Kidney

MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF kidney

DR.SAUMYA SINGHP.G 3rd YR

MICROBIOLOGY Departmentdr.d.y.patil medical college

kolhapur

Mechanisms of renal injury (Depending on the species and strain/ on the host’s resistance and genetic background)

Direct invasion of the renal parenchyma

Induce an immune reaction

Injure the capillary endothelium

Provoke a nonspecific humoral hematologic response.

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Bacterial Cause Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Pylonephritis Shigellosis Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Melioidosis Cholera Tetanus Scrub typhus Diphtheria Tuberculosis Leprosy

Parasitic Cause Schistosomiasis Malaria Trichinosis Filaria Onchocercosis Echinococcosis Toxoplasmosis Leishmaniasis

Fungal cause Disseminated Candidiasis Mucormycosis Ochratoxicity

Virus Cause Dengue haemorrhagic fever Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C

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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS INVOLVING OR AFFECTING

THE KIDNEY

GRAM-POSITIVE

AND

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Pylonephritis

Salmonellosis Shigellosis

Leptospirosis Melioidosis

Cholera Tetanus

Scrub typhus Diphtheria

Tuberculosis Leprosy

Postinfectious / Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Streptococcus pyogenesGram negative cocci

Complication -streptococcal pharyngitis / impetigo

Immune complexes- lodged in the glomerular basement membrane

Complement activation leading to basement membrane destruction

Disorder of the glomeruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys.

Pyelonephritis

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Escherichia coli Gram negative bacilli

Pyelonephritis -type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys.

Route- from the bladder/ through the bloodstream from other parts of the body.

kidney damage.

SalmonellosisSalmonella typhiGram-negative ,motile bacilli

Renal involvement - Oliguria and azotemia

ShigellosisShigella dysenteriae  type 1Gram-negative non motile bacilli

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)-

kidney failure with anemia and clotting

problems

CholeraVibrio choleraGram negative ,motile,curved bacilli.

Renal failure- loss of filtering ability

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani Anaerobic ,gram positive,non motile bacilli

Renal involvement (severe cases of tetanus)

Dehydration,Urinary stasis ,infection and

Renal failure

Diptheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Gram-positive, non motile bacilli

Acute renal failure

Scrub typhus

Orientia tsutsugamushi Gram-negative intracellular bacilli

Acute renal failure

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Melioidosis Burkholderia pseudomallei Gram‐negative intracellular bacilli

Acute tubular necrosis, interstitial

nephritis and microabscess formation 

LeptospirosisLeptospira interrogans

spiral-shaped bacteria Tubulo-interstitial nephritis and tubular

dysfunction.

Renal Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium avium intracellulareAcid fast bacilli

Chronic renal failure

LeprosyMycobacterium lepraeAcid fast bacilli

Renal amyloidosis, glomerulonephritisand interstitial nephritis

Chronic renal failure

Parasitic infections

Schistosomiasis Malaria

Trichinosis Filaria

Onchocercosis Echinococcosis

Toxoplasmosis Leishmaniasis.

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Mixed infection with P. vivax

Mode of infection-mosquito bite

Definitive host-female anopheline mosquitoIntermediate host-Man

Acute renal failure

Filaria

Wuchereria bancrofti

Mode of Infection-mosquito bite

Definitive host-manIntermediate host-Mosquito(culex,Aedes,Anopheles)

Infective form-larvae

Recurrent infections associated with damaged lymphatic abnormalities of therenal functions.

LeishmaniasisLeishmania donovani

Mode of transmisson-bite of sandfly(Phlebotomus)

Definitive host-ManIntermediate host-sandfly

Infective form-Promastigote

Cloudy swelling of kidney-albuminuria

Amastigote form

Promastigote

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)

Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium,S.japonicum.

Source of infection - contaminated freshwater

Infective form – cercariae

Definitive host -humansIntermediate host-Snail

Renal granulomas

Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst)

Echinococcus granulosus 

Mode of infection - contaminated food and drinkInfective agent - embryonated eggs.

Definitive host - dogIntermediate host – man

Glomerulonephritis

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii

Mode of infection-Uptake of cyst byinhalation, followed by ingestion .

Infective form-cyst

Primary host – cat

Intermediate host - human

Disseminated infection of Kidney occurs

Trichinosis

Trichinella spiralis

Mode of transmission - raw or undercooked pork bearing larvae

Proliferative glomerulopathy

Onchocercosis

Onchocerca volvulus

Mode of infection-bite of black flies

Definitive host-ManIntermediate host-female black flies(simulium)

Infective form-larvae

Progressive glomerulonephritis.

Fungal diseases

Disseminated Candidiasis

Mucormycosis

Ochratoxicity

Disseminated Candidiasis

Candida species

Predisposing factor - immunocompromised persons,leukemic patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy.

Perinephric abscess

Renal failure

Mucormycosis

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia, and Cunninghamella Occurs in underdeveloped tropical regions

Immunocompromised patients

Renal infarction and thrombosis of renal vessels.

Ochratoxicity

Group of mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus sp. and some Penicillium sp. Occur in commodities such as cereals, coffee, dried fruit and red wine

Toxic-Nephropathy

Carcinogenic

Viral infections

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

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Dengue virus (DEN-1–DEN-4)RNA flavivirus.

Dengue vector - female of the Aedes aegypti

GlomerulonephritisAcute kidney injury (AKI)Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Hepatitis A

RNA Virus

Source of infection - Faeces

Route of transmission - Fecal-oral

kidney inflammation.

Hepatitis B

DNA Virus

Source of infection- Blood/blood derived bodyfluid

Route of transmission- :

Parenterallylow verticalsexual transmission

Renal necrosis occurs due to the body’s reactionto the virus rather than due to the virus itself.

Hepatitis C

RNA virus

Source of infection-Blood/blood derivedbody fluid

Route of transmission Parenterally low vertical sexual transmission

Renal carcinoma

Bacterial -

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