Key Concepts - sbpsb.org · Key Concepts Annexation of Hawaii- U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed

Key Concepts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfsfoFqsFk4

Why did the U.S. invade Cuba?

http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanishamericanwar/

Key Concepts

Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Jingoism- “extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy”; extreme nationalism; Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Yellow journalism- journalism that has catchy headlines but lacks legitimate research; exaggeration; sensationalize; Pulitzer and Hearst

Great White Fleet- a group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation’s naval power.

Key Concepts

Spanish-American War (1898)- American intervention of Cuban independence from Spain because Spanish misrule in Cuba; American attacks on Pacific Islands (Philippines) mysterious sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana; De Lome letter criticizing McKinley; De Lome was Spanish ambassador to U.S.; Teddy Roosevelt fights in Cuba after resigning as assistant secretary of the Navy; “That splendid little war”

Key Concepts

Roosevelt, Corollary, Big Stick Policy- international police power; U.S. had right to intervene to “stabilize” economic affairs of South and Central America if they could not pay international debts. Use military force when necessary to back up threats

Cuba- Spanish colony that was 90 miles off the U.S. coast. The people were treated poorly. The U.S. helped them gain their independence in 1902.

Guam- An island territory that was claimed by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War was completed.

Key Concepts

Reasons for shifting from Isolation to Imperialism:

Changes in the economy opened doors for trade to other countries.

Demonstrated that our military was strong & could maintain territories farther away

Demonstrate that we could be a world power

Key Concepts

Annexation of Hawaii- U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898. It also served as a strategic military location.

Social Darwinism- This was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society.

Key Concepts

Military Expansion- Teddy Roosevelt maintained that a chief executive must be willing to use force when necessary while practicing the art of persuasion. He therefore sought to assemble a powerful and reliable defense for the United States to avoid conflicts with enemies who might prey on weakness. One of his goals was to assemble a large military to use if necessary.

Key Concepts

Puerto Rico- Given to the U.S. by Spain as a payment for the cost of the Spanish American War. Still a U.S. territory.

Philippines- Spanish colony in the Pacific whom the U.S. helped free from the Spanish, but soon after took as their own colony.

Panama Canal- Cut travel time from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean dramatically. The U.S. supported Panama and the canal was built when independence was won from Colombia.

Key Concepts

Banana Republic- a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on exporting a limited-resource product, (ex: bananas).

Anti-Imperialistic League- group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.

Key Concepts

Open Door Policy- Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Dollar Diplomacy- Term used to describe the efforts of the U.S. to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries.

Moral Diplomacy- foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.

Key Concepts

Nationalism- Political ideology that stresses people’s membership in a nation- a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. Nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe.

Militarism- the political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Key Concepts

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand- was assassinated on June 28, 1914 while paying a visit to Sarajevo. He was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. His assassination helped spark WWI.

Alliances- Central Powers- alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and

the Ottoman empire (later joined by Bulgaria)

Triple Entente- Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection.

Key Concepts

Boxer Rebellion- super patriotic Chinese group broke loose in rebellion in 1900. Over 200 white missionaries and other people were murdered.

Philippines Insurrection- After the US helped the Philippines gain independence from Spain, tension erupted into another war. The US took control of the Philippines and treated them eerily similar to the way Spain was treating Cuba. The Philippines did not gain independence until 1946.

Key Concepts

Mexican Revolution and Pancho Villa- A time of political unrest in Mexico. Revolution started in 1910. Was important to the US because they are our closest neighbors to the south. Pancho Villa was a Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico.

General John Pershing- Woodrow Wilson ordered him and an expeditionary force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Francisco “Pancho” Villa dead or alive. He never did capture Villa

Key Concepts

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning. Some would argue this is the major cause of the U.S. entry in WWI.

The sinking of the Lusitania- the Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died.

Key Concepts

Trench Warfare- a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, little to no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

New weapons (airplanes, automatic weapons, poison gas, tanks)- humans proved to be remarkably ingenuous and adaptable when it came to finding new ways to maim and kill during WWI.

Key Concepts

Sussex Pledge-Germany’s promise to the U.S. they would stop attacking passenger ships. They broke their promise and continued the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare.

Zimmerman Telegraph- sent from Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German minister in Mexico. Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and in return they would help Mexico get back the territory that the U.S. had acquired. (Texas, New Mexico & Arizona)

Key Concepts

League of Nations- an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations, and although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed.

Treaty of Versailles- Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Key Concepts

War guilt clause- In treaty of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria-Hungary responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers for war damages.

Reparations- Compensation or repayment; compensation payable by a defeated nation for damages sustained as a result of hostilities. One of the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, that Germany had to pay of the war damages of WWI

Key Concepts

Fourteen points- the was aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believes would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Great Migration- movement of over 300,000 African Americans from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920.

Key Concepts

Sedition Act of 1918- brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

Espionage Act of 1917- federal law passed shortly after entrance into WWI, made it a crime for a person to mail or print information that inspired dissent against the American war effort or promoted its enemies.

Key Concepts

Selective Service Act- this 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Less than 350,000 men dodged being drafted. Age limit was later changed to 18 through 45.

War Industries Board- agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce. Headed by Bernard Baruch.

Key Concepts

Schenck v. United States- Justice Holmes’ claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger” when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.

American Expeditionary Force- commanded by General John J Pershing; by the summer of 1918 it assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the Western front. (The first US troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines)

Key Concepts

Big Four- Four heads of state at Versailles….David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy and Woodrow Wilson of the USA.

Victory gardens- private gardens which American citizens were encouraged to create as a source of food during the war period

Liberty bonds- government bonds sold to gain money for WWI.

Key Concepts

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)- the second stage of the Russian Revolution in 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

Committee on Public Information- was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivate Americans to support war against Germany once declared.

Key Concepts

Food Administration (voluntary policies)- it was a government organization created to stir up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. It helped the war effort by creating a food surplus to feed America and its allies.

Self-determination- the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will.

Return to isolationism- after the war the American government returned to the concept of isolationism. Part of the reason that the US did not join the League of Nations hence causing it to fail.