1 Turner College & Career High School 2018 KINGDOM PLANTAE Overview of Plant Diversity To Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Evolution & Adaptations Section 1: Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Evolution Plants do not exist Algae in oceans Algae at the edges of Seas adapt to life on land Simple plants appear Turner College & Career High School 2018 Algae & Plants When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics. 1. Cell walls composed of cellulose. 2. Cell division that includes the formation of a cell plate. 3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis. 4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA. 5. Food stored as starch. 6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Adaptations Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on land. • Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water. • Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases. • Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and nutrients throughout plant. • Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg without presence of water. • Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout with conditions are favorable. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Criteria for Organisms in Kingdom Plantae Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria. • Cell type: Eukaryotes. • Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose. • Cell number: Multicellular. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. • Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b. • Some are parasitic or saprobes.
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Turner College & Career High School 2018
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Overview of Plant DiversityTo Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Evolution & Adaptations
Section 1:
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Evolution
Plants do not exist
Algae in oceans
Algae at the edges of Seas adapt to life
on land
Simple plants appear
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Algae & Plants
When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics.
1. Cell walls composed of cellulose.2. Cell division that includes the formation of a
cell plate.3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis.4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA.5. Food stored as starch.6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Adaptations
Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on land.
• Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water.• Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases.• Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and
nutrients throughout plant.• Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg
without presence of water.• Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout
with conditions are favorable.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Criteria for Organisms in
Kingdom Plantae
Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria.
• Cell type: Eukaryotes.• Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.• Cell number: Multicellular. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.• Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments
chlorophyll a and b.• Some are parasitic or saprobes.
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Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Life Cycle
All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations
Haploid (N)
• Gametophyte plant (N) • Produces either sperm or eggs.
• (gametes = reproductive cells)
Diploid (2N)
• The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.
• Egg and sperm join to create spores by meiosis.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Evolutionary Cladogram
Non-Vascular
Plants
(Bryophytes)
Seedless
Vascular Plants
(Ferns)
Cone-bearing
Plants
(Gymnosperms)
Flowering
Plants
(Angiosperms)
Embryo Protection
Vascular Tissue
Seeds
Flowers, seeds
enclosed in
fruit
Green Algae Ancestor
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plant Survival
Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.
Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.
Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.
Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The majority of plant life is _________________.flowering plants
• Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.• Style: sperm travel to ovary.• Ovary: fruit.• Ovules: eggs.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Pollination
The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
Pollen can’t move on its own, so animals or the wind (and water in rare cases) move the pollen for plants.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Development
Ovule
1 haploid nucleus Other haploid nucleus
Undergoes mitosis three
times, producing 8 haploid
nuclei.
dies dies dies
6 of the nuclei develop membranes; one becomes the egg cell.
The 2 remaining nuclei migrate to the center of the cell and are
called polar nuclei.
Ovary
Four haploid megaspores
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Fruit Development
As the endospore matures, cell walls form.
The outside layers of the ovule harden to form a seed coat (or shell, husk).
As the ovule develops into a seed, changes lead to the formation of a fruit.
Fruits form primarily from the ovary wall.
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Turner College & Career High School 2018
Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Seed Dispersal & Germination
The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination.
Seeds are dispersed by:
• Wind • Water• Animal
Factors that affect seed germination:
• Temperature• Moisture
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plants:
Responding to Environment
Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of cell division, growth & differentiation.
• Made in one part of a plant and transported to another where they have effect.
Receptor proteins: specific sites where plant hormones work.
Auxin: One of the first plant hormones to be identified.
• A substance produced in the tip of the seeding.• Usually stimulates the lengthening, or elongation, of cells.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plants:
Responding to Environment
Nastic response: response that causes movement that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
Tropic response: response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.
• Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity.
• Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light.
• Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.
Turner College & Career High School 2018
Plants:
Responding to Environment
Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.
Herbicides: auxin-like compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants therefore inhibiting growth.
Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.