Keseimbangan Umum Model is-lm

7/23/2019 Keseimbangan Umum Model is-lm

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PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL,KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF,

PROTEKSIONISME

1. Pendahuluan

2. Surplus dan Des!"

Perda#an#an$. %as!s E&'n'(!

Un"u& Perda#an#an

). Su(*er Keun##ulanK'(para"!+

. -a(*a"anPerda#an#an



1. Pendahuluan

• Gl'*al!sas! pere&'n'(!an (e(*ua" se"!ap ne#ara,*e"apapun &e!ln/a ne#ara "erse*u", (e(pun/a!&e"er#an"un#an0&a!"an e&'n'(! den#an ne#ara la!n.

• Se*u"&an &e#!a"an0"ransa&s! *aha 'ran# Ind'nes!a

(en##una&an (e(*el! *aran# 3asa dar! ne#ara la!n• Se*u"&an &e#!a"an0"ransa&s! *aha 'ran# as!n#

(en##una&an *aran# 3asa dar! ne#ara &!"a.

• %en"u& hu*un#an e&'n'(! dapa" d!*a#! 2 4 516perda#an#an*aran# dan 3asa, 526al!ran ('dal 5hu"an#7p!u"an#6.

• Ter3ad!n/a perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal d!3elas&an den#an"e'r! perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal.

• Ada 2 "e'r! dasar perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal 4 Te'r!Keun##ulan A*s'lu" dan Te'r! Keun##ulan K'(para"!+.



2. Surplus dan Des!"Perda#an#an

• E&sp'r 8 I(p'r Surplus perda#an#an

• E&sp'r 9 I(p'r Des!" perda#an#an

• Surplus a"au des" perda#an#an dapa"

d!l!ha" – An"ara Ind'nes!a den#an se*uah ne#ara la!n

– An"ara Ind'nes!a den#an ne#ara7ne#arala!nn/a d! dun!a.

• %esarn/a surplus a"au des!" perda#an#anInd'nes!a dapa" d!l!ha" dala( NeraaPe(*a/aran Ind'nes!a.



Neraa Pe(*a/aran Ind'nes!a5Neraa Transa&s! %er3alan6

:u"a USD

Uraian 2010 2011

Neraa Transa&s! %er3alan 5;urren"A'un"6

.1))

2.<=<

%aran# $<.>2= $.$)=

E&sp'r1?.<=)

2<1.)=2

I(p'r712=.))=

71>>.12

:asa 7@.$2) 711.?2$ E&sp'r

1>.=>> 2<.$2

I(p'r72>.<?@

7$2.$)

Pendapa"an 5Ne"6 72<.=@< 72.>>=

Su(*er 4 %an& Ind'nes!a

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/NERACA%20PEMBAYARAN%202012.pdf

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/NERACA%20PEMBAYARAN%202012.pdf



%as!s E&'n'(! Un"u& Perda#an#an

In"ernas!'nal

• Tu3uan (ela&u&an perda#an#an!n"ernas!'nal – Me(per'leh *aran# /an# "!da& dapa"

d!has!l&an d! dala( ne#er!.

– Me(perluas pasar pr'du& dala( ne#er!.

– Me(per'leh "e&n'l'#! /an# le*!h

('dern dar! ne#ara la!n. – Me(per'leh &eun"un#an dar!

spes!al!sas!.




In"ernas!'nal

• Dasar "er3ad!n/a perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal – Adan/a per*edaan &eun##ulan an"ara sua"u

ne#ara den#an ne#ara la!nn/a.

– Per*edaan &eun##ulan dapa" *erasal dar! +a&"'rala( 5endowment) dan dapa" pula *erasal dar!+a&"'r (anus!an/a 5skill a"au "e&n'l'#! ).

Ne#ara7ne#ara T!(ur Ten#ah (en#e&sp'r (!n/a&&e :epan# dan (en#!(p'r *aran#7*aran#

ele&"r'n!& dan '"'('"!+ dar! :epan#.Ind'nes!a (en#e&sp'r &are" ala( dan #as ala(a!r &e :epan# dan (en#!(p'r &'(pu"er dar! sana.




