Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae
• Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae whose cells are _____________________(have a nucleus), have a cell wall made of ________________and contains chloroplasts with pigments such as chlorophyll a and b that help the plant to carry out photosynthesis.
KEY CONCEPT Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.
Early Plants
• They were very similar to algae that we are familiar with. They were dependent on __________________ for reproduction, and only with the evolution of the _______________ were plants able to survive on dry land.
Plant Kingdom
Non-flowering Plants
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
Seedless Vascular
Plants
Bryophytes Gymnosperms
Non - flowering Plants
Seed-producing Spore-producing
Bryophytes
Non - flowering Plants
Do NOT produce flowers
Gymnosperms Seedless Vascular
Plants
Mosses and their relatives are _______________________________ • Nonvascular plants grow close
to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.
• Seedless plants rely on _______________________________ for reproduction.
• Liverworts belong to phylum
Hepatophyta. – often grow on wet rocks or in
greenhouses – can be thallose or leafy
Bryophytes
• Appearance – Mosses: grow in clumps (green mass)
• Anchor
– _______________________ – they have _____________
• Transport
– No vascular tissue so no transport
Bryophytes
• Habitat – Damp terrestrial environments
• Reproduction
– __________________ form capsules that are dispersed by the wind
– Requires ____________
• Examples – Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C
• Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta.
– most common seedless nonvascular plants – sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”
Bryophyta: Mosses
spores
Spore-producing capsule Moss
Liverworts and Hornworts
Hornwort Liverwort
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Appearance – Feathery leaves, underground stems
• Anchor
– Roots, underground stems
• Transport – Vascular tissue (also provides support)
20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C
Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. • A _____________________allows club mosses and
ferns to grow higher off the ground. • Both need ___________________________water for
reproduction.
• Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta.
– not true mosses – oldest living group
of vascular plants
20.1 Origins of Plant Life TEKS 7A, 7E, 8C, 12A
• A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant.
sugars
water and mineral nutrients
– collection of specialized tissues – brings _____________________nutrients up from roots – disperses ____________________ from the leaves – allows plants to grow higher off the ground
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
stem
leaf
root
– two networks of hollow tubes
– ___________ transports water and minerals
– ___________ transports photosynthetic products
• Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.
21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
• Xylem contains specialized cells. – vessel elements are short and wide – tracheid cells are long and narrow – xylem cells die at maturity
vessel element
tracheid
21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. • Phloem contains specialized cells.
– sieve tube elements have holes at ends
– companion cells help sieve tube elements
– unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive
21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– absorption occurs at roots • Water travels from roots to the top of trees.
– cohesion and adhesion in xylem – transpiration at leaves
21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– Plants passively transport water through the xylem. – ___________ is the tendency of water molecules to
bond with each other.
• The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement.
– ________________ is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Habitat – Damp, shady environments
• Reproduction
– Spores are produced on ___________________________ by the ___________
– Requires ________________
• Examples – Ferns, horsetails, club mosses
Fern Young fern leaf (circinate)
Sorus: fern spore-producing organ
Horsetail
Club moss
Tips of branches called strobili have spore bearing parts on them.
Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.
• Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. – can reproduce ________________________________,
via pollination – ___________
occurs when pollen meets female plant parts
– ___________ nourish and protect plant embryo – seeds allow plants to disperse to new places
20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C
• __________________ do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. – most gymnosperms are ________________ and
evergreen. – the cone is reproductive structure of most
gymnosperms. – ___________ is produced
in _________ cones.
– ____________ are produced in ___________ cones.
– seeds develop on scales of female cones.
Cycad
Ginko
Male cone
Female cone
Cycadophyta
Conifer Needle-shaped leaves
Male cones (in clusters)
Female cones (scattered)
20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C
• ___________________ have seeds enclosed in some type of _______________
– A ________________ is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.
– A __________ is a mature _____________of a flower.
• Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. • _________________ allow for efficient pollination.
– animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process