-
The September October Issue of Chinthamani online Journal is
different from the earlier journals, since it attempts a bilingual
(English and Malayalam) publication of a Research work undertaken
by the Trust .Hereafter Chinthamani will be a Bimonthly, and every
Issue will deal with part of the book Kerala History. More than 72
temples were visited for the purpose.Thanks to Archeological
society of India (ASI),Cochin,Malabar,and Thiruvithamkore Devaswam
Board ,Zamorins of Calicut for permitting to undertake research in
the various temples under their jurisdiction.
Thanks to each of the Temple Ooraalers/Trustees who had given
valuable information and help during field work.
DR SUVARNA NALAPAT TRUST FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Kerala
History based on temple traditions Part 2 History of Pallavas
of
Kerala, their Timespan and scripts /Inscriptions
Dr Suvarna Nalapat
There are several South Indian stone/copper plate inscriptions
which throw light to Keralas past. The temples of Kerala and their
rich collection of evidence is not much utilized by historians so
far. Therefore , the Trust undertook a study based on these. In
this part the available Pallava history of Kerala, its relation to
stories told in several popular scriptures, and subaltern
histories, comparison with central Indian Sarabhapureeya
inscription history is done.Available Malabar inscriptions are
cited as a Table .Timespan of Munda and other Adivasi races of
India, their relation to Royal families and the genetic (DNA)
evidence of a scholar of Kerala/Ujjain are also probed for a clear
picture of Kerala history from pre-historic days. In the next few
volumes the findings from each of the temples have to be analysed
and for this , this introductory part is essential.
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Peruvanam Ground Plan, and temple,Serpent design at Jain Temple
Vaithiri, Padma at Veliyambam kotta Bhagavathi Temple, Elephant at
Thiruvanchikkulam, Varavoor Kulaseharapuram Thali temple, and an
Inscription at Thrikkotithanam are seen in this page.
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Kerala History based on Temple traditions of Kerala Part 2
History of Pallavas of Kerala, their Timespan and scripts
/Inscriptions
Dr Suvarna Nalapat Trust
(Dr Suvarna Nalapat Trust for Education and Research) September
/October Issue of Chinthamani Journal .
Contents
1 Tamil Chronology according to Modern Historians..
2 South Indian Stone Inscriptions . 3 Inscriptions of Pallavas
and their relation to Kerala History
4 Malabar Inscriptions (A topographical list of Inscriptions
of
Madras Presidency . V .Rangacharya .Asian Education Series .New
Delhi 1985 ASI Thrissur Circle ACC 2125/14/12/04 ,South Indian
Inscriptions Vol 5 Director Epigraphy Mysore on behalf of Director
General Archeological Survey of India 1986 ASI No:417/34/ASI V)
5. Kathaasarith Saagaram, Haalaasyamaahaathmyam and Narayan
Kannoor Saasanam/Inscription
6 Story of Goureemundan 7. Kerala and Naravahana Datha
8. Timespan of Adisankara and Kathaasarithsaagara
. 9.The gene of Vararuchi
Appendix : Comparison of Brahmi and pallava scripts
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( ) Tamil Chronology
. . Pre-Historic
1. 30,000 BCE Paleolithic Industries
2. 8000-3000 BCE Microlithic Industries 3. 3000-1000 BCE ,
Neolithic
,Microlithic
. Pre-Sangam age
1000-300 BCE Megalithic 600 BCE Tamil Brahmi 250 BCE -,,,
Asokans Edicts 200 BCE
Elara the contemporary of Duttha Gamini
. Sangam period
200 BCE-200 CE Beginning of the last sangam age 150 BCE .
Kharavela of Kalimga , Hathigumba 130- Uthayan Cheral 175-195 ,,
Cheran
Chenkuttuvan, Gajabahu, Karikalacholan 190 katumko ilamcheral
irum
porai . 200 vattezhuth 210-
Thalayalamkanam war of Nedumchezhiyan Pandian
. Pallava period after Sangham period
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300-590 . Kalabhras 300-500 Chilappathikaram is written 560-580
Simha Vishnu 560-590 Pandian Katumkon 590-630 1 Mahendravarman 1
610 ()
Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) teaches Mahendravarman
628 2 Chalukya Pulikesi 2 630-668 1, Narasimhavarman 1 642-
,
Maamallan captures Pulikesins Vaathaapi . 670-700 Arikesari
parankusa Maravarman 700-728 ,
Mamallapuram,kancheepuram kailasanath temple constructed by
Pallava Rajasimha
710-730 Kongu war of Ko Chatayan Ranadheeran
731 Nandivarman Pallavamallan from second line of heirs is
adopted
731-765 wars of Pandya Rajasimha and Chalukya Vikramaditya with
Nandivarman
735- Kancheepuram captured by Chalukya Vikramadityan
760-Pallava . Nandivarmans siege on Ganga
768-815 PandyanParanthaka netumchetayan in Madura Throne
767 South of Kaveri , Pandian supremacy over Pallava
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. 800-830 1 Varaguna 1s victory over Danthivarman
830-862 Pandian Sreemara Sreevallabhan on Madura Throne
840 Sreemaarans victory over Senan of Simhalam
848 Vijayalaya Cholans victory over Mutharaya Muthurajas of
Thanjavur on Kaveri Delta
. 846-869 3 Nandivarmas victory over Pandyas
859 Sreevallabhas victory over Pallavas in Kumbhakonam
862- Senan 2 of Simhala kills Sreemaaran
903 . .Aparajithapallavan defeated by Aditya Cholan. Cholas
become powerful.
( ) South Indian Stone Inscriptions , , , ,, .
South Indian Inscriptions are in a mixture of
Brahmi,Granthavari,Tamil, Telugu,Kannada,Malayala and Sanskrit. In
the Tamil inscription of Rajaendra Chola 1, (Kandiyur ) ra,ja,sa,
pa etc are in pure Malayalam scripts. Ra is written in the same
inscription as Tamil and Malayalam . Similarly Pa also is written
in both languages. For example in the name of Parakesari Varman
both pa and Ra are written bilingually. In it, from line 12 to 23 ,
the wealth of Keralan Jayasimhan is eulogized. ( upto 18 translated
) ,,, . . , .
