Kinds of sentences

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Kinds of sentencesKinds of sentencesKinds of sentencesKinds of sentences

2 broad categories2 broad categories

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2 broad categories• (A) according to the construction:

depending on the number of clauses and conjunctions

• (B) according to the expression: depending on whether the sentence is telling us something, asking a question or giving us an order

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(A)according to the

construction• Depending on the number of

clauses and conjunctions: • Conjunctions – because, if, but,

and, or, that, when, unless, etc.• Clause – “because he was tired”

He left the party early because he was tired.

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(B)according to the expression

Depending on whether the sentence expresses a statement, question, request or order

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According to the construction

•Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence

Compound-complex Sentence

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Simple Sentence• A group of words with

a subject word – noun or pronoun – and a main verb which gives complete sense. It begins with a Capital letter and ends with either a full-stop [.], a question mark [?] or an exclamation mark [!].

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Simple sentence: example 1Simple sentence: example 1

Birds Birds flyfly.. ‘‘Birds’ Birds’ – subject – subject

part – subject word part – subject word > > nounnoun

‘‘fly’ fly’ – predicate – predicate part – part – main verbmain verb

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For example: 2For example: 2

• This bear is very hungry.

• This bear – subject part – ‘bear’ – noun; ‘this’ – adjective.

• “is very hungry” – predicate part; ‘is’ – main verb – one verb, one word.

• Two words in the subject part and three words in the predicate part.

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For example: 3For example: 3

• All of them will leave the hall after the final bell.

• ‘All of them’ – subject part – ‘them’ pronoun;

• ‘will leave the hall after the final bell’ – predicate part – ‘will leave’ main verb; ‘after the final bell’ – phrase.

A “simple sentence” may have any number of ‘phrases’ but not any ‘clauses’.

Though there are ten words in this sentence, it is still a simple sentence because it has only one subject part and only one predicate part with only one main verb!!

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Compound sentenceCompound sentence

A sentence which has two or A sentence which has two or more independent or coordinate more independent or coordinate clauses joined by a coordinating clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.conjunction.

A clause is a group of A clause is a group of words which has a words which has a subject part and a subject part and a predicate part of its own, predicate part of its own, gives complete sense and gives complete sense and forms a part of a larger forms a part of a larger group of words.group of words.

A coordinating conjunction is A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction which joins a conjunction which joins two clauses of equal status.two clauses of equal status.

It ends with either a full-stop It ends with either a full-stop (period), question mark (?) (period), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).or exclamation mark (!).

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Coordinate Clause• A part of a sentence with its own

subject and predicate part, gives complete sense and is joined to the other part of the sentence with a coordinating conjunction.

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For example:1• He got up from his chair. [a simple

sentence] • He got up from his chair

• He walked to the door. [a simple sentence] he walked to the door.

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Example: 1 continued

He got up from his chair

he walked to the door.

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Coordinating conjunctions

Conjunctions that join independent or coordinate clauses, i.e. clauses of equal rank or status: and, but, or

He got up from his chair he walked to the door.

andcoordinate clause coordinate clausecoordinating conjunction

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Compound sentence: example 2

Those dogs barked a lot

they did not bite anybody.

but

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Complex SentenceComplex Sentence

A sentence which has one A sentence which has one main or main or independentindependent clauseclause and one or more and one or more subordinate orsubordinate or dependent clausesdependent clauses joined by any one of the joined by any one of the subordinate subordinate conjunctionsconjunctions!!

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Complex sentence:Complex sentence:

• Main or independent Main or independent clauseclause= = a group or a group or words which has a words which has a subject and predicate subject and predicate of its own, gives of its own, gives complete sense complete sense without the help of the without the help of the other group of words in other group of words in a sentence!!a sentence!!

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Complex sentenceComplex sentence (continued)(continued) example example 11

He left the party early.He left the party early. He was tired.He was tired.

a simple sentence a simple sentencea simple sentence a simple sentence

He left the party earlyHe left the party early

becausebecause

he was tiredhe was tired..

What happened at the party? What happened at the party?

== ‘He left the party‘He left the party early’early’ – – main or independent clausemain or independent clause (gives complete sense on its own)(gives complete sense on its own)

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Complex sentence:Complex sentence: example 1example 1 (continued)(continued)

• Why did he leave early?Why did he leave early?

= because he was tired= because he was tired

does not give complete sense; it needs does not give complete sense; it needs the other group of words, so it is a the other group of words, so it is a dependent or subordinate clause!dependent or subordinate clause!

He left the party earlyHe left the party early

becausebecause

he was tired.he was tired.Main Main (independent)(independent) clause clause subordinate subordinate (dependent) (dependent) clauseclause

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Complex sentence:Complex sentence: example 1example 1 (continued)(continued)

He left the party earlyHe left the party early

because because

he was tiredhe was tired.. main or independent clausemain or independent clause dependent or dependent or

subordinatesubordinate clauseclause

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Complex-compound SentenceComplex-compound Sentence

A sentence with one or more main or A sentence with one or more main or independent clauses and one more independent clauses and one more subordinate or dependent clauses, joined subordinate or dependent clauses, joined by one or more subordinate conjunctions by one or more subordinate conjunctions and one or more coordinating and one or more coordinating conjunctions!!conjunctions!!

It ends with either a full-stop (period), It ends with either a full-stop (period), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).

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Compound-complex Sentence: Compound-complex Sentence: example 1example 1

She got up from her chair.She got up from her chair. a simple sentencea simple sentence

She left the meeting hall.She left the meeting hall.a simple sentencea simple sentence

She was angry.She was angry.a simple sentencea simple sentence

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Compound-complex sentence: example 1 (continued)

• She got up from her chair

coordinate or independent clause

she left the meeting hall coordinate or independent clause

andcoordinating conjunction

Compound sentence

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Compound-complex sentence: example 1 (continued)

• She left the meeting hall

main or independent clause

Why? = because she was angry.

subordinate or dependent clause

subordinating conjunction

complex sentence

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Compound-complex sentence: example 1 (continued)

• She got up from her chairand(she) left the meeting hallbecauseshe was angry.

