PETROLEUM Annisa Azahra {03} Diko Firmandiansyah {07} Fatcullah {08} Linda Rohmawati {22}
PETROLEUM
Annisa Azahra{03}Diko Firmandiansyah{07}Fatcullah {08}Linda Rohmawati{22}Riska Amalia {31}
PETROLEUM
HYPHOTHESIS
TO FOUND LOCATION
PROCESS FORMATION
HOW TO GET???
COMPOSITION
MANUFACTURE
PRODUCT
PURPOSE
OCTANE NUMBER
EFFECT
HYPOTHESIS
PROCESS
Barthelot
Bearl, Hofer
Mandeleyev
In petroleum, Alkali metal in Free Condition, High Temperature touch with CO2 form asitilena.
Petroleum formed influence of steam work in carbides metal inside the earth.
Petroleum & gas from sea organism that has dead in long time ago -> form a layer inside belly ‘s earth
PROCESS FORMATION
Petroleum formed from organics compound million years ago. Because high temperature and high pressure , the analyzing afford alloy complex hydrocarbon called petroleum in liquid phase and natural gas in gas phase. Because water more weight than gas, petroleum and natural gas move to up past porous rock and get caught in impermeable rock.
TO FOUND LOCATION
See the clues in surface’s earth
With survey seismic
TO GET PETROLEUM
DrillingHide pipe rute underground and undersea Build pavillion that pull by tanker ship to the continent
THE COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS
Natural gas contain of alkane with low temperature :• Methane• Ethane• Propane• Butane• And other ingredient like CO2, H2S
THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
Petroleum represent complex mixture of hydrocarbon.
Alkanes (paraffin) : CnH2n+2
paraffin are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched
chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Example: octane (C8H18)
Alkenes : CnH2n
THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
Cycloalkanes (naphthenes) : CnH2n
Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling
points.
Aromatic hydrocarbons : CnHn
The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have
one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings
The other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and
trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.
THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.5 to 6%
Metals less than 1000 ppm
Composition by weight
THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
Composition by weight
Hydrocarbon Average Range
Paraffins 30% 15 to 60%
Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%
Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%
Asphaltics 6% remainder
THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
component petroleum
% volume
n-alkanes cycloalkanes isoalkanes aromatic residu
Gas 100 - - - -
Gasoline 38 43 20 9 -
Kerosene 23 43 15 19 -
Diesel fuel 22 48 9 21 -
Lubricating oil
16 52 6 24 -
Residu 13 51 1 27 8
MANUFACTURE
Processing of petroleum is based to difference of point boiled its
compiler component, that is by high rise distillate ( distillation). Crude
oil heated with very high temperature and pumped into column of
distillate. Some of crude oil condense and ride on, then turn into to
melt. Vapour which don’t turn into to melt, climb to the in columns
and back turn into to melt at plates on the top.
MANUFACTURE
Crude oil in boiler (temperature:
600ºC, P = high)vaporDistillation
towerplate (tray)
Faction
Point boiled is high
Point boiled is low
Condensed
Conversion process
MANUFACTURE
KONVERSI
COKING
PERENGKAHAN (CRACKING)
ALKILASI
REFORMING
MANUFACTURE
• Cracking : Resolving of big molecule become small. Example : cracking heavy oil faction become gas faction, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel.
• Reforming : Altering structure enchain diametrical become to branch. Example : enchain diametrically (C5 – C6) gasoline faction become aromatic.
• Alkylation : Merger of small molecule become bigly. Example : merger of molecule of propene and of butene become gasoline faction
• Coking : Cracking faction of residue solid become oil faction burn and hydrocarbon of intermediate.
PETROLEUM FACTION ATOM C Boiled Point
Natural Gas(LNG) -160ºC to -88ºC
Elpiji (LPG) -49ºC to 0ºC
Petroleum of ether 20ºC to 70ºC
Gasoline 70ºC to 140ºC
Naphtha 140ºC to 180ºC
Kerosene 180ºC to 250ºC
Diesel fuel 250ºC to 350ºC
Lubricating oil Up 350ºC
Vaseline and waxrepresenting solid with
boiled point is high.
Asphalt Residue
PRODUCT
PURPOSE
FACTION PURPOSE
Gas Upon which burn LPG and raw material for the synthesis of compound of organic
Petroleum of ether Dissolving in industry
Gasoline Upon which burn motor vehicle
Naphtha For the making of plastic, rubber
Kerosene For the synthetics of, detergent, paint, and cosmetic
Diesel fuel Upon which burn vehicle of diesel
Lubricating oil As lubricating oil
Wax Used for the wax of paraffin, match, and shoe polish
Oil burn Upon which burn and power station
Bitumen As items pave and construction material
GASOLINE AND OCTANE NUMBER
Quality of gasoline determined by content of iso-octane recognized with octane number term. Octane number of n-heptane = 0 and number of iso-octane = 100. If pregnant gasoline 75% iso-octane and 25 % n-heptane, meaning the gasoline octane number is 75.
content of iso-octane, gasoline octane number earn is also improved by adding additive of anti knock, such as:• Tretraethyllead (TEL)• Methyl Tertier Butyl Ether (MTBE)• Etanol
IMPACT COMBUSTION OF FUEL
Combustion of petroleum can cause contamination, specially contamination of air.
As a result:o causing green house effecto bothering respiration processo generating sour raino poisoned.