KGA172 SPACE, PLACE AND NATURE LECTURE 23 QUANTIFYING INTANGIBLE VALUES Ronlyn Duncan www.flickr.com/Lumase www.flickr.com/Catchthedream w.flickr.com/Jimgoldstein
Mar 31, 2015
KGA172
SPACE, PLACE AND NATURELECTURE 23
QUANTIFYING INTANGIBLE VALUES
Ronlyn Duncan
www.flickr.com/Lumasewww.flickr.com/Catchthedreamwww.flickr.com/Jimgoldstein
Lecture outlineLecture outline defines intangible valuesdefines intangible values describes some of the ways in which describes some of the ways in which
intangible values can be quantifiedintangible values can be quantified relates to questions 10, 11 and 12relates to questions 10, 11 and 12 vocabulary is underlined vocabulary is underlined
Intangible values = attitudes and preferences that are not immediately obvious, e.g.Intangible values = attitudes and preferences that are not immediately obvious, e.g.
Aesthetic value lies in the brain of the beholder, partly hard-wired by evolutionary processes and partly induced by experience and socialisation.
It includes sight, sound, smell, taste, touch and intuition.
Intangible values: what are they?Intangible values: what are they?
The archetypal beautiful view
Only regarded as aesthetically attractive by vegetable gardeners
www.flickr.com by Today is a good day, 2005
www.flickr.com *Micky, 2006
www.australianforests.org.au/images/australia
www.flickr.com by leoffreitas, 2006
Temporal and spatial variation in aesthetic preference related to intergenerational differentiation, culture and class
How do we integrate environmental How do we integrate environmental values into decisions …values into decisions …
when they are:when they are: intangibleintangible often conflictingoften conflicting time-consuming to obtaintime-consuming to obtain difficult to separate out.difficult to separate out.
Often left out or insufficiently recognised in Often left out or insufficiently recognised in decisions that alter or exploit space, place decisions that alter or exploit space, place and nature.and nature.
What are the social values of urban What are the social values of urban woodlands?woodlands?
March, 2003: postal survey sent to 1000 March, 2003: postal survey sent to 1000 residents aged between 15-75 years residents aged between 15-75 years randomly sampled.randomly sampled.
Mapped social values of green areas.Mapped social values of green areas. Qualitative + quantitative approach.Qualitative + quantitative approach.
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 7). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Study site: East Helsinki, Finland, 10 km from city centre. Mainly young forests, former agricultural land and narrow forested belts.Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 7). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
What are the social values of urban What are the social values of urban woodlands?woodlands?
How much and what kinds of green areas How much and what kinds of green areas should be provided for residents in urban should be provided for residents in urban areas?areas?
Do suburban green areas provide high-Do suburban green areas provide high-quality benefits for residents?quality benefits for residents?
Where do residents find attractive and Where do residents find attractive and meaningful green areas and what are the meaningful green areas and what are the characteristics of these areas?characteristics of these areas?
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Also asked about negative values of unpleasantness, scariness and noise
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 10). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
80% very important17% relatively important
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 10). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 10). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 12). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.
Thematic map for each quality was plotted from the votes received per area
Typology of environmental Typology of environmental valuesvalues
Environmental Values
Ecosystem services
Current use
Non-use Use
Ecocentric (nature-centred)
Anthropocentric (human-centred)
Future use (Option)
Existence Bequest
Direct
Spiritual
Economic valuation methodsEconomic valuation methods
Economic valuation method
Surrogate valuation Direct valuation
No observable market data (stated preference)
Observable market data (revealed preference)
Simulated valuation
Contingent valuation
Hedonic pricing
Travel cost
Replacement cost
Example: Water treatment cost
Recreation value
Example: Scenic value
Non-market economic values (existence, option, bequest)
Travel cost methodTravel cost method A revealed preference methodA revealed preference method Uses actual behaviour and travel costs to Uses actual behaviour and travel costs to
reveal underlying preferences of reveal underlying preferences of individualsindividuals
Infers willingness to pay for environmental Infers willingness to pay for environmental quality from decisions made about where quality from decisions made about where to travel for recreation. to travel for recreation.
Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43
Hedonic PricingHedonic Pricing A revealed preference method.A revealed preference method. Uses observed market prices to infer value Uses observed market prices to infer value
of environmental amenity that is “bundled” of environmental amenity that is “bundled” with private goods.with private goods.
Often uses housing market data.Often uses housing market data. Infers from market real estate prices Infers from market real estate prices
willingness to pay for environmental willingness to pay for environmental quality.quality.
Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43
Contingent ValuationContingent Valuation Contingent valuationContingent valuation is a stated is a stated
preference method.preference method. People are asked in surveys about their People are asked in surveys about their
willingness to pay for an environmental willingness to pay for an environmental amenity, e.g. better air quality.amenity, e.g. better air quality.
Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43
Recommended reading:Recommended reading:
On MyLO:Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007).
Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43.
Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.