KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of Animals
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of Animals
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
for the…
Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Primates
Family-Hominidae
Genus-Homo
Species-sapiens
Human
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
for the…
Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-Felidae
Genus-Panthera
Species-leo
Lion
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
for the…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Myrmecophagidae
Genus Tamandua
Species: tetradactyla
Collared Anteater
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
for the…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Order: Capitata
Family: Milleporidae
Genus: Millepora
Species: alcicornis
Fire Coral
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are multicellular, mitochondrial heterotrophs—they have multiple cells with mitochondria and they rely on other organisms for their nourishment.
Most animals ingest their food and then digest it in some kind of internal cavity.
Animal Species
Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have been identified.
Animal Phyla
Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia.
Animal Phyla Web Page
Major Animal Phyla
Arthropoda87%
Mollusca5%
Chordata2%
Cnidaria1%
Platyhelminthes1%
Nematoda1%
Annelida1%
Porifera1%
Echinodermata1%
Other12%
Animal Movement
Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms.
Animal Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated haploid cells (eggs and sperm).
Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material.
Animal Sizes
Animals range in size from no more than a few cells (like the mesozoans) to organisms weighing many tons (like the blue whale).
a mesozoan blue whale
Animal Habitats
Most animals inhabit the seas, with fewer in fresh water and even fewer on land.
Animal Cells
Animal cells, like all eukaryotic cells, have internal structures called organelles that serve specific functions for the cell.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells.
Animal Cell Diagram
Animal Bodies
The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues.Each tissue is specialized to perform specific functions.In most animals, tissues
are
organized into even more specialized organs.
Animal Symmetry
The most primitive animals are asymmetrical.
Cnidarians and echinoderms are radially
symmetrical.
Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical.
Radial Symmetry…applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it.Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile, free-floating, or weakly swimming.
Bilateral Symmetry
…applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by only one plane passing through it.Animals with bilateral symmetry are most well-suited for directional movement.
Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to cephalization—the process by which sensory organs and appendages became localized in the head end of animals.
Evolutionary Trends
If we analyze the basic body plans of animals, we find that they illustrate evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances”
(in order):1.
Multicellular body plan
2.
Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
3.
“Tube-within-a-tube”
body plan
4.
Coelomate body plan
3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
1.
Acoelomates2.
Pseudocoelomates
3.
CoelomatesEach plan consists of 3 cell layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Acoelomates
These animals have no other cavity than the gut.
They are often called the “solid worms.”
PseudocoelomatesThese animals have a body cavity (the pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with mesoderm.The “tube within a tube”
body plan.
This category is also composed of mostly worms.
Coelomates
These animals have a “true coelom”
lined with mesodermal
peritoneum.
Most animals are coelomate.
Protostome
vs. Deuterostome
Protostomes
–
mouth first
Deuterostomes
–
anus first
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