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12.Thennavan vaitha sundaramutiyum Indiranaramum thenthirai-
( the beautiful crown of southern emperors, the garland
vaijayanthi of Indra)
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13.Yeezhamandalamuzhuthum eripatai keralan murai
meyyirchoodum
(keralan who destroyed Southern wealthy Eezhamandalam wears
traditionally onhis body)
14 Kuladhanamakiya palarpukazh mutiyum chenkathirmalayum
chenkathir
( the crown which His kuladhana or traditional wealth ,
eulogized by many , and the necklace of red suns)
15 Velai tholperumkaval palpazhan theevuncheruvin
chinviyiruppa
( of the twilight , the thol or educational institutions
protected by the pazhaya old-paal-paalaka protectors, which seen
all around the Islands sides)
16 .Thorukaal raichu kalai katta parachuraaman
mevarunchaanthimath theevarankaru-
(in the ancient times , when the kalai were all perfect,
Parasurama with his shanthi , crowned the theevaradeva with)
17.Thi iruthiya chempon thiruthakumutiyum payankodu
pazhimika-
( reddish golden crown and throne , the old and rich auspicious
,and rising)
18 Muyankiyil muthukittolitha jayachingan alpperumpukazhotu
( land with oceans rich in pearls , and with his fame
Jayasimha)
19 Peetiyaliratta paatiyezharaiyilakkamum
navanethikkulamperuma-
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8
20 Laikalum vikkiramaveerar chakkaraikkottamum
muthirpatavallamathuramanda-
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21 lamum (kaamitaivalai iyanaa)manaikkonaiyum venchina veerar
panchappalli-
( ) -
22.yum paachataippazhana maachunidesamum ayarvil
vankeerthiyaathina
23 karvayil chandiran tholkkulatthindirarathanai
vilaiyamarkkalathukkilyo-
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24 tum pitithu palathanathodu neerai kuladhanakkuvaiyum
chittarum cherimilai otta vishayamum
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in the next few lines it is said that during that time Kosala is
ruled by Soora, and Bengal by Maheepaala, and the the mango gardens
of Govinda chandan,the Vaakayam (Vakayur perumthurai ) of Kitaarath
Arayan who is also called Samgrama Vijayothumga panmana
(padman),the Kolam (kolathu nad) which is famous for its Kalam
(kappal,ships are called kalam) which is ruled by thithamaaveli
vinai maatha maalingam ,the katumthiral Ilaam (EElam) uridesam, and
katal kaavalkkatumurat (s)kataaram the great kataaram called Murat
or muras which is for protection of the seas, .. and all these are
under the control of maapporu thandaar Ko parakesari varman Udayar
(udayavar).
( ( ) () . . . ).
In inscriptions near pukalur ,Arkat hills, by the Cheras of
Sangham period we read , (, .)
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Naakan makan nankeeran Naagan,son of Nakkeeran. Nakkeeran is a
legendary scholar of Tamil Nad. . Naaga is a race and keera is a
parrot (Sukam) which is proficient in language,literature,Musical
prosody. . ,. ,, , .
Amutham amannan yaattoor chenkaayappan ko aavi irumpurai makan
perum katumkon makan katunkon enkatunko ilamko aaka arppitha kallu
Eternity /Amritham. King Aattoor chenkaay Appan Emperor of Praana
(Aavi/ Athman) sits on Porai (Hill) . His son is Perumkatungon, son
of perumkatunkon is katunkon.
Thaa amannan yaattoor chenkaayappan uraiya ko aathan chelli
namporai makan perumkatumkon makan ilamko inko aachi arutha kallu
.
Kottanthaila ey moontru ( Kottanthailam means Kottanchukkaadi
oil . Ey moontru is a measurement 5 X 3= 15 ). Related to Ayurveda
knowledge . ( The geneology starts from Ko Aathan Chelli Namporai
of Perumchelloor Kazhakam of Kerala. His name is Mannan /king
Aattoor Chenkaayappan Ko Aavi Irum porai . His son is Perum Katum
Kon. His son Ilamko Katum Kon .. The second is the stone
inscription when he became Ilamko /Yuvaraja and the 3rd is the one
dedicated when he sacrificed the rule . Aatchi Arutha kallu means
the stone when the rule was sacrificed or ended ) and both are
those of an Ilamko , grandson of Chelli and son of Perumkatum ko.
This chera inscription is important for the students of
Perinchellur kazhakam and its Valabhi University , Mooshaka Vansa
Geneology and Ayurveda traditions of that University. Aathan being
a name attached to the oldest Emperors of Cheras and attached here
to a Chelliyan of Perumchellur speaks volumes about the
authenticity of Mooshakavansa Kavya and its geneology.) Ilam
katumgons timespan is given as 190 AD by historians , so that his
grandfather Ko Aathan Chelli Namporai must be in the first few
years of Christian era.
Pallava natukal (Menhir inscriptions)
1 Mahendravarman 1 ,Dandam patu Natukal ...
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Ko Vijaya mayeendirapperumarkku pathinettavathumee venaattu
Aanthaipaati eechai perumpaanarai charumarumakkal porchenthiyaaru
chevakaru thorukkonda njaantru meettuppattaan venaattu nandiyaar
kalkka ( The full name of Mahendravarman 1 is Ko Vijaya
Maheendrapperumar or perumaal. At his period there was a Venad
Aanthaippaati Eesa perumpaanar ) , and a Venat Nandiyaar .
Mahendravarman 1 ruled well before the 5th century AD and at that
time the Ay kingdom of Venad is mentioned at 2 places 1. Venaat
Aanthaippaati ( Aanthavanpaati) Iswara Perumpaanar or the great
Bard who sings on the God of Venad, Padmanabhaswami. 2. Venaat
Nandiyaar . The Nandi or Scholarly Rishabha of the University of
Valabhi at Venad. The popular historic concept that Venad came to
existence only in 13th century as a kingdom is thus nullified .
Mahendravarman is called Mahendra Perumar or Mahendra Perumal
(LaRayorabhedam of grammatic rule) and thus establish the presence
of Perumals of Kerala well before Mahendravarman 1 , that is before
4-5 th century AD . This is against the popular historic concept
that Perumals of Kerala came to existence only after 8th
century.
2.Mahendravarman 1 Eduthanoor Natukal :
Ko Vijaiya mayindirapperumarkku muppathunaakaavathu vaana ko
araicharu marumakkal Pottaikkaiyaar Ilamakan Kandan Thevakka
thitthammaerumaippuratthe vaatipattaan kalkkovilvannai annaay
irukallanaikkatithu kaathirunnavaaru . ( The marumakan or nephew of
the KoArachar Mahendravarman named here as the Ilamakan (young son)
of Pottaikaiyar , Kandan Theva Thitthan and he has gardens in a
place beyond Erumappuram and a stone temple and 2 stone Anaicuts .
