM******Azi 30 O.P. : 12 0 3 90 Nom. vol. 10.00Dip 60 Demag. fac. : NO Holder -5.15E-06 Act. vol. 8.00

T1 F1 L1 T2 F2 L2CD 100/20 30/40 SO 140/60 70/80

Mean Norming Standard Tests for anisotropysusc. factor err. [%] F F12 F23

199.2E-06 199.2E-06 0.22 271.2 33.9 363.7Normed principal 95% confidence anglessusceptibilities E12 E23 E13

1.0323 1.0139 0.9537 10.1 3.1 2.4+- 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014

Anisotropy factors (principal values positive)L F P 'P T U Q E

1.018 1.063 1.0821.087 0.546 0.532 0.265 1.044Principal directions Normed tensor

Specimen D 241 76 344 0.9591 1.01151.0294system I 4 3 85 0.0166 -0.0041 -0.0080

Geograph D 164 278 13 0.9695 1.01171.0188system I 63 11 24 -0.0119 -0.0029 -0.0288Paleo 1 D 127 264 8 0.9654 1.01761.0169system I 51 31 21 0.0162 0.00940.0074Tecto 1 D 187 324 68 1.0141 0.96901.0169system I 51 31 21 0.0173 0.0211 -0.0151Paleo 2 D 91 187 356 0.9818 1.03200.9862system I 5 47 43 0.0018 0.0036 -0.0368Tecto 2 D 111 207 16 0.9865 1.02730.9862system I 5 47 43 -0.0126 -0.0072 -0.0294

➪ The data page can be left by pressing ESC key.

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Function Key 6 ActVol SusamThis procedure serves for inputting the actual volume of the measured specimen. If all the specimens measured in a particular collection have the same volume, it is sufficient to input this volume only once. If the volume varies from specimen to specimen, it is necessary, before or after the measurement of each specimen (but at least before the evaluation of the measured data), to input the correct volume of the measured specimen.

After starting this procedure, the volume written in the configuration file appears on the screen in the following form :

Actual volume ccm

10

Any changes [Y/N] ?

If the volume of the measured specimen is the same, one only hits ENTER, while if the volume is different, one should input Y and then the actual volume of the measured specimen.

Function Key 7 Help SusamThis key invokes the help procedure. To quit help page press ESC key.

Function Key 9 Kill SusamThis key breaks the current activities and clears the measured and input specimen data.

Function Key 10 Aux SusamThis key switches the program to the AUXILIARY MENU.

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Measuring of AMS Using Program SUSAR

Purpose

This program serves for on line measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of rocks using the KLY-3S Kappabridge (spinning specimen method). During measurement, the specimen slowly rotates subsequently about three perpendicular axes. The bridge is zeroed after inserting the specimen into the measuring coil so that susceptibility differences are measured during specimen spinning (64 measurements are made during one spin) which results in very sensitive determination of the anisotropic component of the susceptibility tensor profiting from the measurement on the lowest possible and therefore most sensitive range. Then, one bulk susceptibility value is measured along one axis and the complete susceptibility tensor is combined from these measurements. The measured data, in the form of various parameters derived from the susceptibility tensor and orientations of directions of the principal susceptibilities in various coordinate systems, are presented on the screen, can be printed using the line printer or written on the disk (into a sequential ASCII file). The tensor elements together with orientations of mesoscopic foliations and lineations can be also written on the disk (into standard AMS file which is binary random access file) from where they can be read in advanced processing.

Running Program

After the SUSAR.EXE is started, the information how to terminate the program appears on the screen

EXIT

and the communication of the instrument with the computer is automatically tested.

If communication failed check configuration file SUSAR.SAV (see also the chapter Testing the communication with computer).

If the communication is O.K., the following information subsequently appear on the screen of the computer

Initialization in progress...

** LEVEL SET

** AUTO RANGE

Zeroing in progress ...

** END OF ZEROING

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** READY

These are information of the current activities of the instrument.

