Kingdom Animalia - Phylum Chordata Four Key Characteristics of Chordates: 1. ____________________ – a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. It provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate. 2. Dorsal, hollow ___________________________ 3. _____________________________ Functions of pharyngeal slits: A. _______________________ structures in many invertebrate chordates B. _______________________ in aquatic vertebrates C. Develop into parts of the ______, ________, and ________ in terrestrial vertebrates 4. Muscular, post-anal _________ Invertebrate chordates provide clues to the origin of vertebrates. Subphylum Urochordata 1. Commonly called ―__________________.‖ 2. The deepest-branching lineage of chordates, still resemble other chordates during their larval stage. 3. Undergo a radical metamorphosis to form a sessile adult with few chordate characteristics. 4. Suspension feeders as adults. Subphylum Cephalochordata 1. Commonly called ―__________________.‖ 2. Blade-like in shape, up to 5 cm long. 3. Adult lancelets retain key chordate characteristics: the notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; numerous gill slits; and post-anal tail all persist. 4. Suspension feeders, using nets of mucous on pharyngeal slits. 5. Frequently leaves burrow to swim to a new location. 6. Feeble swimmers, but their swimming mechanism resembles that of fishes through the coordinated contraction of serial muscle blocks. Tunicates and lancelets may provide clues about the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate body plan.
7
Embed
Kingdom Animalia - Phylum Chordata Four Key ... Animalia - Phylum Chordata Four Key Characteristics of Chordates: 1. _____ – a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Kingdom Animalia - Phylum Chordata Four Key Characteristics of Chordates: 1. ____________________ – a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. It
provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate. 2. Dorsal, hollow ___________________________ 3. _____________________________
Functions of pharyngeal slits: A. _______________________ structures in many invertebrate chordates B. _______________________ in aquatic vertebrates C. Develop into parts of the ______, ________, and ________ in terrestrial vertebrates
4. Muscular, post-anal _________
Invertebrate chordates provide clues to the origin of vertebrates.
Subphylum Urochordata 1. Commonly called ―__________________.‖ 2. The deepest-branching lineage of chordates, still resemble other chordates during their larval stage. 3. Undergo a radical metamorphosis to form a sessile adult with few chordate characteristics. 4. Suspension feeders as adults.
Subphylum Cephalochordata 1. Commonly called ―__________________.‖ 2. Blade-like in shape, up to 5 cm long. 3. Adult lancelets retain key chordate characteristics: the notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord;
numerous gill slits; and post-anal tail all persist. 4. Suspension feeders, using nets of mucous on pharyngeal slits. 5. Frequently leaves burrow to swim to a new location. 6. Feeble swimmers, but their swimming mechanism resembles that of fishes through the coordinated
contraction of serial muscle blocks.
Tunicates and lancelets may provide clues about the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate body plan.
Subphylum Vertebrata Traits:
1. ____________________________________ 2. Brain covered by a skull (______________) 3. Ten organ systems:
a. ________________________ b. ________________________ c. ________________________ d. ________________________ e. ________________________ f. ________________________ g. ________________________ h. ________________________ i. ________________________ j. ________________________
Trends in Vertebrate Evolution
1. Body support and movement came to depend on a ________________, not a notochord 2. Nerve cord evolved into a ____________________ and __________ 3. ________ evolved 4. __________ became more important than __________ (movement onto land) 5. Increasingly efficient ________________________________ 6. _________________ evolved into the diverse limbs of the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Craniata – ―__________________‖ are chordates that have a head with a skull and brain. The origin of a head opened up a completely new way of feeding for chordates—______________________________. Chordata Classes
1. ________________________ – egg-laying 2. ________________________ – giving birth to free-living young 3. ________________________ – eggs hatch internally, young born free-living
Class Agnatha – Lamprey and Hagfish 1. ______________________ body 2. Skeleton made of __________________ 3. Fins not ____________ 4. Circular mouth, no jaws (____________________) 5. __________________ or ____________________ of dead or weak organisms
Class Conodonta (Extinct) Conodonts were the first known vertebrates with ______________________ skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx. They ranged in size from 1-40 cm in length. It is now widely agreed that conodonts had large eyes, fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and a notochord.
Infraphylum Gnathostomata – ―__________________________‖ are chordates with jaws that evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits Other characteristics common to gnathostomes:
A. Enhanced ______________ systems, including the ______________________ B. An extensively mineralized ________________________ C. ___________ appendages
Class Placodermi (Extinct) The earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record are an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates called ―____________________.‖
LE 34-14a
Coccosteus, a placoderm
LE 34-9
Slime glands
(b) Dunkleosteus, a large, predatory placoderm
A reconstruction of a conodont, based on fossil evidence
Class Chondrichthyes- Sharks and Rays 1. Skeleton made of __________________ 2. Lateral line system (sense organ for detecting ____________________) 3. ______________________ body 4. Prominent ________ 5. Five to seven __________________ per side of head 6. Keen sense of __________
Class Osteichthyes – Bony Fish
1. Stiff skeleton reinforced by hard ________________________ 2. Lateral line system 3. __________________ – bony cover over gills 4. ______________________ – buoyancy organ - allows fish to swim at different levels 5. ______-chambered heart (atrium for collecting blood, ventricle for pumping blood) 6. ________________ body 7. Well-developed __________ 8. Keen sense of __________ 9. Respiration through ___________ 10. Countershading
Tetrapods – vertebrates with four limbs: One of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods. Tetrapods have some specific adaptations:
A. Four limbs and feet with ____________ B. ________ for detecting sound C. A ________ with a mobile head
LE 34-16
Nostril
Brain
Spinal cord
Swimbladder
Dorsal fin Adipose fin(characteristicof trout)
Caudal fin
Anal fin
Intestine
Gonad
Pelvicfin
Urinarybladder
AnusLateralline
Cut edgeof operculum
Gills
KidneyHeart
Liver
Stomach
LE 34-15b
Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana).