He looks after these . Kandan Theva is a name of Thalappalli
Kovilakam kings. Thitthan Kandan Theva of Thalappalli swaroopam was
nephew of Mahendravarman 1. The Erumappuram must be Erumappetty in
Thalappalli Melvattam . This establish the relationship of
Pallava with the Thalappalli Kaadava kings . . .
3.Narasimhavarmman 2 .Veloor Natukal .
Ko Vijaiya narachingapperumarkku irantaavathu vaana ko
athiraichar chevakar meekkontrai naattu mel Veloor aalum
panaiyamaariyir ivvoortthorukkonda njaantrupattaar ( The name
Chevakan for Sevakan is a Tamil word for warrior chieftains who
served the king in Kerala. Meekkontrainaattu or
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11
upper hill country , mel veloor is upper Vel/sakthi Puram of the
commanders. That upper Veloor is ruled by Panaiyamaari /Panayannaar
rain Goddess .And the Bhattar/Pattaar /Bhattaaraka of that Goddess
has eructed a stone in the second year of King Narasimha
Perumaal.
4. Kampavarmans Chinnayyanpettai natukal . Swasthisree .
Kovijaiya kamparumarkkuyaantu moontraavathu vayiramekavaana Ko
araiyar chevakan meekuntrai naattu Malaiyanoorutaiya Chempatthondan
makan Kaaripperumaan paachaarairutaitthorunayi naattaar
kollappaachaattoor poochalitappoochal chentru kovoor naattu
chittitaiyaattumukkontrai mukkil meemalai ayankayakkaraiyir
chentrumutti Malaiyanoorutaiya chemparmakannaana
kaaripperumaanannan uraiyilampumaala evvippthiramuruvi ethire
chentru pattaan.( The Warrior Chevakan of the upper Hill country
Malayanoor /Malayalanaad or malayamaanaat is Chembathontan and his
son is Kaari Permaan . Kaari of Kuthiraimala of Sangham period is a
Velir . The kuthiramala , including the present Kuthiraan is
between Palghat and Thalappalli and belongs to Thalappalli
Melvattom. Thus , the stone eructed by Kaaripperumaaal of
Thalappalli Melvattom in Malayamaanaadu in the 3rd year of
Kampapperumaar (perumaal) is important in Pallava and Chera/Kerala
connections. Both belong to same race and is not a foreign extruder
from Bactria or Greece.
5. Thiruvaanmoor Natukal of Kampavarmman :-
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Sreekampapperumarkku yaantu irupathaavathu pattai potthanukku
okkonta naakan okka thinthan pattaipotthan methavam purinthathentru
pataarikku navakkandam kuduthu kuntrakeethalai aruthu ppitalikaimel
vaithaanukku thiruvaanmoor ooraar vaitha parisaavathu Emoorpparai
kottakkal medu cheythaaraavirkku kkuduppaaraanaar
potthanamkizhavarkalum thoruppati nilamkututhaarkal .ithu
antrentraal kamkaiyitai kumara itai ezhunoottu kaathavum cheythaan
cheytha paavatthuppatuvaar antrentraar antraal kovukku
kaarppontrantappatuvaar.
6. Veloor natukal of Kampavarman :- 7.
.... .......... . Swasthisree.kovijaikkampapperumarkku
yaantettaavathu vayirameka vaana kovaraiyaraal thakatoor
naattuppaakaattoorkkaathavamaathevan makan kaalaman
meeykkontrainaattumel veloor irunthu vaazhaanintra kaalathu
murunkaiccheri nathathantraimaiyyanaar makalai kallar
pitikkathooralkonteyya..avalai vituvithaal pattaan kaalaman . ( The
kaatavan Maathevan of Paakaattoor in Thakatoor Naad , and his son
Kaalavan/Kaala means a Rishabha or Ox /Nandi during his rule in
Veloor , thieves abducted the daughter of Murungaiccheri /Muringoor
chieftains relative. Bhattaarakan Kaalaman /Rishabha Nandi relieved
the girl and protected her and a stone was eructed for this
valourous act of Kaalaman. The name Kampa perumaal is
noteworthy.Kambam or Sthambam (Natukal) is eructed by the tribals
of South India and is venerated as Sthambeswari till period of
Chalukkiyas. This ancient custom is revived during Kambapperumaal
pallavans period and he is thus called kambapperumaal. Kambar of
Tamil Ramayanam fame also may have such a origin for his name. The
timespan of Kampapperumaal Pallava is fixed as AD 863-895 by
historians. (Time of the Kollam era in Kerala) . After him only
Nripathungavarman has ruled on Pallava throne. (AD 863- 904) .This
Nripathungavarman is the same we have seen in Sarabhapuri Somavansi
Pandavavansi Inscriptions of Central India and its significance I
had discussed elsewhere. The last ruler of the Dynasty is
considered as the first Ruler by historians when they think
Perumals Kulasekharas started rule from 8th century.By 8th century
their rule had lost its significance . It was just a transit period
for them to give away the throne to the foreign powers one by one.
India Adivasi rule had a magnificent beginning and course from
Threthayuga,through Dwaparayuga a nd ended with beginning of Kollam
Era and fall of their greatest Monarchs and Educational
Institutions and economic controls .