In the case that initialization or zeroing failed for some reasons (for example, too strong disturbing magnetic fields in the vicinity of the pick up coil) the following message appears

F A T A L E R R O R

E7 ZEROING ERROR (blinking)

Press any key to abort program

If there is no initialization or zeroing problem, the offer of the MAIN MENU appears

1 Ax1 2 Ax2 3 Ax3 4 Bulk3 5 Eval 6 ActVol 7 Help 8 Stop 9 Kill 10Aux

This menu serves for the measurement of the specimen using program SUSAR.

Do not forget to remove the plastic cylinder from the coil in case the SUSAM program was used in the last session.

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Measuring Menu of SUSAR

The individual function keys start the following activities:

F1 the specimen spins about the x1 axis (measurement of the AMS in the x2,x3 plane of the specimen - Position No.1)

F2 the specimen spins about the x2 axis (measurement of the AMS in the x2,x3 plane of the specimen - Position No.2)

F3 the specimen spins about the x3 axis (measurement of the AMS in the x1,x2 plane of the specimen - Position No.3)

F4 measurement of the bulk susceptibility in the Position No.3

F5 evaluation of the measured data (activated only after the measurements F1 to F4 are completed)

F6 setting up the actual volume of the measured specimen

F7 invoking the HELP page

F8 stops the current measurement and sets up the rotator to the initial position

F9 the program breaks the current activities and clears current specimen data

F10 activation of the AUXILIARY MENU

Function Key 1 Ax1 SusarThis procedure serves for the measurement of the AMS in the x1,x2 plane (the specimen spins about the x1 axis). The spinning is very slow (one revolution per 2 seconds) and the susceptibility is measured 64 times during one revolution. As the bridge is zeroed with the specimen inserted into the measuring coil before the specimen starts spinning, the susceptibility differences are measured between the susceptibilities along the respective directions and that of the direction in which the bridge was zeroed. This way of measurement is very advantageous, because one measures only the anisotropic component of the susceptibility which is much lower than the bulk component and one can profit from the higher accuracy of the measurement made on the more sensitive range.

Before pressing Key F1, one has to fix the specimen into the specimen holder in the measuring position No. 1 (see Fig. 3).

After pressing F1, the specimen is inserted into the specimen coil, the bridge is zeroed and the specimen starts spinning; during spinning the specimen susceptibility is measured.

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Measuring positions of the specimen SUSAR

The results are presented in the form as in the following example

Ax Range Cosine Sine Error Error%

1 1 -5.709E-06 -2.102E-06 8.2E-09 0.14

Ax means that the specimen spinned about the x1 axis (the measurement was made in the x2,x3 plane - Position No.1).

Range informs us of the range on which the anisotropy was measured (this is only formal information, because the instrument has a fully autoranging feature).

Cosine and Sine give the values of the cosine and sine components, respectively, of the average anisotropy curve.

Error gives the standard deviation of the individual curves from the average curve.

Error% gives this deviation divided by the amplitude value.

Fig. 3 Measuring positions of the specimen

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The Error you obtain in each of three AMS axes measurement is standard deviation of the individual curves (there are two sine wave curves for one physical revolution) from the average curve and the Error% gives this deviation divided by the amplitude value. This errors has only informative meaning and reflect the ratio between the noise and aniso signal for measurement in one plane only. Thus it depends not only on absolute susceptibility of the specimen measured but mainly on the degree of anisotropy in an individual plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In case there is no anisotropy in one of the three planes this error may be over 100% and has no physical meaning. In case the anisotropy in one plane has "reasonable" value, the usual value is lower 5%, but it does not reflect the quality of the measurement, but the level of anisotropy in one plane. On the other hand it is clear that the sensitivity of the instrument influeces this error. For judgement of the quality of AMS measurement, use F test numbers and 95% confidence angles. The general rule is follow. If the F numbers are high (let say at least above 5) the confidence angles are low and principal direction (directions) is (are) very well defined. The sensitivity of AMS measurement on KLY-3S is 30x10-9, the anisotropy of the specimens with mean susc. about 5x10-6 SI can be measured, but the confidence angles may be in some cases higher, it depends on type of anisotropy.

Function Key 2 Ax2 SusarThis procedure serves for the measurement of the AMS in the x1,x3 plane (the specimen spins about the x2 axis - Position No.2 ) in the same way as in the previous case.