LE 34-15c
Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei).
LE 34-15a
Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus).
Pectoral fins Pelvic fins
LE 34-19
Bonessupportinggills
Tetrapodlimbskeleton
Class Amphibia – Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, & Caecilians 1. Two body forms (__________ form differs from the ____________ form) 2. __________________________ 3. Four legs 4. Respiration through lungs, mouth, and skin (__________________ respiration) 5. __________-chambered heart 6. Thin, moist ________ 7. Return to water to ______________
________________ are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, birds, and mammals. Characteristics of the amniote egg: A. __________ – food source B. __________ – fluid-filled sac where the embryo develops C. __________ – gas exchange D. __________ – waste products Amniotes have other terrestrial adaptations, such as relatively ______________________ skin and the ability to use the ______________ to ventilate the __________. Class Reptilia – Snakes, Turtles, Alligators, & Lizards
1. Skin covered with ____________ (water-proofed with ______________) 2. Amniote eggs with a ________________ shell 3. ________________ (body temperature determined by environment and behavioral thermoregulation) 4. Internal fertilization 5. Kidneys conserve __________ 6. Well-developed __________, behaviorally better adapted than amphibians 7. __________-chambered heart (two atria and one partially-divided ventricle)
Miscellaneous:
A. Four-chambered heart in crocodilians – a trait shared with birds B. Lizards and snakes have Jacobson’s organ for sense of smell– tongue fits into pits on roof of mouth
LE 34-21a
Order Urodela. Urodeles (salamanders)retain their tail as adults.
LE 34-21b
Order Anura. Anurans, such as this poison
arrow frog, lack a tail as adults.
LE 34-21c
Order Apoda. Apodans, or caecilians,
are legless, mainly burrowing amphibians.LE 34-24
Extraembryonic membranes
Shell
Embryo
AllantoisAmnion
Amniotic cavitywith amniotic fluid
Chorion Yolk sac
Yolk (nutrients)
Albumen
Class Aves (Birds)
1. __________ – derived from skin for insulation and flight 2. Amniote egg – ___________________________ in shell 3. Lightweight, _________ bones – an adaptation for flight 4. High rate of ____________________ 5. __________ penetrate into bones – increases O2 uptake 6. ________-chambered heart 7. Forearm adapted for flight (__________) 8. ______________ (Internal control of body temperature) 9. ______________ beak
LE 34-27a
Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
LE 34-27c
Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri), a snake
LE 34-27b
Australian thorny devillizard (Moloch horridus)
LE 34-27d
Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)
LE 34-27e
American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis)
LE 34-28
Bone structure
Feather structure
Wing
ForearmWrist
Finger 1
ShaftShaft
Barb
Palm
Finger 2
Finger 3
Barbule
Hook
Vane
Biologists have traditionally placed reptiles and birds in separate classes of vertebrates. However, the tree shown here is more consistent with both the fossil record and with an analysis of derived characters among living species.
Class Mammalia 1. Body covered with ________ 2. Young nourished by _________________________ 3. Extended care of young 4. Capacity to learn and repeat behaviors necessary for survival 5. Variety of __________ (heterodont dentition)
a. ______________ – cut food b. ______________- piercing, gripping c. ______________ – crushing, grinding
6. __________________ – muscular layer beneath lungs that aids in respiration 7. Three major groups:
a. Egg-laying (__________________) b. Pouched (____________________) c. Placental (____________________)
Mammals evolved from __________________ in the late Triassic period. Synapsids were a group of amniotes with a hole behind the eye socket called the temporal fenestra. The jaw was remodeled so that two former jaw bones were incorporated into the mammalian __________________. Monotremes Marsupials LE 34-33
Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus),
an Australian monotreme. Monotremes have hair
and produce milk, but they lack nipples. Monotremes are the only
mammals that lay eggs (inset). Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
A. Longer period of __________________ B. Complete embryonic development within a
uterus joined to the mother by the ____________
LE 34-34a
A young brushtail possum. The young of marsupials are born very
early in their development. They finish their growth while nursing
from a nipple (in their mother’s pouch in most species).
Eastern Cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) eat grass, ferns, and leaves. The female gives birth about a month after mating. She has between one to nine babies, although she usually will have four to five young. The female feeds the young twice a day. The babies are weaned after about three weeks and leave the nest after about seven weeks. The female may mate again just hours after giving birth. Females can have three or four litters a year. Eastern cottontails are ready to mate when they are three months old.