7. Sucheendram sthaanunaathaswami (Thaanu-Maal-Aayan)
thirukkovil first praakaaram .Swasthisree .Pootanthaiyum
Jayamatanthayum polinthu thiruppyathiruppa paar muzhuthum putai
nizhatta paraakkiramathaal muti chooti ,thenmathuraapuri
thiruvilaiyaattathil kantu
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13
mannarellaam vanthiraincha malainaatu kontaruli ,maapaaratham
porutharuli,mannavarkku thoothu chaentraruli,thevaasuramadhukai
tharithi thenaarum maraiyum kontaruli,vatavaraiyil kayal
porithu,vaanavarkon aaram poontu thitavaachakakkurumuni paal
chenthamizhnool therintharuli,thalir
irumkaimaathurimaicchenkolenkum disai natatthi, manniya
veerachimmaasanatthil theerai lokeeyam muzhukutaiyaarotum
veettiruntharuli,maamuthal mathikkulam vilakkiya ko muthal
mottavanmaaraana thiripuvanachakkaravartthikal
Sreeveerapaadiyatthevar apishekakaalathil, raachithaakothratthu,
aaseelaayanachoothratthu, naaraayanan chendanaana Itaiyaattu
mamgalatthu nampiyum thirupputthoor aazhvaarum,pillaiyaar
veerakeralatthevarum,uthiramanthrikal
veerakeralapaandiyakkonaarum,nirkka,itaiyaattumamgalathu nampiyotum
thiruvaay mozhintharuli perumaalukku thiruvaayushyaarthhamaaka
chucheenthiramutaiya naayanaarukku perumaal thaanam
pannikkututtharulina poomi thenkoottuppurathaa
naattuppoochankutippaalathavotu thottam ivvathavotu thottatthukku
perunaankellai keezhellai paathiritthottatthuneer nakkal thennellai
kalkkuzhikku vatakkumelellai pullaalkkuricchi karkkara vayalil
ottruvaayalkkinattukku kizhakku vatavellai karatikkumbal katampukku
therkku Eri irantinaal vilainilamum kaatumulppata nilam ezhu vezhi
innilamezhuveliyum iraiyili kaaraanmaiyum utpata chucheendramutaiya
naayanaarkku thaanam panninaan .perumaan mutaiyaarum
pazhamperumaneekki ipptikku perumaan kallilum chempilum
vettikkutukkaventru thiruvaay mozhintharuli thirumanthiravolai
murappunaattu maravnooraam pallavan velaalnaana nitthavinotha
mooventha velaarezhuthinaal pirachaatham cheytharuliya
sreemukathinaalum senaapathikal venpaikkutinaattu
ilavenpaicchanthirachekaranaana veerapaantiyamooventhavelar
kataiyeettinaalum puravuvari thinaikkalnaayakam malaikkoottathu
vilatthoor kesavanaana thennavasikhaamani mooventhavelar
ezhuthinaalum mukavettinaayakam chembil naattu arayaneri thaayan
ponnanaana kurumbil utaiyaan ezhuthinaalum koottukkooru
thiruvazhuthi valanaattukkottoor perarulaalan kattam kutiyaan
vaanavan vazhukkon .ttin ulvari patiyaalum
ninthavinothamooventhavelaarezhuthinaal pirachaatham cheyytharuliya
sreemukhathaalum veerapaandiyamooventhavelaalar thalaiyeettaalum
piravuvariyaarezhuthitta ulvariyaalum ikkalamuthal thiruppatimaattu
ullittan cheluthuvaaraaka chonnom chucheenthiramutaiya
naayanaarkku
( .(Inscription in the first prakara of Sthanunathasmwmi temple)
(swasthisree) ( Goddess Lakshmi in lotus flower) (Goddess
Vijayalakshmi ) ( with all their glory on either side ) ( the one
who has no equal in valour in the world, has been crowned) ( The
one who is seen in the Thiruvilayatal of southern City of Madura) (
who rules Malanadu-Hill country Malayalanad, Kerala, where all
kings come
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14
and eulogise) ,(The one who fought the war of Mahabharatha) (The
one who has gone as a messenger of peace to the durbar of Kourava
kings) ( The one who bears Nectar for both Deva and Asura ) ,( who
is authority on both the rivers of honey and to the Vedas) (The one
who has drawn the sign of Fishof South in the Northern Himalayas) ,
(The one who wears the Vaijayanthi garland of Indra, God of Devas)
,( The one who cognized the ancient Tamil Veda and taught it to the
dwarf Muni Agasthya who is knownfor his fixity of sentences- The
grammatic proficiency ) ( wearing the Chenkol in the tender
leaflike soft hands , and ruling all directions) ( In the valorous
throne of the earth, sitting with the Bhoodevi who is immersed in
waters ) ( from the first ruler who began the Lunar race of
Chandravansa /Mathikkulam to the crowning ceremony of the present
Ko /king kottavarmman thribhuvana
chakravarthi Sri veerapandya Thevar ) , ( Idayaattumamgalam
Nambi Narayanan Chennan of Rajagothram , Aswalayana Soothram) (
Azhvar of Thirupputhoor) ( Pillaiyar son-Yuvaraja Veerakerala
Theavar) ( Main Minister Veerakerala Pandiyakkonaar ) ( in their
presence) ( the king asked Idayattunambi) ( For the sake of long
lifespan of Perumal, Perumal dedicated landed property to
Sucheendram Nayanaar )
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15
f. ( This is the landed property and its limits in detail) (
This was done by the earlier ancestors of the Perumal and and now
reinforced by the present perumal) ( Make this permanent by
recording on stone and on brass leaf, said the king) ( That sacred
document was created and enforced in presence of ) () ( the blessed
and happy face of Murappanaat Maravanoor Pallavan Velaalan
Nithyavinoda Mooventhar) ( seal of commander in chief
Venpaikkutinaat Ilavembai Chandrasekhara Veerapandyamooventha
velar) ( written by the Nayakkan of all the thinai over the puram
or empire , Malakkoottatthu Vilatthoor kesavan Thevvavasikhaamani
Mooventhavelaar) ( signed by Mukavettinayakam chembil naattu
arayaneri thaayan ponnan Kurumbil Utaiyaan) ....... ( and the
friend of the entire royalty /koottukkooru- Thiruvazhuthi
Vala(bha)naattu kottoor who is famous for his great words , and the
Vanavan Vazhukkons
Kutiyaan of kattam / the produce of ricefields to collect vari
or tax ) .) Who were the Mooventhars during the Sucheendram
inscription ? 1. Murappanaat Maravanoor Pallavan Velaalan
Nithyavinoda Mooventhar (From the name
and adjectives used this is Azhvaanchery Thambraakkal of
Kolavaraaha Panniyoor Kazhakam ) Pallavan or Vallabhan Perumaal is
the Azhvaancheri who is always the Guru of all the races of kings
and is Nithyavichareswara in function.
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16
2. commander in chief Venpaikkutinaat Ilavembai Chandrasekhara
Veerapandyamooventha velar ( This is a Pandya name but he is
important in Kerala administration and in the defence ) .He is in
charge of the sea trade .
3. Nayakkan of all the thinai over the puram or empire ,
Malakkoottatthu Vilatthoor kesavan Thevvavasikhaamani
Mooventhavelaar . This person is a Nayakan or Hero of all the 5
Thinai of the Puram/Empire and is dwelling in the Malakkoottam (
Hills ) within Vilatthoor (Vilam or Bilam is Caves) and has cave
centers for secret warfare and controls land route .