Function Key 3 Ax3 SusarThis procedure serves for the measurement of the AMS in the x1,x2 plane (the specimen spins about the x3 axis - Position No.3 ) in the same way as in the previous case.

Function Key 4 Bulk3 SusarThis procedure measures the bulk susceptibility along the x1 axis (corresponding to the specimen in the third measurement position). After pressing F4, the bridge is zeroed, the specimen is inserted into the measuring coil and the bulk susceptibility is measured.

The knowledge of the bulk susceptibility along the x1 axis is necessary in the construction of the complete susceptibility tensor from the deviatoric tensor (based on susceptibility differences) and one bulk value

37

Function Key 5 Eval SusarThis procedure evaluates the measured data through the determination of the susceptibility tensor and its related parameters. Before this procedure is activated, it is possible to repeat any of the procedures Ax1, Ax2, Ax3, Bulk3 in order to get the best data for the evaluation. When any of the above procedures is completed, the denotation of the respective key is supplemented by an asterisk *. After the evaluation is once started, neither of the above procedures can be repeated; only the whole specimen can be re-measured.

If the Eval procedure is started for the first time, the following questions subsequently appear on the screen

Path ? drive:\ dir1\dir2\...\ ...current

Name of file ? without extension, 8 chars max.

Each of associated files contains x record(s)

Specimen name (# means new file) ?

After the above information are input, the question appears for the way of inputting the geological orientation data

➪ Select:

Using geological file [1]

Manual input from memo-book [2]

Non-oriented specimen [3]

➪ One selects [1] if the data should be read from the geological data file created earlier (the geological data file can be created using the program EFILE of the ANISOFT program package, see AGICO Print No. 7) which is located in the same directory as the standard AMS file being measured. The reading is made automatically by the computer. The geological data are used in the calculations and also copied into the standard AMS file (see Appendix 2).

➪ If one selects [2], the following questions appear on the screen

MANUAL INPUT FROM MEMO-BOOK

2 sampling angles ?

One inputs the angles of the orientation of the specimen, the first is azimuth of the fiducial mark of the specimen, the second is the dip or plunge of the fiducial mark, for details see the AGICO Print No. 6.

Number of tectonic systems (0 to 2):

If 0 is input (for example if non-foliated and non-lineated volcanic or plutonic rock is measured), no other geological data are input.

38

If 1 or 2 is input, the following data must also be input

1: Code, 4 tectonic angles ?

The two-character code characterizes the measured mesoscopic foliation and lineation, the angles are azimuth of the dip (or strike if the orientation parameter P4 is 90), dip of the first mesoscopic foliation, trend, plunge of the first mesoscopic lineation, respectively. If only foliation exists, the second character in the code must be zero and the last two angles are also zeros.

If 2 is input, the following data must also be input

2: Code, 4 tectonic angles ?

The two-character code characterizes the measured mesoscopic foliation and lineation, the angles are azimuth of the dip (or strike if the orientation parameter P4 is 90), dip of the second mesoscopic foliation, trend, plunge of the second mesoscopic lineation, respectively. If only foliation exists, the second character of the code must be zero and the last two angles are also zeros.

➪ If one selects [3], no angle data are necessary.

After the geological data are input the program displays the results and after pressing ESC key, the program asks

Output to file [Y/N] = YES

Output to printer [Y/N] = NO

These questions concern the calculated data which appear later on the screen. They can be written to the file on the disk and/or on the paper using the line printer. If they are written on the disk, they are written as an ASCII file in the same format as they appear on the screen (later they can be re-printed on the paper if necessary). The extension of this file is ASC and the file is located in the same directory as the standard AMS file.

After measuring the second or later specimen only the question for the specimen name appears on the screen. The data are handled in the same way as those of the first specimen. If one wishes to change the file, one inputs # instead of the specimen name and the inputting is made as in the first specimen.

