Key Points: Details: Summary: Name: Date: Unit/Era: Chapter: Page: 1 Ferguson’s Notes An Age of Limits 24 Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson ● Nixon’s New Conservatism ○ Silent majority: the forgotten Americans, the non-shouters, the non-demonstrators ■ Support came from middle-class voters upset over events in the 1960s ■ Pledged to restore law and order and cut back on the Democrats (Johnson’s) programs ● Nixon tried to reform the federal gov’t role in Americans’ lives ● Democrats controlled Congress, and Nixon is a Republican ○ New Federalism: distribute a portion of federal power to state and local gov’ts ■ Nixon believed Johnson’s “Great Society” programs gave the federal gov’t too much responsibility in dealing with social problems ■ Revenue sharing: state and local gov’ts could spend their federal dollars however they saw fit within certain limitations ● State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act/Revenue-Sharing Bill became law in 1972 ● The federal gov’t wouldn’t be as demanding in how state and local gov’ts could spend federal dollars ○ Family Assistance Plan (FAP): every family of four with no outside income would receive a basic federal payment of $1,600 a year, with a provision to earn up to $4,000 a year in supplemental income (the bill was attacked in Senate) ■ Supporters: direct aid would end gov’t red tape and expensive programs ● Unemployed participants would have to take job training and accept any reasonable work offered them ● Liberals believed the payments were too low and the work requirement was too stiff ■ Critics: direct aid makes families more dependent on the gov’t Chapter 24: An Age of Limits Section 1: The Nixon Administration
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Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 1
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
● Nixon’s New Conservatism
○ Silent majority: the forgotten Americans, the non-shouters, the
non-demonstrators
■ Support came from middle-class voters upset over events
in the 1960s
■ Pledged to restore law and order and cut back on the
Democrats (Johnson’s) programs
● Nixon tried to reform the federal gov’t role in
Americans’ lives
● Democrats controlled Congress, and Nixon is a
Republican
○ New Federalism: distribute a portion of federal power to state
and local gov’ts
■ Nixon believed Johnson’s “Great Society” programs gave
the federal gov’t too much responsibility in dealing with
social problems
■ Revenue sharing: state and local gov’ts could spend their
federal dollars however they saw fit within certain
limitations
● State and Local Fiscal Assistance
Act/Revenue-Sharing Bill became law in 1972
● The federal gov’t wouldn’t be as demanding in how
state and local gov’ts could spend federal dollars
○ Family Assistance Plan (FAP): every family of four with no
outside income would receive a basic federal payment of $1,600 a
year, with a provision to earn up to $4,000 a year in supplemental
income (the bill was attacked in Senate)
■ Supporters: direct aid would end gov’t red tape and
expensive programs
● Unemployed participants would have to take job
training and accept any reasonable work offered
them
● Liberals believed the payments were too low and
the work requirement was too stiff
■ Critics: direct aid makes families more dependent on the
gov’t
Chapter 24: An Age
of Limits
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 2
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
○ To win backing for his New Federalism program from a
Democrat-controlled Congress, Nixon increased spending on
some social programs
■ Nixon increased spending on Social Security, Medicare,
and Medicaid payments and made food stamps
■ Nixon unsuccessfully tried to eliminate the Job Corps and
vetoed a bill, in 1970, to provide additional funding for
Housing and Urban Development
■ Nixon impounded, or withheld, necessary funds for
programs, thus holding off their implementation
● By 1973, Nixon impounded almost $15 billion,
affecting more than 100 federal programs
■ The federal courts ordered the release of the impounded
money
● The courts ruled that the presidential
impoundment of money was unconstitutional and
that only Congress had the authority to decide
how federal funds should be spent
○ Nixon had been elected on a dual promise to end the war in
Vietnam and mend the divisiveness within America that the war
had created
■ Nixon started to de-escalate America’s involvement in
Vietnam, oversaw secret peace negotiations with North
Vietnam, and secretly worked on his reelection campaign
for 1972
● Henry Kissinger, Nixon’s advisor for national
security affairs, had been meeting privately with
North Vietnam’s chief negotiator, Le Duc Tho,
since 1969
● Nixon and members of his staff ordered wiretaps
on many left-wing individuals and the Democratic
Party offices at the Watergate office building in
Washington, D.C.