Who were present ?
1 kottavarmman thribhuvana chakravarthi Sri veerapandya Thevar,
This being his crowning ceremony ( The same as No:2 above)
2. Idayaattumamgalam Nambi Narayanan Chennan of Rajagothram ,
Aswalayana Soothram.He is of Kshathriya Gothra, and has learned
Aswalayana Soothra . Idayaattu (Middle River ) is periyaar and the
Mangalam ( a Brahmin settlement has a suffix Mangalam) of this
Chennan must be Chennamangalam. Nambi Narayanan is thus the
treasurer of entire Mooshaka/Vallabha empire of Kerala .
3. Azhvar of Thirupputhoor (A vaishnava saint belonging to
ancestral line of Bards of Ilanko Adikal, and other Paananaar
Perumaals of Tamil land )
4. Pillaiyar son- Veerakerala Theavar (Son of No :1 )
5. Minister Veerakerala Pandiyakkonaar ( Nephew and next
principal authority to ascend Throne . No: 3 Vilathhoor Kesavan
Theva sikhaamani )
6. Mukavettinayakam chembil naattu arayaneri thaayan ponnan
Kurumbil Utaiyaan ( The main Captain of the Vannery Kochin swaroopa
Mooshaka kings )
7. koottukkooru- Thiruvazhuthi Vala(bha)naattu
kottoor.Thiruvazhuthi is a name we have to consider carefully. The
name seen in Thovari caves and read by Sri A R.Raghava warrier is
Vazhumi . Ko Vazhumi. This person is the close relative and honest
and truthful to the Royal lineage and throne just as Bheeshma was
to the throne of Hasthinapura. He is in charge of collecting all
revenews and looking after the dharma and welfare of entire people
, just as his own children.
8. Vanavan Vazhukkons Kutiyaan of kattam. Vazhumi has a name
Vazhukkon. His prefix is Vaanavan or Devan/Theva in regional
language. He is Thevaanaam piya or Devaanaam priya and looks after
the payers of tax /Kutiyaan as his lawful children and keeps the
people satisfied and loyal to the throne. The chief of the
Kutiyaans of Vaanavan also is present in the ceremony as witness of
the law.
It is important to note that the temple is in Kanyakumari
District at southern end and people from central and North Kerala
are taking part in it and playing a main role too for making a
decision.
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17
( Inscriptions of Pallava and their Kerala Relations )
Inscriptions of Pallava are divided as the period of
copperplates ( 3-6 century) and period of Stone inscriptions by
historians . Dr Hultzsch and Rai Bahadur doubt that pallava rule
ended with Nandivarman Pallavamallan, son of Hiranyavarman.Others
think that it continued a little bit more. In one of the Sculptures
of Vaikuntapperumal shrine of Kancheepuram, a person called
Tharantikkonta posar points at a crown to be worn by son of
Hiranyavarman (AD 670-690) and tells that it is not elephants head
but the crown to be worn on your sons head. Historians think that
the crown of Pallava kings was in the shape of elephants head , and
such a crown is seen in a Bactrian kings headdress only (Demetrius)
.This Bactrian king accepted it from Alexanders model, and since
Nandivarman Pallavamallan is said to have worn such a crown they
doubt their foreign ancestry . But they also note that the pallava
kings had Vijaya and Vikrama added to their names. ( (3-6 ) (7-9 )
. , 2 (Dr. Hultzsch and Rai Bahadur Venkayya) . ( 670-690) , , , ,
. () . (,) .,
-
18
. )
Bactrian King Demetrius
There are some questions which they have forgotten to ask.
1 If the king Hiranyavarman belonged to the same vansa of
Pallava, he would not have mistaken the crown which his ancestors
were wearing for so long, for a elephant head. Either the king must
be a fool or the story is only a fiction.
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19
2.If the model of crown is taken from Alexander, then why cant
it be that Alexander was crowned King In India by giving him a
Pallava crown ? From that model Demetrius would have taken his
model. The Harappan, and Bahrut stupa head dresses point to this
possibility.
3.Elephant is a special animal of south India and a chieftain is
crowned as Ganapathi with an elephant head in India only. Is
elephant such a familiar divine animal in Greece for Alexander to
have fashioned his headdress like that before he came to India?
( -
1 , . .
2. .
3. . .
? )
The chronology of Hiranyavarman is Pallava chronology.
Simhavishnu (Avanisimha) is son of Simhavarman and father of
Mahendravarman 1. His empire extended upto Kanchi and
Mahendravarman reports that he was dear to all Pallavas. He was a
devotee of Vishnu. Mahendravarman was also a Vaishnava. Later on,
due to needs of the times, Appar advised him to change his policy
of Vaishnavite Ahimsa and to follow policy of Himsa (war) to check
the intruders . During Mahendravarmans time several stone temples
were constructed and renovated. His adjectives
Vichithrachithan,sankeernajaathi,Mathavilaasa,Chethakkaari
(Chenthakkaari) sathrumalla etc shows his character, likes and
lineage.Nilwaleneyambu,pasarambu,Bujjaanakanthu,Pisugu,Venthula
vittu pallava etc shows his Telugu relations.(Inscriptions at
Trichinappalli,Pallavaram,Kaanjeepuram).The cave temple at
Thrissinappally is known as Lalithaankurapallaveswaragriham.(House
of Lalithankura Pallava King) The sprout from Devi Lalitha is
Lalithankura and the tender leaf (pallava) of it is his synonym.
Vallam cave temple near Chingel Pet is called Devakulam.It was made
by Kandasena son of Vayyaanthaippiriya arasar .Kandasena
(skandasena) and kandasishya is same person and Skandasishya
(kandasena) son of Veerakoorchiya built the single pillared Mandapa
at the Moolasthaana. Kanthan and Kurichiyan are names of ancient
kings of Thalappalli lineage and of the Vanavasi,Girivasi (hill and
forest tribes) of ancient kerala.The most ancient and purest
Lanchanaa of Pallava is the Rishabha sign and this as
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20
we all know is the ancient sign of Sindhu-Harappan Dravidian
culture.The Pallavas also use signs like lamp,Flag, Chaamaram
etc.
( . () . . . . . , . . , , , , () . , , , , (inscriptions at
Trichinopoly, Pallavaram, Conjeeveram) . . . () . . , . () . ,,
.)