Then, the calculated data are shown on the screen in the form whose example is shown on the next page. The meaning of the presented results is as follows :

39

Azi first orientation angle (mostly azimuth of the dip or strike of the fiducial mark on the specimen)

Dip second orientation angle (dip of the fiducial mark or plunge of the cylinder axis)

O.P. orientation parameters (see the section OrPar)

Nom.vol. nominal volume of the used pick up unit (mostly 10cm3)

Act.vol. the volume of the specimen measured (in cm3)

Demag.fac. information whether the demagnetizing factor of the specimen was considered in the calculation of the mean susceptibility

Holder susceptibility of the holder (measured in the section Hol)

T1 code for the first pair of mesoscopic foliation and lineation

F1 orientation angles for the first foliation

L1 orientation angles for the first lineation

T2 code for the second pair of mesoscopic foliation and lineation

F2 orientation angles for the second foliation

L2 orientation angles for the second lineation

Mean mean susceptibility

Norming factor norming factor for calculation of the normed susceptibility tensor(equal to the absolute value of the mean susceptibility)

Standard err. [%] error in fitting the susceptibility tensor of the measured data

F, F12, F23 statistics for anisotropy, triaxiality and uniaxiality testing

Normed principal susceptibilities principal susceptibilities normed by the norming factor and errors in their determination

95% confidence angles, E12, E23, E13 confidence angles (on the 95 % probability level) in the determination of the orientations of the principal susceptibilities

40

Anisotropy factors values of the selected anisotropy parameters

Principal directions orientations of principal susceptibilities (in decreasing succession) as declination (D) and inclination (I) in various coordinate systems

Normed tensor values of the normed susceptibility tensor in the appropriate coordinate system; the upper line gives the diagonal tensor elements (consecutively K11, K22, K33),while the lower line gives the non-diagonal elements (K12, K23, K13)

41

9-4-1 ANISOTROPY OF SUSCEPTIBILITY PROGRAM SUSAR*****Azi 30 O.P. : 12 0 3 90 Nom. vol. 10.00Dip 60 Demag. fac. : NO Holder -1.67E-06 Act. vol. 11.00

T1 F1 L1 T2 F2 L2CD 100/20 30/40 SO 140/60 70/80

Mean Norming Standard Tests for anisotropysusc. factor err. [%] F F12 F23

127.9E-06 127.9E-06 0.042 2953.2 2055.3 1564.5Normed principal 95% confidence anglessusceptibilities Ax1 Ax2 Ax3

1.0304 0.9985 0.9711 1.6 1.9 0.9+- 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.9 1.6 1.9

Anisotropy factors (principal values positive)L F P 'P T U Q E

1.032 1.028 1.0611.061 -0.063 -0.078 0.738 0.996Principal directions Normed tensor

Specimen D 283 193 68 1.0000 1.0280.9715system I 4 3 85 -0.0069 0.0046 0.0004

Geograph D 40 146 305 1.0095 0.99730.9932system I 9 60 28 0.0254 0.0124 -0.0028Paleo 1 D 34 152 284 1.0153 0.98900.9957system I 26 44 35 0.0162 0.01940.0074Tecto 1 D 94 212 344 0.9815 1.02280.9957system I 26 44 35 0.0033 0.0161 -0.0131Paleo 2 D 229 42 133 0.9878 0.98681.0254system I 67 23 2 0.0160 -0.0095 -0.0068Tecto 2 D 249 62 153 0.9774 0.99721.0254system I 67 23 2 0.0126 -0.0112 -0.0031

➪ The data page can be left by pressing ESC key

42

Function Key 6 ActVol SusarThis procedure serves for inputting the actual volume of the measured specimen. If all the specimens measured in a particular collection have the same volume, it is sufficient to input this volume only once. If the volume varies from specimen to specimen, it is necessary, before or after the measurement of each specimen (but at least before the evaluation of the measured data), to input the correct volume of the measured specimen.

After starting this procedure, the volume written in the configuration file appears on the screen in the following form :

Actual volume ccm

10

Any changes [Y/N] ?

If the volume of the measured specimen is the same, one only hits ENTER, while if the volume is different, one should input Y and then the actual volume of the measured specimen.

Function Key 7 Help SusarThis key invokes the help procedure. To quit help page press ESC key.

Function Key 8 Stop SusarThis key stops the current measurement and sets up the rotator to the initial position.

Function Key 9 Kill SusarThis key breaks the current activities and clears the measured and input specimen data.

Function Key 10 Aux SusarThis key switches the program to the AUXILIARY MENU.

43

Auxiliary Menu of SUSAR and SUSAM

This menu is usually used to input the auxiliary information into the program useful during the measurement of all the specimens in one measuring shift.

