Keys to the Study of Chemistry 1.2 The Scientific Approach ...€¦ · 1.2 The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model 1.3 Chemical Problem Solving 1.4 Measurement in Scientific Study

Keys to the Study of Chemistry

1.1 Some Fundamental Definitions

1.2 The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model

1.3 Chemical Problem Solving

1.4 Measurement in Scientific Study

1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

10 November 2014 1

Arrange the following in a concept map

Chemistry

Matter

Physical change

Chemical change

A silver fork rusts

Clothes dry up

under the sun

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

Position

Motion

Physical

properties

Chemical

properties

Density

Flammability

Melting point

Corrosiveness

Intensive

property

Extensive

property

2

Scientific Method

3

Identify an observation you had this week. Use the

scientific method to understand the observation you

had.

Observation

Hypothesis

Experiment

Model (Theory)

Further Experiment

Conversion Factors Pick the tallest and the shortest person in your group.

For each of them, count how many steps it takes to

walk a distance of 5 meters.

What is the area of the quadrangle outside F-116?

4

SI Units Match the physical quantity (dimension) to its

corresponding unit name and unit abbreviation.

5

Physical Quantity Unit Name Unit Abbreviation

Mass

Length

Time

Temperature

Electric current

Amount of substance

Luminous intensity

mole

kilogram

ampere

kelvin

meter

candela

second

s

K

A

cd

mol

kg

m

Common decimal prefixes used

with SI units Arrange the following prefixes and match to their

respective prefix symbol and exponential notation:

6

Prefix Symbol Exponential notation

micro

kilo

deci

nano

mega

centi

milli

pico

p

n

μ

M

k

c

m

d

1x106

1x10-9

1x10-2

1x103

1x10-12

1x10-6

1x10-1

1x10-3

The Components of Matter

2.1 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview

2.2 The Observations That Led to an Atomic View of Matter

2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2.4 The Observations That Led to the Nuclear Atom Model

2.5 The Atomic Theory Today

2.6 Elements: A First Look at the Periodic Table

2.7 Compounds: Introduction to Bonding

2.8 Formulas, Names, and Masses of Compounds

2.9 Classification of Mixtures

7

8 by: RBG

Pure Substances Element: matter that consists of only one kind of

atom

Compound: matter that is composed of two or more

different elements that are chemically bound

together

9

Mixtures Mixture: a group of 2 or more substances that can

be separated using a physical process

Heterogeneous: non-uniform throughout the mixture

Homogeneous: uniform throughout the mixture

10

Learning Check The following scenes represent an atomic-scale

view of three samples of matter. Describe each

sample as an element, compound, or mixture.

11

Mixture Element Compound

Atomic View of Matter 1. Law of Conservation of Mass

2. Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition

3. Law of Multiple Proportions

12

Law of Conservation of Mass The total mass of substances present does not

change during a chemical reaction.

13

Law of Conservation of Mass The total mass of substances present does not

change during a chemical reaction.

14

reactant 1 + reactant 2

total mass

product

total mass =

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate

CaO + CO2 CaCO3

56.08 g + 44.00 g 100.08 g

Law of Conservation of Mass This law forms the basis for “balanced chemical

equations” in chemistry.

15

Learning Check Assume that a mixture of substances undergoes a

reaction. Which drawing represents a product mixture

consistent with the law of mass conservation?

16

Law of Definite Composition No matter the source, a particular compound is

composed of the same elements in the same parts

(fractions) by mass.

H2O (Manila) = H2O (Davao) = H2O (Australia)

17

Analysis by

Mass

(grams/18.0g)

Mass Fraction

(parts/1.00

part)

Percent by

Mass

(parts/100

parts)

16.0 g oxygen

2.0 g hydrogen

0.89 oxygen

0.11 hydrogen

89% oxygen

11% hydrogen

Practice Exercise A compound of copper and sulfur contains

88.39 g of metal and 44.61 g of nonmetal.

How many grams of copper are in 5264 kg of

compound? How many grams of sulfur?

18

3.498 x 106 g Cu

1.766 x 106 g S

Cu and S CuS