1 Brahma 2 Angiras 3 Brihaspathi 4 Samyu 5 Bharadwaja 6 Drona 7
Aswathama 8 Pallava
Prehistoric (, )Mahabharatha time Harappan,Saindhava periods
9 Asoka 10 ()Kolobarthri 11 Chuthu pallava 12 Veera Kuruchiya 13
1 Kandavarman 1 14 Kumaravishnu 15 1 Budhavarman
Historic time 150 -215 CE 240 240 265
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21
16 2 skandavarman 2 17 2 kumaravishnu 2 18 1 Vishnugopa 19 3
kandavarman 3 40 Veeravarman 41 4 kandavarman 4 42 1 Vishnugopa 43
1 simhavarman 1
290 315 340 365 390 403 Did not occupy throne 436 -477
. .
45. ( 5) 477 CE Siva skandavarman 5
44 2 ( .) 340 CE Vishnugopan 2
46 1.502 Nandivarman 1 47 2 527 CE simhavarman 2 had 2 children
2 48 550-580 simhavishnu 49 1 629-668 Narasimhavarman 50 668-670
Mahendravarman 1 51 1 670-690 Parameswara Varman 1 52 2 . 690-728
Narasimhavarman 2 53 2 720-728 Mahendravarman 2 54 2 728-731
Parameswaravarman 2
Bheemavarman Adityavarman Govindavarman Hiranyavarman 55 2
731-796 Nandivarman 2 56 796-847 Danthivarman. .. Wife Kadamba
princess Akaalanimmathi .
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22
,, , ( ) 57 3 (Kumaramarttanda) 847-863 Nandivarman 3.Had 2
children Nripathungavarman and Kampavarman 2 . Ganga Nergutti, Bana
Vikramaditya Mavalivanaraya Chola-Maharaja Kumarankusa. Varaguna 58
Kampavarman 863-895 . 35 . , ,. Prithvipati 1, (Akalankattuvarayar
) . 59 863-904 ( .) Nripathungavarman. The Mutaraiyans under
Sattam-Paliyili Gangas under Prithivipati Banas under
Mahabali-Banavidyadhara ()Wife Kaatavan Mahadevi did Hiranyagarbha
and Thulabhara. . 60 Aparajithavarman Rajamarttanda 890-908 .Wife
Maathevi Adikal .
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23
Pallavas belong ,thus, to Chuthu,Naaga,Vanavasi,AndhraBhruthya
sathakarni and are very old inhabitants of India. To categorise
them as Bactrian and Greek kings is showing ignorance of
historians. The first king is named Veera Kuruchian and Kurichiyas
were always the people and kings of hills of South India. The King
became a king only after marrying a Naaga princess as was the
custom of Indians . His mother also is a Naaga queen. The two
Saasana of Yuvaraja Vishnugopa are from Paalakkaat (
Netumgaracha/Araya and Uruvappally saasana) .The aracha or king of
Netunga /Netunganad and the Paalakkaat relation is important.
Kurichiya and Kerala kings were having intimate relations till
Pazhassi times.VishnuGopas Omgodu grant,Pikira grant,Mangalur grant
and Vilavetti grant are by Simhavarman 1 ( for the sake of the
Yuvaraja).
(, ,, () , . , . , . . . 2 ( , ) . . . , , , ( Omgodu B grant,
Pikira grant, Mangalur grant and Vilavetti grant ) . ( ) .
In the village of Kandasishya , in moolasthaana the Brahmadeya
for Perumaan Adikal is confirmed by
Vaathaapikkonta Narasimhappotta rayar and later in the 27th year
of Rajakesarivarman re-confirmed
according to Thirukkazhumkuntram inscription. The Inscription on
Adivaraha temple of Mahabalipura
reads Parameswaramahavarahavishnugriha . Parameswaravarman 1 his
father Mahendravarma 2
and grandfather Narasimhavishnu is determined by scholars. Since
there were Chalukya wars , during
Parameswaravarmans period constructions are less. Mahabalipuram
Ganesa temple and Dharmaraja
Mandapa , Ramanuja Mandapa,Kuram Siva temple, Varaha cave,
belongs to him. Inscription In Dharmaraja Mandapa calls it
Athyantha Kaama pallaveswara Griham.
(. , , 27
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24
. . , , ( 2, ) . . , , , , ( ) . .)
In many temples of Kerala there are inscriptions belonging to
the early Pallava and Chalukya periods. Vattezhuth was formed
through Brahmi (Saraswti), pallava and Granthakshari scripts
( . () , , , . )
MALABAR INSCRIPTIONS
Ref A topographical list of Inscriptions of Madras Presidency .
V .Rangacharya .Asian Education Series .New Delhi 1985 ASI Thrissur
Circle ACC 2125/14/12/04
South Indian Inscriptions Vol 5 Director Epigraphy Mysore on
behalf of Director General Archeological Survey of India 1986 ASI
No:417/34/ASI V
General CP No:6 . 1911-12 . , , ( with collector) 1.219 (1895) .
(Now in collectors office) 27
No: 783 A R No: 219 of 1895 (pp 337-338) MGS
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25
2. , 3. () . 4. . ( ) 15 5 6. . . 7. . 8. 9 . . 10 . . 11 . .
12
220 of 1895 No:784 Gundert Translated 13 of 1901 12 of 1901 Slab
in Courtyard .Grand of land 10 of 1901 Damaged Record 2 of 1901
.Land grant Record about erection of stone in KA 801 (AD 1625)
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26
. 13 14 15 . 16. 17 . . 18 19 20 21 22 . 734 .
H 518 AD 1124 Record of a tank constructed by a Hindu . KA 700
AD 1524 KA 954 AD 1778 KA 825 AD 1649 KA 827 AD 1651 KA 833 AD 1657
217 OF 1895
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27
. () 23 . ... 24 2 (hamlets) , . . 25 5 26 27 28 29
218 OF 1895 Incomplete inscription 478 1302 Brass pagoda
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28
, 9 of 1901 30 8 of 1901 31 2 14 of 1901 32 3 () 3 OF 1901 33 2
.4 of 1901 .Damaged records 34 . 4 . 5 of 1901 Mutilated 35 . . 6
OF 1901 36 , . . 15 OF 1901 37 7 OF 1901 . . 905 ( 1730) 38
KA 684 No: 769 Ep Indic a Vol XV pp 145 f
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29
205 of 1895 AD 1464 (Mr Sewell) AD 1425 (Malabar Gazetter) 4000
, . 39 . 561 of 1908 40 . .11 of 1901 Damaged 41 212 of 1895 42 858
South wall of central shrine 213 of 1895 43 5 14 .734 of 1905.Slab
under tree Deputy Tahsildars office. 43 A . . , , , . 43 B . 1011
1836 , 43 C .Broken slab of Granite . .