Convention

To help you quickly find the information, the name of the Key of the Auxiliary Menu is denoted as Function AKey, instead of Function Key in Measuring (Main) Menu, to underline that the key of Auxiliary menu is mentioned. Examples of measurement values are expressed in Italic.

After activating Auxiliary menu, the following offer appears in SUSAR program

1 Bulk 2 Etal 3 Cal 4 Hol 5 Orpar 6 Anfac 7 Help 8 U/D 9 Kill 10 Main

In the program Susam the menu is the same except the Key8 Zero

The individual keys start the following procedures:

F1 measurement of the bulk susceptibility only (without AMS) of a specimen. It can be useful in susceptibility monitoring between demagnetization steps in palaeomagnetism.

F2 checking and/or inputting the susceptibility value for the used calibration standard

F3 instrument calibration

F4 measurement of the susceptibility of the specimen holder

F5 checking and/or setting up the values of the orientation parameters

F6 checking and/or setting up the set of the parameters characterizing the rock AMS

F7 invoking the help procedure

F8 zeroing of the bridge / checking the Up and Down movement

F9 the program breaks the current activities

F10 return to the MAIN MENU

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Function AKey 1 BulkThis procedure serves for measurement of the bulk susceptibility (for example in monitoring the susceptibility changes due to the demagnetization steps in palaeomagnetism).

After starting the procedure, the following information appear on the screen :

Measurement of bulk susceptibility only

------------------------------------------------------

The current holder susceptibility : -2.57 E-6

New measurement of holder [Y/N] ?

If one inputs Y, the procedure Key 4 Hol is made. If one inputs N or , the proper measurement follows.

Any measurement is started by pressing . Then the bridge is zeroed, wait for a beep and insert the specimen into the pick-up coil, wait for second beep and pullthe specimen out.

To finish measurements, type Q

N Specimen Bulk

1 XY -4.58E-06

2 STANDARD 82.75E-03

3 Q

After inserting the specimen into the specimen holder and inputting the specimen name, the bulk susceptibility is measured using manual holder. The measurement is terminated after inputting Q instead of the specimen name. The bulk susceptibility is calculated using the specimen volume which is entered in procedure Key 6 ActVol.

Function AKey 2 Etal Susar

This procedure serves for checking and setting the nominal values of the calibration standard.

Please note that the instrument is calibrated by two values. This is because the calibration standard gives not only the directional bulk susceptibility value, but

45

also the anisotropy which is derived from the susceptibility along the x3 axis of the standard and from that along the direction perpendicular to the x3 axis.

After activating this procedure through pressing the AKey F2, the following information appear on the computer screen.

Etalon Bulk-max Bulk-min

77.29E-03 21.85E-03

Any Changes [Y/N]

If both the Bulk-max and Bulk-min values are the same as those written on the etalon to be used for the instrument calibration, one inputs N or and the procedure is terminated.

If any or both the values are different, one has to input Y and then the correct values of both the Bulk-max and Bulk-min. Then, the procedure is finished.

Note: If you change the calibration standard nominal value(s), the GainA and GainB is reset to 1.000 and Holder is reset to zero. (See AKey 3 and AKey 4).

Function AKey 2 Etal SusamAfter activating this procedure through pressing the AKey F2, the following information appear on the computer screen

Etalon Susc.

77.29E-03 (the higher value of the two written on the standard)

Any Changes [Y/N]

If the Susc. value is the same as the higher one written on the standard to be used for the instrument calibration, one inputs N or and the procedure is terminated.

If the value is different, one has to input Y and then the correct value. Then, the procedure is finished.

Note: If you change the calibration standard nominal value, the Gain is reset to 1.000 and Holder is reset to zero. (See AKey 3 and AKey 4).

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Function AKey 3 Cal Susar

This procedure serves for the calibration of the instrument. This calibration is made as for the bulk susceptibility value along the x3 axis of the standard as well as for the anisotropy represented by the susceptibility difference between the standard susceptibility along the x3 axis and the perpendicular direction (the standard is fixed in the holder in the first measuring position, see Fig. 3).

