Key Question 1: How were the borders of the nation defined by 1853?

Theme 4: America and the World 1754–2010

France (with native help) vs. Great Britain British Generals George Washington and

William Pitt French Commander Marquis de Montcalm

Fighting over the Ohio River Valley Natives gave French the clear

advantage Knowledge of land

Outcome of war Britain would finally gain victory after a

9 year war. Gained land from the Atlantic Ocean to

Mississippi River.

US Frustration Sugar Act Stamp Act Intolerable Acts Boston Tea Party Boston Massacre

Minutemen – civilian soldiers Paul Revere’s ride – “The British are

coming”

Olive Branch Petition – hope for peace George Washington – General of Continental

Army

New York – Brittan puts together Army of 32,000

Battle of Trenton – Washington crosses the Delaware river – sneak attack

British try to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies Take too much stuff with them

Patriots defeat British Guerilla Warfare, killing officers

British stay away from interior and stick to the coast

Ice cold winter camp 1777 Food runs low British in warm homes

French come to help Patriots Much needed, Navy

British overtakes most of the southern colonies General Charles Cornwallis Help from slaves

Patriots slowly wear down British numbers

Big help from the French Treaty of Paris – Cornwallis surrenders

1783 US gains land from Atlantic to Mississippi

Elected in 1800 Average guy – simplified presidency Louisiana Purchase – from France

$18 per square mile Doubles size of U.S.

Lewis and Clark Explore the west, find a northwest passage Sacagawea

Causes: War between Britain and France, Tecumseh’s Native American Confederacy President Jefferson ordered an embargo on

British goods Ban on exporting to a specific country Blockade – seal up ports, by the British in

America

War in Canada War at sea to break the blockade British burn Washington D.C.

White House Treaty of Ghent

Created Canadian border at 49th parallel Dual ownership of Oregon

• Settlement of the border with Canada: 1818-border with Canada as 49th parallel 1842-settled dispute between Maine and

New Brunswick and boundary involving Great Lakes

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1846-Oregon Treaty-settled dispute over

Oregon Territory at 49th parallel

Americans moved to FL and started a rebellion Gen. Jackson fought Seminoles and invades FL Treaty of 1819

US Gains FL Pays $5 million for damages to Spain Define Western limits of Louisiana Purchase Spain gives up claims to Pacific Northwest US recognizes Spanish authority over TX

Mexico gained independence from Spain-1821

Opened up Texas for American settlement Empresarios – recruited people to come Stephen F. Austin

Austin desired Texas self-governance Met with Mexican Pres. Santa Anna Austin imprisoned Texas revolts

Alamo – San Antonio, TX 4,000 Mexicans vs. 187 Texas rebels Jim Bowie, Davie Crockett – All rebels killed

Goliad – 300 rebels killed San Jacinto – 630 Mexicans killed in minutes

Sam Houston – “Remember the Alamo” Texas Independence – 1836 Texas became a state in 1845

Mexico furious about Texas US Pres. James Polk

Negotiations to buy CA, NM, AZ failed Zachary Taylor ordered to march on the

Rio Grande

Shots fired at Rio Grande kill 9 Americans War begins

Stephen Kearney took NM without firing a shot

Quick victory in CA – Bear Flag Republic Thousands of troops invade Mexico

Took Mexico City on Sept. 14, 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo CA, NV, UT, AZ, CO, WY $15 million

Gadsden Purchase - $10 million Southern AZ, Yuma