Keynote: Revolution for Sure: Envisioning a 21st Century Information Organization by David Lewis, Dean of the Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) University Library for the October 16, 2013 NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution: The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content.
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Revolution for Sure
David W. Lewis
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution: The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
“That is what real revolutions are like. The old stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at: http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/
Resulted in:1. Scientific Journal2. Novels3. Use of alphabetical order as a means of
organizing knowledge4. Silent reading
Resulted in:5. Literacy became an amateur activity6. Institutions that had controlled of
information lost that control7. Renaissance, Reformation, 100 Years War,
etc.
Agenda
• Ronald Coase• Job to Be Done• Tyler Cowen and Freestyle Chess• Michael Buckland• Digital Documents• Open Access as a Disruptive Innovation• The Flip• Subsidy Perspective
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we have firms?
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we have firms?
Answer: Transaction Costs
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
• Where the market has high transactions costs firms bring activities in house
• When transaction costs are low, the market works and in house activities are dropped
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not answer questions
• Now the market can answer many kinds of questions easily
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not manage collections
• Now access to many kinds of collections is easy
• What is hard now is curation and preservation of locally produced and special materials
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
Critical Question:
What knowledge management problems do our institutions and communities have that the market can’t efficiently solve?
These are the problems we need to focus on
Clayton Christensen
“Job to Be Done”
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html
• People have jobs they need to do in their lives
• They want to do these jobs in the fastest, easiest, and cheapest ways possible
• They hire products and services to do these jobs
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html
• What jobs are scholars and students hiring the library to do?
• How do we provide products that do these jobs quickly, cheaply, and easily?
"People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole!” — Theodore Levitt
People don’t want a library. People want information and answers.
“We're close to the point where the available knowledge at the hands of the individual, for questions that can be posed clearly and articulately, is not so far from the knowledge of the entire world...”
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“Whether it is through Siri, Google, or Wikipedia, there is now almost always a way to ask and—more importantly—a way to receive the answer in relatively digestible form.”
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• Freestyle chess• Professionals will be teamed with intelligent
machines• The combination of person and machine can be
much better than either alone, though the machine alone will be often superior to the person alone
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• As a professional you need to add value above what the intelligent machine can do alone
• This is a different skill set than simply doing the task yourself
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“Moore’s Law,” Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law
1. Paper Library — both bibliographic tools and document are paper
2. Automated Library — tools electronic and documents paper
3. Electronic Library — tools and documents electronic
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• Library collections serve two purposes1. Dispensing role2. Preservation role
• In the paper world the dispensing role is where the most money is spent
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are paper, people and documents need to be brought together
• Best way to do this is local collections
• Libraries bring documents from the world to their local communities
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are electronic, people can get them at a distance and instantaneously
• Bibliographic tools and documents move to world/web scale
• The dispensing role becomes cheaper• The preservation role becomes more important
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
Melvil Dewey
Our practices and values come from the Paper Library
Paper Digital
• Localized• One use at a time• Not easily copied• Inflexible, not easily
modified or annotated
• Storage bulky and expensive
• Universal• Many users at a time• Easily copied• Flexible, easily
modified and annotated
• Storage does not require much space and is cheap
Paper Digital
• Publishers needed• Long lasting medium• Preservation
strategies understood• Emotional
attachment to books as objects
• Anyone can Publish
• Vulnerable• Long-term
preservation uncertain
• Print books delivered nearly as quickly as digital files
• Digital readers nearly as good as print books
Content Supply Chain is All Digital
Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• You can purchase/access content only when it is actually needed
• Inventories of content are no longer required• Inventories become expensive overhead
Opportunity Costs of Print Collections
$5.00 to $13.10
$28.77
$50.98 to $68.43
Life cycle cost based on 3% discount rate. From Paul N. Courant and Matthew “Buzzy” Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book,” in The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship, CLIR, June 2010, available at: http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub147abst.html
1. A movement — response to excessive price increases by commercial journal publishers
2. A new business model for scholarly communication — costs covered upfront and the content is then given away
Disruptive InnovationClayton Christensen
Clayton M. Christensen, SC10 Keynote with Clayton Christensen, December 4, 2010, video running time: 1:00:28, available at: http://insidehpc.com/2010/12/04/video-sc10-keynote-with-clayton-christensen Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution to the Healthcare Crisis, May 13, 2008, video, running time: 1:27:38, available at: http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-innovators-prescription-a-disruptive-solution-to-the-healthcare-crisis-9380/ Maxwell Wessel and Clayton M. Christensen, “Surviving Disruption,” Harvard Business Review 90(12):56-64 December 2012.
Clayton M. Christensen, Michael B. Horn, Louis Soares, and Louis Caldera, Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education, February 8, 2011, Available at: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/02/08/9034/disrupting-college/
• Needs– New Technology (simplified solution)– New Business Model – New Value Chain
• Starts as being not good enough and gets better fast and comes to dominate the market
• How products become cheaper, faster, and easier
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Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscrip-tion Journals
Laakso, et. al. Estimates S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012. Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012. Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html
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Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscription Journals (log scale)
Laakso, et. al. Estimates S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
• In a paper world libraries brought documents from the world to the local community or institution
• In the digital world libraries collect and curate “documents” created by or of importance to the local institution or community for the world
The Subsidy Perspective
• If information is not cheap and easy, people will not use it to the extent that will maximize societal benefit
• Information needs to be subsidized
• Libraries have been one important means of providing this subsidy
See: David W. Lewis "What If Libraries Are Artifact Bound Institutions?" Information Technology and Libraries 17(4):191-197 December 1998. Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/434.
• What matters is that information is cheap and easy
• Preserving the subsidy matters
• Preserving the institutions that once provided the subsidy is not what is important
The Subsidy Perspective
• What matters is getting the most scholarship to the most people
“That is what real revolutions are like. The old stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at: http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/