After activating this procedure through pressing the AKey F3, the calibration procedure starts and the following information subsequently appear on the computer screen

Bulk Cos Sin Delta GainA GainB

OLD 77.29E-03 27.72E-03 0.00E+00 -37.2 1.0898 1.0987

MEAS 70.92E-03 20.81E-03 14.49E-03 0.0 1.0000 1.0000

NEW 77.29E-03 27.72E-03 0.00E+00 -34.9 1.0899 1.0932

➪ Press any key to complete calibrating

Bulk displays the values of the bulk susceptibility of the standard along the x3 axis.

Cos shows the value of the cosine component of the anisotropy of the standard.

Sin shows the value of the sine component of the anisotropy of the standard.

Delta value represents the phase lag of the measured signal relatively to the position of the spinning specimen. This lag is mainly due to the phase characteristics of the output low-pass filter.

GainA is the correction for getting the total gain for the anisotropy to be measured precisely.

GainB is the correction for getting the total gain for the bulk susceptibility to be measured precisely.

The line headed OLD gives the above data of the last calibration corresponding to those written in the configuration file.

The line MEAS gives the data for the actually measured standard assuming that the Delta value equals 0, while the GainA and GainB values equal 1.000.

47

The line headed NEW shows the result of the above measurement, but with proper new corrections (GainA, GainB, Delta). The constants GainA, GainB and Delta are also written into the configuration file.

The data are systematically checked to warn, if needed, the operator (error level 1) or to prevent writing results into the configuration file (error level 2). Thus, the GainA and GainB values should be within the interval 0.8 to 1.2 absolutely, otherwise the error of level 2 (Press any key to abort calibration) is indicated.

Function AKey 3 Cal SusamThis procedure serves for the calibration of the instrument. After pressing AKey F3, the following message appear :

CALIBRATION is repeated 3 times

➪ Insert calibration standard after first (longer) beep

... Pull it out after second (shorter) beep

Press any key if you are ready to continue

Before pressing any key, it is necessary to put the standard into the holder in such a way that the cylinder axis is vertical and after pressing any key one has to follow the above instructions.

The calibration results are shown as follows

C A L I B R A T I O N

Standard nominal value : 77.29E-03

Old gain : 1.0891

New gain : 1.0892

Susc Error Drift

1 70.95E-03 -7.3E-06 2.9E-06

2 70.95E-03 -7.9E-06 1.2E-06

3 70.98E-03 15.E-06 850E-09

Resulting 70.96E-03 13. E-06 1.6E-06

48

➪ Press any key to complete calibration

The column Susc displays the values of the bulk susceptibility of the standard along the x3 axis, the column Error shows the values of the deviations of the individual measurements from the mean value and the column Drift gives the signal changes during 10 second interval due to the thermal drift. The lines 1,2,3 are those of individual measurements, while the line Resulting shows the mean values.

Note: If you change the calibration standard nominal value, the Gain is reset to 1.000.

Function AKey 4 Hol Susar

This procedure consists of the measurement of the bulk susceptibility and anisotropy of the empty holder. This susceptibility and anisotropy are written into the configuration file and subtracted from the measured values after measuring the specimen.

After activating this procedure through pressing the AKey F4, the measurement of the empty holder starts and the following information subsequently appear on the computer screen

HOLDER Bulk Cos Sin

Old values -4.138E-06 -10.E-09 -2.7E-09

-4.179E-06 -29.E-09 -19.E-09

-4.140E-06 -36.E-09 -13.E-09

-4.113E-06 -11.E-09 -14.E-09

New values -4.144E-06 -25.E-09 -15.E-09

Std.error 33.E-09 13.E-09 3.5.E-09

➪ Press any key to complete this routine

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In the beginning of the procedure the Old values data appear on the screen. These are the data stored in the configuration file obtained in the last measurement of the empty holder.

The bulk susceptibility of the empty holder is automatically measured three times, its mean value and standard error of the average are calculated. Afterthat, the anisotropy of the empty holder is measured three times and the mean value and standard error of the average are also calculated.

If the measurements are inconsistent (for example, if holder bulk susceptibility does not lie within the interval between -20E-06 to +5E-06 or the standard error is greater than 0.1 x 10-6) the New values are blinking, indicating that the procedure is recommended (in some cases needed) to be repeated.