776 . 30 23 777
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30
43 D . 922 1742 . 44 . . 214 OF 1895 45 669 215 OF 1895 46 . 216
OF 1895 47 206 OF 1895 108 48 208 of 1895 49 209 of 1895 Base of
second pillar of platform 50 base of first pillar 210 of 1895. 51
211 of 1895 .Stone built into pavement of courtyard .Gift of lamp
and land 52 .. . .207 of 1895 53 A.
778 779 .... () . 780 UNINTELLIGIBLE . 770 1048 30 772 773 774
775 771
-
31
1732 53 B . 54 54 A (). 55 . 934 1758 56 . 57 58 59 922 1746 . .
60 . 61-64 .
- 5,3, (), ,, , ,, , -
-
32
. .. . 5 120-123 of 1897 65 . 124 OF 1897 66 . CP Grant 67 68 69
70 71
338. No:785 AR No:221 of 1895 786 AR 222 Of 1895 788 AR 224 OF
1895. AR 223 of 1895 789 AR 225 of 1895
-
33
72 73 74 75
790 AR 226 1895. 791 AR 227, 1895 272-273 . () ()() () 9 ,, ,,,
(8 ),, ()
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34
.
Kathasarithsagaram,Halasyamahathmyam and Narayyan Kannoor
saasanam
Kathasarithsagara is not a Historical document. It is a popular
subaltern history of people. If we avoid the numerous associated
stories and take the main storyline and the chronology we can get
some historical details which are very important. This is such an
enquiry. The story, the people involved in the story , events , the
time of occurrence of the events etc are understood by learning a
few other books. One is chronology of Pandyans given in
Skandapurana, Halasyamahathmya and the other is Mooshaka chronology
given by Athula in his Mooshakavansa kavya. The ancient Puranic
Yadava,Haihaya and Chandravansa chronologies are also compared.
(Ref:
http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0
)
. . , .. , , , , . , , . . (
http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0
)
Both Halasyamahathmya and Kathasarithsagara mention the story of
Malayadhwaja Pandya and his daughter Thataathaka ( In
kathasarithsagara her name is Thribhuvanaprabha, not Thataathaka)
and Sundareswara . The story told by Sundareswara is heard by
Pushpadantha Ganapathy and his wife
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35
Jayabhattarika ( maid of Parvathi) and for that , they were
cursed to be born on earth. Pushpadantha was born as Vararuchi and
Jayabhattarika as daughter of Guru Upavarsha .Vararuchi was the Pey
Kaviveru who wrote Kathasarithsagara in Paisaacha language. ( This
name is seen as that of Karnataka kings during the division of
kerala by Perumal.) According to Kathasarithsagara Chanda Mahasena
of Ujjain had as his main consort Amgaravathi of Kolavaraha country
( Kolathunad, Panniyur Gramam ) .He adopted 12 Kolavarahas (
brothers of his consort) as his main advisors and ministers
.Amgaraka has synonyms of Chovva, Chokaram,Kuja , and represents
Mars ( the son of Earth according to Indian Astronomy.)In
Mahabharatham Vanaparvam ( 265-10) Jayadratha of Sindhudesa had a
Minister and constant companion Amgaraka. Vanaparva gives synonyms
like Simhikeya, (Rahu,son of Simhika),Pimgala ( One with a golden
Red colour-Aruna), and Surya with a Aruna colour to Amgaraka .
, ( ) . , . .( ). .12 ( ,, ) . (265-10) () . ( ), , () ( 3
17).
Almost a similar episode happened thousands of years before the
time of Chandamahasena in the Pandya royal family according to
Halasyamahathmya. In it, Sundareswara Paadasekhara Pandyas son
Varagunan is an important
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36
character . Bhadran, a poor bard of Madura Menakshi temple wins
over Hemanatha , a musician , by the blessing of Lord Siva.
SundaresapADASEKHARAN SENDS Bhadra to Thiruvanchaikkalam. Following
that Rajaraja Pandya , grandchild of Sundaresa and son of Varaguna
is given 12 Kolavarahascholars by the famous Sathakrathu ,Sathasoma
of Perumchelloor. These 12 Kolavarahas start construction of Cave
temples and sculptures in Pandya kingdom, just as in the western
coasts . Sathakrathu Sathasoma ( and hence Varaguna) lived 24 to 25
generations before Srikrishna. (Mooshakavansakavya chronology
http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-
ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0) Therefore the Anchaikkalam mentioned in
Halasyamahathmya cannot be Thiruvanchikkulam which we know today.
This must be the Anchaikkalam of Vannery Nad , which existed from
the time of Ramaghata Mooshaka and his son Nandana.
. . ( ) . ., 12 . . , 24, 25 .(.
http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0)
. .
In Halasyamahathmya the 43rd King Keerthivibhooshana was ruling
Pandian when Dwaraka deluge happened .At that time Mooshaka King
Amithakrathu was
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37
sathakrathu who did 100 Yaaga . In Tamil records he is Perum
chottu Uthiyan Cheral Aathan . He gave free food to 18 Akshowhini
army for 18 days during Mahabharatha war hence the name Perum
Chottu. At that time (BC 3100 approximate) the great Perumal rules
Kerala. According to modern researchers the rule of the Pharaos in
Egypt started almost at the same time. (Proceedings of the Royal
society) and the beginning of settlements was only in BC 4000.
43 . .( 100 ). ( ) ( ) . 18 18 . . ( 3100). , . (
-
38
) 4000
.
One of the descendents of Amithakrathu, in his 6th generation,
is called Manu .Manus son Vatukavarman Rajarajeswaran , according
to Kalivakya Dadurdhara , lived in BC 3102 and renovated
Perumchelloor. At that time began the rule of the Cheriya ( second
branch, or the smaller branch) Perumal called Cheraman Perumal .