In"ernas!'nal

• Per*edaan &eun##ulan (en!(*ul&anspes!al!sas! dala( perda#an#an.

• Per*edaan &eun##ulan dapa"d!*eda&an a"as 2 *en"u& 4Keun##ulan A*s'lu" 5absoluteadvantage) /an# d!per&enal&an 'leh

Ada( S(!"h 51==>6 dan Keun##ulanK'(para"!+ 5comparative advantage)/an# d!per&enal&an 'leh Da!d

R!hard' .



? '+ 2@

T-E E;ONOMI; %ASIS FOR TRADE4A%SOLUTE ADBANTAGE

Ga!ns +r'( Mu"ual A*s'lu"e Adan"a#e

TABLE 18.2Yield Per Acre of Wheat and Cotton

NEW ZEALAND AUSTRALIA

Wheat 6 bushels 2 bushels

Cotton 2 bales 6 bales

TABLE 18.3Total Production of Wheat and Cotton Assuming No Trade, Mutual

Absolute Advantage, and 100 Available Acres


Wheat 25 acres x 6 bushels/acre

150 bushels

75 acres x 2 bushels/acre

150 bushels

Cotton 75 acres x 2 bales/acre

150 bales

25 acres x 6 bales/acre

150 bales



@ '+ 2@

T-E E;ONOMI; %ASIS FOR TRADE4;OMPARATIBE ADBANTAGE

FIGURE 1?.1 Pr'du"!'n P'ss!*!l!"/ Fr'n"!ers +'r Aus"ral!a and Ne Cealand *e+'re Trade

;O O ; S S O



1< '+ 2@


TABLE 18.4Production and Consumption of Wheat and Cotton after Specialization

PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION

New Zealand Australia NewZealand

Australia

Wheat 100 acres x 6 bushels/acre

600 bushels

0 acres

0

300 bushels 300 bushels

Cotton 0 acres0

100 acres x 6 bales/acre600 bales

300 bales 300 bales

T-E E;ONOMI; %ASIS FOR TRADE



11 '+ 2@

T-E E;ONOMI; %ASIS FOR TRADE4A%SOLUTE ADBANTAGE

FIGURE 1?.2 Epanded P'ss!*!l!"!es a+"er Trade

Trade enables both countries to move beyond their previous resource and productivity

constraints.




12 '+ 2@


TABLE 18.5Yield Per Acre of Wheat and Cotton


Wheat 6 bushels 1 bushel


Ga!ns +r'( ;'(para"!e Adan"a#e

TABLE 18.6Total Production of Wheat and Cotton Assuming No Trade and

100 Available Acres


Wheat50 acres x 6 bushels/acre

300 bushels


75 bushels


300 bales


75 bales




1$ '+ 2@


TABLE 18.7Realizing a Gain from Trade When One Country Has a Double Absolute Advantage

STAGE 1 STAGE 2

New Zealand Australia New Zealand Australia

Wheat50 acres x 6 bushels/acre

300 bushels

0 acres

0


450 bushels

0 acres

0


300 bales


300 bales


150 bales


300 bales

STAGE 3

New Zealand Australia

100 bushels (trade)

Wheat 350 bushels 100 bushels

(after trade)

200 bales (trade)


(after trade)



Te'r! Klas!& 1)

Komoditi AmerikaSerikat

Inggris

Gandum

Kain

6

4

1

2

Tabel : KeunggulanKomparatif (contoh lain)

•Seara &'(para"!+, &e(a(puan In##r!s dala( (e(pr'du&s!

gandum 10> dar! &e(a(puan AS, se(en"ara dala((e(pr'du&s! kain dar! &e(a(puan AS. 8 10>.

• In##r!s (e(!l!&! keunggulan kompararif dala((e(pr'du&s! kain.

