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So, Who were the first to exploit bees for their Honey and Wax?
Romans• Pliny wrote about beekeeping in about 50AD• Wrote about wax, and propolis• Described a transparent (Observation) hive• The Mead consumed by the Celts!• “Bees are the smallest of birds, and are born from the bodies of oxen”
• Virgil wrote about beekeeping in about 40BC • Keep hives:
– Near water– Out of the wind– Away for lizards, moths, and birds
• Emphasized the hives ruler• Praised Bees for their abstension from Sexual intercourse• Spontaneous Generation?
The Bible
• In Exodus, Cannan is referred to as “The land of milk and honey.”
• King Solomon: "My son eat thou honey, because it is good, and the honeycomb which is sweet to thy taste".
• Samson : “..and he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion: and, behold, there was a swarm of bees and honey in the carcass of the lion.”
• First to note that honeybee's don't visit flowers of different kinds on one flight, but remain constant to one species.
India, 500BC
Egypt
• “When Ra weeps again, the water which flows from his eyes upon the ground turns into working bees. They work the flowers and trees of every kind and honey and wax comes into being.”
0 to 1400 AD• Rome declining (300AD)• Fall of Rome (450AD)
– Travel Unsafe– Knowledge not easily disseminated
• Dark Ages– No written history– No major achievements
• Black Plague 1350 (75 Million Dead!)• Beginning of the Renaissance (1400ish)• Printing Press 1450
1500 -1600 AD
• In 1586, Luis Méndez de Torres first described the queen bee as a female that laid eggs.
• 1609 Charles Butler identified the monarch as a female queen and the drone as a male bee.
• In 1637, Richard Remnant recognized that the worker bees were females.
Francis Huber• Fully movable frame, Leaf, hive 1789• Observations on Bees• Queen mating practices and role of Drones
Johann Dzierzon
• Discovery of parthenogenesis in Queen bees 1835.
• Discovery of Royal Jelly and its role in Queen development 1854.
Royal Jelly in a Queen Cell
• Now we understood the basic lifecycle of the Honeybee.
• BUT
• We still did not have a hive we could manage!
The Problem with Hives
• Excess Wax and Propolis make the hive very difficult to work.
• Bees fill in everything and attach comb to walls.
• To harvest the honey beekeepers would kill the bees and cut out the honeycomb.
• Not at all efficient!
• Wild Bees build their honey combs about 1 and 3/8 inches apart. Honey comb is about one inch wide, so this left a 3/8 inch passageway between the combs.
• Some beekeepers built hives that forced the bees to build combs along "top bars" that were spaced about 1 and 3/8 inches apart.
Movable Top Bar Hive
Top Bar Comb
Compartments!
Honeybees around America
• First Honeybees to America in 1622
• First documented apiary, Newbury 1640
• Spread with Settlers and via Swarms
• Per Thomas Jefferson, 1784, to Native Americans: ‘White Man’s Flies’