Compound complexsentence

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According to the expression

Statement or declarative Interrogative or question

imperative exclamatory

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Statement or Declarative SentenceStatement or Declarative Sentence

A sentence A sentence which tells us which tells us something or something or which gives us which gives us some some information.information.

It ends with a It ends with a full-stop full-stop (period).(period).

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Statement or Declarative Sentence: example 1

They are making a speech.

Those young children are parading on the road.

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Interrogative or Question Sentence A sentence

which asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

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Interrogative or Question Sentence: example 1

Who is the president of our country

?

How many months are there in a year

?

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Imperative SentenceImperative Sentence

A sentence which A sentence which expresses an order, expresses an order, command, warning, command, warning, caution or request.caution or request.

When an expression When an expression has a strong emotion has a strong emotion in it, it takes an in it, it takes an ‘exclamation mark’; ‘exclamation mark’; for normal for normal expressions, however, expressions, however, a full-stop (period) is a full-stop (period) is used.used.

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Imperative sentence: Imperative sentence: example 1example 1

YouYouKeep quiet, please.Keep quiet, please.

YouYouStay away from me!Stay away from me!

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Imperative sentence:Imperative sentence: example 2example 2

YouYouHands up!Hands up!

The subject of an imperative sentence is always The subject of an imperative sentence is always the second person personal pronoun ‘the second person personal pronoun ‘youyou’; ’; however, it is mostly not mentioned because it however, it is mostly not mentioned because it is understood (so no need to mention)!is understood (so no need to mention)!

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Exclamatory sentenceExclamatory sentence

► A sentence which is used to express sudden A sentence which is used to express sudden feelings – wonderment, surprise, anger, feelings – wonderment, surprise, anger, sorrow, etc. sorrow, etc.

► It ends with an exclamation mark!It ends with an exclamation mark!

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Exclamatory sentence: example 1Exclamatory sentence: example 1

► What a beautiful What a beautiful garden it is!garden it is!

► How grand the How grand the palace is!palace is!

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Exclamatory sentence: note

• What a beautiful garden it is!• An exclamatory sentence begins with

any of the ‘wh’ words, but the ‘wh’ word does not ask a question as it does in an interrogative sentence.

• The order of the subject and verb is inversed in a question, whereas in an exclamatory sentence, the order is the same as in the statement sentence – the subject comes first and the verb comes next!

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Exclamatory sentence: Exclamatory sentence: notenote (continued)(continued)

►A ‘wh’ question: A ‘wh’ question:

How grand How grand

isis verbverb

the palacethe palace??subjectsubject

verb firstverb first subject secondsubject second

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Exclamatory sentence: Exclamatory sentence: notenote (continued)(continued)

• An exclamatory sentence: An exclamatory sentence: How grandHow grandthe palacethe palacesubjectsubject

isisverbverb

!!subject firstsubject firstverb secondverb second

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Kinds of sentences – round up

They are playing billiards

.(A) according to the construction –

Simple Sentence

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Kinds of sentences: round up (continued)

They are playing billiards.(B) according to the expression –

Statement or Declarative Sentence

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Kinds of sentences: Kinds of sentences: round upround up (continued)(continued)

• Are they playing golf?(A) according to the construction –simple sentence(B) according to the expression –Interrogative (or Question) Sentence

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Kinds of sentences: Kinds of sentences: round upround up (continued)(continued)

Is she teaching them Is she teaching them or or are they teaching her?are they teaching her?(A) according to the construction:(A) according to the construction:

compound sentencecompound sentence(B) according to the expression:(B) according to the expression:

Interrogative sentenceInterrogative sentence

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Kinds of sentences: Kinds of sentences: round up round up (continued)(continued)

Kick!Kick!(A) according to the construction:(A) according to the construction:

simple sentencesimple sentence(B) according to the expression:(B) according to the expression:

imperative sentenceimperative sentence

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Kinds of sentences: Kinds of sentences: round upround up (continued)(continued)

EatEat thatthat you may liveyou may live..(A) according to the construction:(A) according to the construction:

complex sentencecomplex sentence

(B) according to the expression:(B) according to the expression:imperative sentenceimperative sentence

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Kinds of sentences: round up (continued)

Eat that you may live but don’t live that you may eat!(A) according to the construction:

compound-complex sentence(B) according to the expression:

imperative sentence

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Kinds of sentences: round up (continued)

Do you know these ladies?

(A) according to the construction:simple sentence

(B) according to the expression: interrogative sentence

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Kinds of sentences:Kinds of sentences: round upround up (continued)(continued)

What a beautiful What a beautiful garden it isgarden it is!!(A) according to (A) according to the construction: the construction: simple sentencesimple sentence(B) according to (B) according to the expression: the expression: exclamatory exclamatory sentencesentence

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Kinds of sentences:Kinds of sentences: round upround up (continued)(continued)

What a magnificent What a magnificent view it isview it is!!(A) according to (A) according to the construction: the construction:

simple sentencesimple sentence

(B) according to (B) according to the expression:the expression:

exclamatory exclamatory sentencesentence

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Kinds of sentences: round up (continued)

You

Stop

and

you

go.

What kind of a sentence is it?

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Kinds of sentences: round up (completed)

Can anybody help me, please?

What kind of a sentence is it?

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Kinds of sentences: round up (the end)

“Best of Luck!”what kind of a sentence is it

?