•

AS (e(!l!&! keunggulan komparatif dala( (e(pr'du&s!gandum

Seara A*s'lu" AS un##uldala( (e(pr'du&s!&edua &'('d!"! na(un

/an# pal!n# un##uladalah dala((e(prudu&s! gandum /a&n! > &al! &e(a(puanIn##r!s

%as!s E&'n'(! Un"u&Perda#an#an In"ernas!'nal



Te'r! Klas!& 1

• Keun"un#an perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal

• Tanpa perda#an#an 5har#a dala( ne#er!6 4

D! AS 4 > #andu( H ) &a!n

D! In##r!s 4 1 #andu( H 2 &a!n > #andu( H 12 &a!n.

• Spes!al!sas! pr'du&s! 4 AS (e(pr'du&s! #andu( sa3a

In##r!s (e(pr'du&s! &a!n sa3a.• Perda#an#an !n"ernas!'anal 4

AS (au (en3ual > #andu(n/a &e In##r!s den#an har#a 8 ) &a!n.

In##r!s (au (e(*el! > #andu( dar! AS den#an har#a 9 12 &a!n.

M!sal&an "!n#&a" per"u&aran d!sepa&a"! 4 gandum ! kain.

%a#a!(ana &eun"un#an /an# d!per'leh (as!n#7(as!n# ne#araS!apa /an# pal!n# *an/a& (e(per'leh &eun"un#an

%as!s E&'n'(! Un"u& Perda#an#anIn"ernas!'nal



1>

• %a#! AS 5&'('d!"! un##ulan 4 gandum6 4 Tanpa perda#an#an !n"l 4 > #andu( H ) &a!n

Den#an perda#an#an !n"l 4 > #andu( H > &a!n

Keuntungan perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal dar! se"!appen3ualan > #andu( &epada In##r!s adalah 2 kain.

• %a#! "nggri# 5&'('d!"! un##ulan: Kain6

Tanpa perda#an#an !n"l 4 2 &a!n H 1 #andu( a"au

12 &a!n H > #andu(.

Den#an perda#an#an !n"l 4 > &a!n H > #andu(

Keuntungan perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal dar! se"!ap pe(*el!an> #andu( dar! AS adalah adan/a pen#he(a"an kain.

• Den#an "!n#&a" per"u&aran gandum ! kain$ In##r!s(erupa&an ne#ara /an# pal!n# *an/a& d!un"un#&an




• Perda#an#an !n"ernas!'nal /an#d!dasar! 'leh per*edaan &eun##ulan5*a!& seara (u"la& (aupun seara

&'(para"!+6 (end'r'n# "er3ad!n/aspes!al!sas!.

• Sua"u ne#ara *erspes!al!sas! dala(

(e(pr'du&s! &'('d!"! /an# (e(!l!&!&eun##ulan




S!s"e( N!la! Tu&ar Ma"aUan# As!n#

• Ma"a uan# as!n# a"au alu"a as!n# adalah(a"a uan# /an# d!#una&an d! ne#ara la!n.

• Sese'ran# /an# !n#!n (en#!(p'r *aran#

dar! ne#ara la!n harus (e(*a/arn/aden#an (a"a uan# ne#ara la!n "erse*u".

• Sese'ran# "erse*u" harus (enu&ar&an(a"a uan# dala( ne#er! den#an (a"auan# ne#ara asal *aran# "erse*u"d!!(p'r.



Ind'nes!a, (a"auan#n/a Rup!ah5Rp6

:epan#, (a"auan#n/a Jen 56

('*!l

Uan#/en

1 /en :epan# H ......... Rup!ah %a#a!(ana (enen"u&ann/a....




• Ada 2 s!s"e( n!la! "u&ar 4

1. S!s"e( n!la! "u&ar *e*as 5Fle!*le ehan#e ra"es/s"e(6.

N!la! "u&ar d!"en"u&an 'leh (e&an!s(e a"au

&e&ua"an per(!n"aan dan penaaran (a"a uan#as!n# "erse*u".

%!la per(!n"aan 8 penaaran har#a (a"a uan#as!n# a&an na!&.

2. S!s"e( n!la! "u&ar "e"ap 5F!ed ehan#e ra"es/s"e(6. N!la! "u&ar (a"a uan# as!n# d!"e"ap&an'leh pe(er!n"ah.


Keseimbangan Umum Model is-lm

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