Function AKey 4 Hol SusamThis procedure consists of the measurement of the bulk susceptibility of the empty holder. This susceptibility is written into the configuration file and subtracted from the measured values after measuring the specimen.

After activating this procedure through pressing the AKey F4, the following message appears on the screen :

HOLDER measurement is repeated 3 times

➪ Insert empty holder after first (longer) beep

... Pull it out after second (shorter) beep

Press any key if you are ready to continue

Then, one has to follow the above instructions. The results of the measuring empty holder are presented as follows

H O L D E R

Old value : -3.314E-06

New value : -3.310E-06

Susc Error Drift

1 -3.305E-06 5.2E-09 -480E-09

2 -3.269E-06 41.E-09 -430E-09

3 -3.356E-06 -46.E-09 -360E-09

Resulting -3.310E-06 44.E-09 -420E-09

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➪ Press any key to complete this routine

The Old value is the holder susceptibility of the last measurement, stored in the configuration file. Then, the bulk susceptibility of the empty holder is measured three times, its mean value and standard error of the average are calculated. If the measurements are inconsistent (for example, if holder bulk susceptibility does not lie within the interval of -10E-06 to +0E-06 the New value is blinking, indicating that the procedure is recommended (in some cases needed) to be repeated.

Note: If you change the calibration standard nominal value, the Holder is reset to zero.

Function AKey 5 OrparThe scientists use different ways of sampling oriented specimens. In order to respect these differences we have developed such a software solution of the data transformation from the specimen coordinate system to the geographic, palaeogeographic and tectonic coordinate systems that it is controlled through the so called orientation parameters. In this way, any oriented sampling is possible. For definition of these orientation para-meters and more details see AGICO Print No. 6.

The program shows the set of current orientation parameters

Orientation parameters

P1 = 6

P2 = 0

P3 = 6

P4 = 0

Any changes [Y/N] ?

If one enters N or free string, the shown parameters are used in the subsequent calculations.

If one enters Y, new parameters are set up. Computer asks for inputting the P1, P2, P3 and P4 parameters and displays them on the screen. These new parameters are written into a configuration file and are displayed, if the program is started again.

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Function AKey 6 AnfacMagnetic fabric can be visualized by the shape and orientation of the anisotropy ellipsoid. The eccentricity and shape of the ellipsoid can be characterized by conveniently chosen parameters derived from the principal values (parallel to the axes of the anisotropy ellipsoid). Unfortunately, more than 30 parameters have been suggested for this purpose, even though 2 parameters are sufficient to characterize the eccentricity and shape. Some of them are listed in the enclosed Table. As it is not reasonable to present them all, our program selects 8 parameters according to the demands of the user.

The selection is made as follows. First, the set of the previously used parameters appear on the screen (Current anisotropy factors) together with the question Any changes [Y/N] ?

If one does not wish to change this set, one enters N or free string, the program prints Factors saved and continues in function.

If one wishes to change this set, one enters Y and the program shows the table of factors from which one can select new set and asks Count of factors and one has to input the number of selected factors (in our case 8). Then one enters the number of factors and the name (abbreviation) of the factor delimited by comma. This is repeated till the whole set is introduced. After entering the last factor the program displays again the whole set and asks Any changes [Y/N]. In the case that one needs to do any change one has to repeat the whole procedure. If not, one enters N or free string to terminate the procedure.

Function AKey 7 HelpPressing this key invokes the help procedure. To quit help page press ESC key.

Function AKey 8 U/D SusarThis routine allows to zero the bridge, allows the rotator to be moved up and down without measurement. The up/down movement can be also enabled or disabled.

Function AKey 8 Zero SusamThis key zeroes the bridge.

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Function AKey 9 KillThe programs breaks the current activities and clear current specimen data.

Function AKey 10 MainReturn from Auxiliary menu to the MAIN MENU.

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Appendices

This chapter covers the following topics

❐ List of Magnetic Anisotropy Factors.

❐ Structures of Data File.

❐ Selection of Coordinate Systems.

❐ Geological Locality Data.

List of Magnetic Anisotropy Factors

Factor No. Mathematical expression Usual Abbreviation