■ He also implemented his “law and order” policies that he
promised the “silent majority”
● The CIA investigated and compiled documents on
thousands of American dissidents-people who
objected to the govt's policies
● IRS audited the tax returns of antiwar and civil
rights activists
● Nixon created a personal “enemies list” that the
gov’t would harass
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration (con’t)
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 3
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
● Nixon’s Southern Strategy
○ Nixon had won the 1968 presidential election by less than one
percent of the popular vote therefore wanting to create a new
conservative coalition to build on his support
■ Southern strategy: a plan to win conservative southern
white voters away from the Democratic Party by
appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation
policies and a liberal Supreme Court
■ Nixon realized Southerners were upset with Democrats
when they voted for former Alabama governor George
Wallace, a conservative segregationist
● Nixon wanted to win over Wallace’s supporters in
hopes of keeping the White House and recapturing
the majority in Congress
○ In effort to increase the success of the Southern Strategy, Nixon
slowed the country’s desegregation efforts
■ In 1969, Nixon ordered the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (HEW) to delay desegregation
plans for school districts in South Carolina and Mississippi
● The NAACP responded by filing a suit in which
the high court ordered Nixon to abide by the
second Brown ruling
■ Nixon also opposed extending the Voting Rights Act of
1965
● Despite Nixon’s opposition, Congress extended
the act
○ Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1971)
■ -Nixon opposed integration through busing and went on
national TV to urge Congress to halt the practice
■ Facts of the Case
● After the Supreme Court's decision in 1954 in
Brown v. Board of Education, little progress had
been made in desegregating public schools. One
example was the Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North
Carolina, system in which approximately 14,000
black students attended schools that were either
totally black or more than 99 percent black. Lower
courts had experimented with a number of possible
solutions when the case reached the Supreme
Court.
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration (con’t)
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 4
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
■ Question
● Were federal courts constitutionally authorized to
oversee and produce remedies for state-imposed
segregation?
■ Conclusion
● In a unanimous decision, the Court held that once
violations of previous mandates directed at
desegregating schools had occurred, the scope of
district court's' equitable powers to remedy past
wrongs were broad and flexible. The Court ruled
that 1) remedial plans were to be judged by their
effectiveness, and the use of mathematical ratios
or quotas were legitimate "starting points" for
solutions; 2) predominantly or exclusively black
schools required close scrutiny by courts; 3)
non-contiguous attendance zones, as interim
corrective measures, were within the courts'
remedial powers; and 4) no rigid guidelines could be
established concerning busing of students to
particular schools.
○ Nixon claimed the Warren Court encouraged lawlessness in
America and was too liberal during the 1968 election
■ During Nixon’s first term in the White House, he had the
opportunity to appoint four justices
● In 1969, Nixon appointed Warren Burger to head
the Court and appointed three other conservative
justices (Senate must approve)
● Patricia Nixon, President Nixon’s wife, urged her
husband to appoint women to the Supreme Court
(rejected one woman)
■ The more conservative Supreme Court didn’t always take
the conservative approach
● Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of
Education (1971): encouraged busing to integrate
schools.
