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Klinikum Stuttgart – Medizin fürs Leben
Osteosarkom
Stefan Bielack Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin - Olgahospital Cooperative Osteosarkom-Studiengruppe COSS Pädiatrie 5 (Onkologie, Hämatologie, Immunologie; Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Rheumatologie, Gastroenterologie)
51 CT suspicion at surgery: 39 metastatic 22 no mets
Picci et al., Ann Oncol 12:1601-1604, 2001 Computed tomography of pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma: the less poor technique. A study of 51 patients with histological correlation.
Nodules p
Size (</>5mm) .035* * however, 10/25 patients with nodules <5 mm had mets!
Variation in number ns
Variation in size ns
28 patients (1996-2004) 54 x thoracotomy preop. CT 183 nodules at surgery: 329 nodules / 209 osteosarcoma
Kayton et al., J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Jan;41(1):200-6 Computed tomographic scan of the chest underestimates the number of metastatic lesions in osteosarcoma.
CT vs. surgery CT overestimated 20/54 same number 15/54 CT underestimated 19/54
Osteosarcoma (lung) metastases
Take home messages
• no perfect imaging method
• often more than expected
• think bilateral
• get them out! - open thoracotomy (no VATS)
- manual palpation
- repeat if no CR
- repeat again if still no CR
Prognose?
„If you do not operate,
they die.
If you do operate, they die just the same.
Gentlemen, this meeting
should be concluded
with prayers.“
Sir Stanford Cade (1895–1973)
Chemotherapie
HD-MTX Jaffe, Cancer 1972
Doxorubicin Cortes et al., JAMA 1972 Gottlieb et al., Cancer 1972 (+DTIC) Tan et al., Cancer 1973
Cisplatin Ochs et al., Cancer Treat Rep 1978 Freeman et al., Cancer Treat Rep 1979
Osteosarcoma standard approach
imaging/biopsy
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
surgery
adjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery for primary mets
Predictors of local recurrence (LR)(COSS, n= 1,820 extremity osteosarcomas)
Local therapy for inoperable sites?
DeLaney et al.; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Feb 1;61(2):492-841 patients27 primary tumor, 10 local recurrence, 4 metastasesradiation dose: 10-80 Gy (median 66); 35 + chemolocal control rate
68% at 5 years 78% for gross or subtotal resection vs. 40% for biopsy only
Schwarz et al., Cancer Treat Res. 2009;152:147-64100 patients 66 primary tumor in 66, 11 local recurrence, 23 metastasesradiation dose: 30-120 Gy (median 56); all + chemolocal control rate
30% at 5 years48% for surgery + radiotherapy, 22% for radiotherapy alone40% for primary tumors, 17% for local recurrence, 0% for metastases
Osteosarcoma local therapyTake home messages
• operate, operate, operate!• limb salvage is often feasible• local recurrence risk can be reduced
- by good imaging- by smart planning- by good chemo- by good surgery
• radiotherapy may be an option for selectedinoperable lesionsstudies with proton / heavy ion radiotherapy ongoing
Systemische Therapie
Osteosarcoma standard approach
imaging/biopsy
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
surgery
adjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery for primary mets
ADR DDP MTX IFO MTP?
n 5-year EFS p POG - prospective, localized extremity osteosarcoma. Goorin et al., J Clin Oncol 2003
delayed 45 61% .8 immediate 55 69%
COSS - retrospective, loc. or metastatic, limb or trunk. Bielack et al., J Clin Oncol 2002
delayed 1,451 54.4% .404 immediate 157 59.9%
=> similar prognosis (with identical chemo)
Timing of surgery & event-free survival
Ansprechen auf Therapie ist ein wichtiger
prognostischer Faktor
biopsy surgical specimen
years302520151050
surv
ival
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
grade 1
grade 2
grade 3
grade 4
grade 5
grade 6
Salzer-Kuntschik Grade
Osteosarkom Ansprechen & Überleben
Variable Risk Ratio (95% CI) P
Macroscopic residual tumor 4.01 2.66-6.04 .0001 Poor response 2.44 1.98-3.01 .0001 Primary metastases 1.88 1.33-265 .0003 Axial site 1.87 1.25-1.80 .002 Age >40 years 1.41 .70-2.85 .340
Based on 1.320 osteosarcomas of the extremities without or with primary metastases. From: Bielack et al, J Clin Oncol 20:776-790, 2002
Multivariate Cox Model of Overall Survival
Dosis-Intensität?
