Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in Developing Countries ISWA Beacon Conference Strategic Waste Management Planning Novi Sad, Serbia 10 December 2009
Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in
Developing Countries
ISWA Beacon Conference
Strategic Waste Management Planning
Novi Sad, Serbia
10 December 2009
Presentation Topics
• Overview – Waste management in developing countries
• World Bank
- Who we are
- What we do in waste management
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Waste collection point
Waste Generation Rate
* Assumed population of 1.0 million.
• Cities with a population of 1.0 million or more in developing countries: 296
Income Level
Generation Rate
(kg/capita/day)
Generation*
(tons /day)
Low 0.5 500
Medium 0.7 700
High 1.6 1,600
Waste Composition
Material Low Medium High
Food 40-85% 20-65% 20-50%
Paper 1-10% 15-40% 15-40%
Recyclables 4-25% 5-26% 11-43%
Fines 15-50% 15-50% 5-20%
Moisture 40-80% 40-60% 20-30%
Income Level
Waste Collection
• Collection rate varies significantly
- Uncollected waste in urban areas: 30-60%
- Population w/ no service: 50%+
• Equipment – variety of vehicles used
- Out-of-service equipment: up to 80%
Conakry, Guinea
Amman, Jordan
Kabul, Afghanistan
Recycling
• Waste pickers – informal recycling at collection points / disposal sites
• Estimated 15 million waste pickers in developing countries
• Children and women, often work as pickers
• Waste picking – unhealthy work environment
• CDM methodology under development
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Conakry, Guinea
Treatment
• Options – Aerobic composting, waste-to-energy, other
- Waste composition / moisture (food waste, precipitation)
• Methane avoidance (CDM)
Cairo, Egypt
Quantity: 375 tpd (current), 1,500 tpd (future)
CDM status: Validation
Lahore, Pakistan
Quantity: 300 tpd (current), 1,000 tpd (future)
CDM status: Validation
Waste Disposal – Open Dump
• Open dumping with uncontrolled fires is norm in most developing countries
• Public health and environmental hazardous
• Lack of regulatory authority / enforcement
• Cost of development and operation of a landfill
• Bank loans: Dump closure and development of landfill
Conakry, Guinea
Daily quantity: 500 tons
Waste Disposal – Engineered Landfill
• Regional landfill to achieve economies-of-scale
• Siting
• Design: Site design, bottom liner, leachate management, slopes
• Operations: Waste compaction, cover
Amman, Jordan
Daily waste received: 3,000 tpd
Composition: high % food waste, high leachate generation
CDM status: Validation
World Bank
• Founded 1944 for post-war reconstruction
• Role to alleviate poverty in developing countries
- Poverty: earn less than $2 per day
• Organization
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
- International Development Association (IDA)
- International Finance Group (IFC)
- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
World Bank – Municipal Waste Management
• Loans
- Technical / operational, institutional, financial, capacity building
- Project examples (pipeline, current, recently completed)
o Belarus
o Brazil
o China, Tianjin
o Columbia
o Jordan, Amman
o Maldives
o Morocco
o Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tianjin, China (Shuangkou Landfill)
• Carbon finance (CDM) Daily Waste Quantity Received: 1,300 tpd
• Technical Assistance»
World Bank, Carbon Finance
• Initiated carbon finance program 1999 to stimulate market
• Trustee of 12 Funds / Facilities for governments and firms
• Carbon Finance Unit contracts to purchase emission reductions for Fund / Facility members
• Carbon payment tied to certified performance
- Operations revenue
- Contributes to sustainable operation
- Mitigation of climate change
CDM
• Methodologies approved by the UNFCCC (CDM EB)
- Approved methodologies
o Landfill gas capture / treatment (flare, energy recovery)
o Methane avoidance: Aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion,
incineration, RDF as fuel
o Aerobic landfill
o Energy recovery, additional ERs - displacement of fossil fuel energy
- In Development, Recycling
• Methodology conditions include:
- Baseline: GHG emissions, absence of action
(Business as Usual).