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration (con’t)
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 5
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
■ The Women’s Movement Gains Momentum
● Sparks of unrest
○ Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique:
rejected the popular idea that women were
content with the roles of wife, mother, and
homemaker
■ Published The Fountain of Age:
growing old does not mean growing
worthless
○ Feminism: the belief that women should
have economic, political, and social equality
with men (right to vote in 1920)
○ President JFK appointed a Presidential
Commission on the Status of Women in
1961
○ Reported women paid far less, even when
doing the same job, and seldom promoted to
management positions
● National Organization for Women (NOW-1966):
lobbied for women’s rights
■ Pushed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC) to enforce the ban that was placed on gender
discrimination when hiring
■ EEOC declared sex-segregated job ads illegal and to
issue guidelines to employers, stating they could no longer
refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs
■ New York Radical Women - 1968 disrupted the Miss
America pageant saying it degraded women
■ A new generation
■ Gloria Steinem was a feminist, who wrote After Black
Power, Women’s Liberation
■ First openly feminist article in a women’s magazine known
as Ms. (1972)
■ Helped develop the National Women’s Political Caucus in
1971
■ Encouraged women to run for political office
■ Many gender-based distinctions were questioned:
■ Girls exclusion from sports was questioned (baseball and
football)
■ Women didn’t always take their husband’s last name
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration (con’t)
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 6
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
○ Controversy over the effects of the Women’s movement
developed
○ Higher Education Act/Education Amendment Act (1972): ban on
gender discrimination in “any education program or activity
receiving federal financial assistance.”
○ Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): proposed constitutional
amendment barring discrimination on the basis of sex (first
introduced in 1923)
■ Congress passed ERA in 1972, but it was three states
short of passing in 1982 (need 38 states to ratify it)
■ Many working-class and minorities felt leaders of
National Organization for Women (NOW) did not see
their needs
■ Phyllis Schlafly and others believed NOW, ERA, and Roe
v. Wade condemned the home-maker and destroyed
traditions
○ Roe v. Wade (1973): Supreme Court overturned state law limiting
women’s access to abortions
■ Facts of the case:
● Roe, a Texas resident, sought to terminate her
pregnancy by abortion. Texas law prohibited
abortions except to save the pregnant woman's
life. After granting certiorari, the Court heard
arguments twice.
● The first time, Roe's attorney -- Sarah
Weddington -- could not locate the constitutional
hook of her argument for Justice Potter Stewart.
● Her opponent -- Jay Floyd -- misfired from the
start. Weddington sharpened her constitutional
argument in the second round.
● Her new opponent -- Robert Flowers -- came
under strong questioning from Justices Potter
Stewart and Thurgood Marshall.
■ Question:
● Does the Constitution embrace a woman's right to
terminate her pregnancy by abortion?
Section 1: The Nixon
Administration (con’t)
Key Points: Details:
Summary:
Name: Date:
Unit/Era: Chapter:
Page: 7
Ferguson’s Notes
An Age of Limits24
Class Website: http://desotocountyschools.org/ferguson
● Confronting a Stagnant Economy
○ Gov’t spending of social programs and the Vietnam War led to a recession and
unemployment, which created stagflation: phenomenon of high inflation and high
unemployment
■ President Johnson’s policy to fund the war and social programs
through deficit spending caused inflation
■ Increased competition in international trade and a flood of new
workers led to stagflation
■ America’s heavy dependency on foreign oil caused major economic
problems
● Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):
formed mainly by Arab nations in an effort to get higher
prices for their oil
● The U.S. was importing 1/3 of its oil
■ Yom Kippur War/October War (1973-74) pitted Israel against
Egypt and Syria (other Arab nations supported Egypt and Syria)
● Egypt and Syria invaded Israel in an attempt to recover the
land they lost during the Six Day War in 1967 (wanted the
Sinai Peninsula back which they lost during the Six-Day
War).
● When the U.S. sent massive aid to Israel, the Arab OPEC
nations responded by cutting off oil sales to the U.S.
● By the time OPEC started selling oil to the U.S. again in
1973, the price had quadrupled
● Some believed oil companies were keeping prices artificially
high for profit
■ The reduction in oil caused an energy crisis in the U.S. during the
winter of 1973-74
● Oil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska in 1968, after
explorers had been searching all over Northern Alaska since
the 1950s
● A pipeline was considered the only viable system for
transporting the oil to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800
miles (1,300 km) away at Valdez
● U.S. President Richard Nixon signed the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline Authorization Act into law on November 16, 1973,
which authorized the construction of the pipeline (finished
being built in 1977)
■ The gov’t called for energy conservation, but oil imports grew
● Gas rose from 30 cents to $1.00 a gallon
■ The Arab oil squeeze affected the entire world
● The Netherlands allowed motorists 2 ½ gallons of gas per