Chemotherapy at standard or increased dose intensity in patients with operable osteosarcoma of the extremity – MRC BO06 EORTC 80931
Chart Title
4 cycles ofCDDP+DOX
Surgery (week 6)
2 cycles ofCDDP+DOX
Standard Arm
3 Cycles ofCDDP+DOX+G-CSF
Surgery (week 6)
3 Cycles ofCDDP+DOX+G-CSF
Intensified Arm
RANDOMISE
Biopsy-proven, non-metastaticosteosarcoma of the extremity
Largest prospective study on osteosarcoma patients >40 Chemotherapy intensive, about 30% of patients require dose-reductions High incidence of peripheral neurotoxicity, not described in younger populations Use of MTX feasible, but rate of delayed excretion higher than in younger patients Pathological response rate lower than reported in younger patients In patients with SCR a 64% 5-year probability of survival can be expected Similar probability of survival in case of primary chemotherapy or upfront surgery Poor probability of survival in metastatic patients and in patients with pelvic tumors
Nichts Neues
beim Osteosarkom?
Liposomal muramyl-triphospate-ethanolamine L-MTP-PE • Macrophage activator derived from mycobacterial cell wall • Preclinical testing in animals (dogs) • Phase 2: macrophage infiltration into osteosarcoma mets
better survival than historical controls? toxicity: mainly fever, chills etc. (Kleinermann et al. J Clin Oncol 10:1310-1316, 1992)
INT 0133 Meyers et al., J Clin Oncol 23:2004-2011, 2005
n = 667 localized osteosarcomas; primary end point EFS
EFSregimen n 3-year 5-yearA- - 172 71% 64%A+ MTP 168 68% ca. 65%
B- IFO 167 61% 53%B+ IFO, MTP 170 78% 72%
addition of IFO to standard chemotherapy did not enhance EFS
addition of MTP to chemotherapy might improve EFS, but interaction between IFO and MTP
“Apossible biologic explanation for the observed outcome involves the interaction between fas and fas ligand. Lafleur et al showed that 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, an active metabolite of oxazaphosphorine chemotherapy, enhances fas ligand expression in an OS cell line. This upregulation was not observed with doxorubicin, cisplatin, or methotrexate. They found that MTP stimulates multiple cytokines, including interleukin (IL) -12, and that IL-12 upregulates expression of fas in an OS cell line selected for high probability to metastasize. Administration of ifosfamide and MTP could activate the fas/fas-ligand pathway that initiates apoptosis. This hypothesis suggests that we should investigate other agents with the potential to affect IL-12 and the fas/fas-ligand pathway.”
INT 0133 Meyers et al., J Clin Oncol 26:633-638, 2008
n = 662 localized resectable osteosarcoma; end points EFS & overall survival
• Europe: licensed by EMEA• congratulations to Dr. Meyers and the
Children’s Oncology Group for the successful completion of the phase III study and the high quality data that provide the basis for seeking marketing approval of the first drug ever developed specifically for osteosarcoma(Romet-Lemonne, Mills, Fridman, Munsell, J Clin Oncol 2005)
• - first treatment to improve survival in 20 years- reduces the risk of death by almost one third compared with chemotherapy alone(Takeda press release, Feb. 1, 2010)
• robust evidence of young adult survival advantage(Davies, Neidle, Taylor, Br J Cancer 2012)
• USA: license refused by FDAnot sufficient evidence of a survival advantage (US Food and Drug Administration, 2007)
• does not meet generally accepted standards for practice-changing conclusions (Hunsberger, Freidlin, Smith, J Clin Oncol 2008)
• additional clinical evaluations are required before the agent can be considered for routine use (Bielack, Marina, Ferrari, Helman, Smeland, Whelan, Reaman, J Clin Oncol 2008)
• ineffective and harmful (Prescrire International, 2011)
• should patients and health care systems be subjected to the additional burdens associated with therapies that have not been evaluated as thoroughly as one would like? (Bielack, Eur J Cancer 2010)
L-MTP-PE (mifamurtide)
Price in Germany: 3.223€ inkl. VAT, x 48 = 154.700€
„… it could have been feared that the viability of the EURAMOS trial of established therapies would be impaired if more osteosarcoma patients were able to access MTP (Bielack*, 2010). But this would be a perverse reason for delaying marketing approval for MTP, given the robust evidence of young adult survival advantage available.” Davies JE, Neidle S, Taylor DG (2012) Minireview: Developing and paying for medicines for orphan indications in oncology: utilitarian regulation vs equitable care? Br J Cancer 106: 14 – 17
* misquoted from: Eur J Cancer 46:1942– 1945, 2010
„… it could have been feared that the viability of the EURAMOS trial of established therapies would be impaired if more osteosarcoma patients were able to access MTP (Bielack*, 2010). But this would be a perverse reason for delaying marketing approval for MTP, given the robust evidence of young adult survival advantage available.” Davies JE, Neidle S, Taylor DG (2012) Minireview: Developing and paying for medicines for orphan indications in oncology: utilitarian regulation vs equitable care? Br J Cancer 106: 14 – 17
* misquoted from: Eur J Cancer 46:1942– 1945, 2010