- Additionality: ERs that would be achieved
with project
o Barriers – Investment, technical, common
practice
CDM Registered Projects
(mid-November 2009)
• Total CDM registered projects: 1,894
• Registered CDM municipal solid waste projects: 137
- 7.2% of total
- Landfill gas: 123 projects
- Region
- LFG -13 projects
- Methane avoidance – 0 projects
• LFG projects in validation: 145
Durbin, South Africa
LFG power generation / flare facility
CDM registration: December 2006
CDM Registered Projects - Region
(mid-November 2009)
Country Registered Request Registration
Armenia 1 -
Egypt 1 -
Georgia 1 -
Israel 4 -
Jordan - 1
Morocco 1 -
Syria 2 -
Tunisia 2 -
UAE 1 -
TOTAL 13 1
CDM (Carbon Finance) Project Cycle:
World Bank
• Project Idea Note (PIN)
• Letter of Intent (LOI)
• Project Design Document (PDD)
• Validation
• Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)
• Registration
• Verification / Certification
Veolia Environmental Services - Alexandria, Egypt
Borg El Arab landfill
LFG flare
CDM registration: December 2006
PDD: Estimate of Potential LFG Gas Capture
• Gas generation potential
- First Order Decay (FOD) model
o Waste composition
o Ambient temp. / precipitation
o Methane correction factor
• Gas capture rate
Amman, Jordan
Leachate pond, base of cell
Leachate, moisture in food
waste
CDM LFG Project Performance –
PDD Forecasts vs. Verification Results
• Reported ERs to forecast ERs (PDDs): 58.4% (2007)
- Positive trend: 40.9% (2006)
• Over expectation factors, high capture rates, high k value, Lo
- Especially early projects
• Under performance, high leachate levels (moisture, food waste)
World Bank – Tianjin, China; Landfill Gas
• Tianjin: 5th largest city in China (population: 11.2 million)
• Loan
- Landfill financed by Bank, part of Urban Environment Loan
- First modern, engineered landfill in Tianjin
- Operations begun: 2001
- Site receives 1,300 tpd
• Carbon Finance
- PDD est. ERs: 913,108 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)
- Project registration: August 27, 2008
- Monitoring Report / 3rd party verification, 4th quarter 2009
- Buyer: Spanish Carbon Fund
TCEEE – Municipal agency joint venture
LFG to electricity project
CDM registered: August 2008
Shuangkou landfill - Tianjin, China
World Bank – ECARU (Cairo, Egypt); Composting
• ECARU private company / project stand alone activity – no Bank loan
• Carbon Finance
• - PDD est. ERs: 502,204 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)
• - Project in validation
• - Buyer: Carbon Fund for Europe
ECARU
Aerobic composting
CDM status: Validation
Quantity: 375 tpd (current); 1,500 tpd (future)
Cairo, Egypt
World Bank – Brazil, Caxia Economica Federal
• Brazil: 250 municipalities with population of > 100,000
• Caxia: Second largest public bank in Brazil
• Loan objectives
- Dump closures
- Investment in treatment facilities and engineered landfills
• Carbon finance
- Program of Activities (PoA), bundled
projects rather than individual projects
• Technical assistance
Novagerar – Nova Iguacu, Brazil
Adrianopolis landfill
LFG flare, facility to generate electricity
CDM registration: November 2004
World Bank - Urban Methodology (Future)
• Fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
- Est. 70% of GHG emissions occur in cities
- 296 cities in developing countries with populations of 1.0 million or more
• High level of economic growth with very large population inflow
- 50% of world’s population lives in cities
• Inadequate level of engagement in CDM
• Carbon finance potential facilitate low-GHG development in
cities
• Key sectors
- Waste: Solid waste and wastewater
- Transport: Public and private
- Energy: Renewable and energy use (efficiency)
Additional Information
• General
- World Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit: www.carbonfinance.org
- World Bank’s Urban Solid Waste Management: http://go.worldbank.org/A5TFX56L50
- 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol5.html
- UNFCCC's CDM: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html
• Selected Large-Scale Methodologies
- LFG - ACM0001, Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_BTH14FSTZKN0WN9PBDUG9D2U83HXBQ
- Methane Avoidance (Composting, Other) – AM0025, Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste
treatment processes
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PJSD36RRF6X16OA7CSTR7H38OXVJTG
• Selected Small-Scale Methodologies
- LFG to Power - AMS-III.D, Grid connected renewable electricity generation
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PHPV5WESACMBTJ2YY54GAJYSIEI3HD
- LFG - AMS-III.G, Landfill methane recovery
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_341FT628YO0PX9D2BW9IDMHSTPY139