Peruman in Tamil is the Bigger and Cheruman is the smaller one . (
Elder and younger branches) When a person from the younger branch
become emperor ( Perumaan) the person is Cheraman Perumal. It is a
linguistic term. The elder branch is at Mahishmathi (Maharashtra )
for Ramaghata Mooshaka/Haihaya and smaller branch the rest of
western coast including kerala,Karnataka. That is how Kerala
Karnataka became a unit under Cheramans.
. , 3012 .
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39
. , ( , ) . , .( ).
Son of Vatukavarman was Aheerana Raajaprathapan who did 3rd
installation of Shivalinga south of Prithana river in Aheeraneswara
temple. His grandson Maheeranabhara started large scale catching of
elephants in Sahya mountains and spent Chathurmasya ( 4 months
during rainy seasons) in large Cavetemples doing Kuteechaka
Rasaayana Chikitsa for Vaajeekarana (rejuvenation). Ayurveda was
advanced at this time. Cave temples on west coast were centers of
learning and Babylonia was getting ivory, forest goods as
medicines, spices, and teakwood from KeralaKarnataka forests. So
the reason for Maheerana bharas large scale operations in Sahya was
a response to large scale demands from foreign countries . His son
was Aryaguptha Ananthaguna , and grandson Achalan Madanavistharan.
Achala s name is given to Achalapathana (Modern Ajantha ) because
he renovated this Cave temple where his ancestors spent
chathurmasya , and installed erotic Rathisilpa in it.Probably
because of this he got a title Madanavisthara.
, . , , . () ., . , . () . , .
Even during the period of Sathasoma Teachers,scholars,a nd
experts in construction works, advisors in royal matters were being
sent from Valabhi Perumchelloor Vidyapeeta to various places to
improve the educational and economic status of those places. 3000
Kolavaraha Amgarakas as scholars of
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40
Valabhi went as advisors and ministers to different places.
During period of Achala a deluge happened in Pandyas country.
Jaleswara was ruling Pandyan territory at that time. When Pandyas
university town was destroyed in the floods , his son Arimardhana
had a scholarly minister who was an orator and his name is
mentioned as Manikyavachaka Vaayupuresa and he was Guru to Royal
family. After Arimardhana ruled 11 weak kings in Pandya kingdom .
Chronology of Skandapurana ends here. Therefore the rule of the
Kantha/Pandya kings and the end of Halasyamahathmyam is at same
period. , , , , .3000 , . . . . . 11 . . . , () .
Virochana was 8th king after Achala and he married Harini , a
princess of Kaatavapallava Vansa. The Kaatavalloor Aadiperuvanam
Utsava started at this time. This was in BC 1757. When Kapaatapuram
of Pandya was lost in floods , Vannery Kaatavalloor was made a new
center of scholars and surprisingly , this period is also the end
of the Harappan Sindhu culture and beginning of the rule of
Magadhis, the Vrathyas .In BC 1000 the 9th king from Virochana
Garbhasreeman Vajrasara Senakhya is ruling. At that time Solomon is
king of jews /Yahudas. The history of Jews starts with Solomon.
After 1757 Adiperuvanam Kaadavalloor Utsava, in BC 55, (Aayaathu
Sivalokam) the new Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam started. The temple
renovation happened in BC 82.(Beginning of Saka Era)
-
41
, . .,
. 1757. () . , , , . , , . ..1757 55 .(1700 ). 1115431 . 3020
111 . 3102 3020 82 .
The 11th generationfrom Senakhya was Adrikethu and his wealth
was scholarship in Politics and statesmanship and in Kamasasthra.He
was famous for both poetry and his strict administration. (BC
791).His son Nipathavarman Parjanyan Sindhuvarunan was
Paramayasaswi ( very famous) and gave refuge to the jews who ran
away from owncountry , because of fear of Cyrus ( BC 6th
century).
, . () .(791). , . .().
His son Theevraswans period is marked by the birth of Budha in
Kapilavasthu .Sumathi (son of Theevraswa) ,Amithravan,Chandan
followed succession list. Avanthi Pradyothachanda Mahasena is
Chanda . This is Ajathasathru period . The next succession list is
Akshobhya,samarasaha, Mahendravarman (Mahodayan) .This Mahodaya
(Mahendravarman) constructed the famous Mahodayapuram
Pattanam in BC 120 .He is contemporary of Magadha Avanthivarman
. In kathasarithsagara we find chronology from here .
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42
, , . , . () . . ,
, 120 . . . ,, , .
Kathasarithsagara
Mooshakavansa
History
1 Mahendravarman
Mahodayan
120 Mahodayan
2. Jayasenan
Sivacharitha Isanan Kanchi Kundavarman
3. Mahasena () Chandamahasena Wife Amgaravathi Daughter of
Amgaraka KolaroopaVaraaha .
Isanavarman
Isanavarman
4 ()palaka gopalaka vasavadatha ( Wife of Udayana )
palaka Ilanko Adikal ( )daughter w/o Keraleswaravallabha
Keralakethu Goda
() palaka Ilanko Adikal daughter () Nriparama (Chenguttuva )
5 () Avanthivarman Ujjain ()
1 Chandravarman 1 2 Chandravarman 2 ( 216)
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43
Wife Chandali Surathamanjari 25 Naravahanadatha s/o vasavadatha
rules as Indra
Palaka ( ) 333 Validhara vikrama (Naravahandatha) Killed in 333
AD
() Adityavarma (Bhatanarayana) ()355-356 Kundavarma murari
(355-356)
Udayanan belongs to Pandyavansa (Paanduvansa) of Pareekshith and
his mother was Mrigavathi belonging to the branch of Sahasraneeka ,
and hence a Suryavansa lineage also . (Both lunarand solar lineage)
He was emperor to both Valsa and Kerala and was called
KeraleswaraVallabhan Paandhyan . His wife Vasavadatha ( word
meaning the one who is given by Vaasava/Indra) gave birth to
Naravahanadatha a Vidyadhara destined to rule entire India as Indra
. Palaka was in Chedi as the emperor of Thulu,Koopaka,kerala and
Mooshaka kingdoms. Gopalaka was the Yuvaraja Ilamko .
,() . ().
.
. ()
The daughter of Mahasena , whose name is not mentioned in
Mooshakavansa kavya , is thus Vasavadatha. Palaka and this daughter
are children of Chedi princess Nandini . The son of Chola princess
Manikkilli is Keralakethu Goda alias
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44
Chenkuttuvan. Palaka comes to Kerala only in AD 216 and at that
time he is very old and he comes just because he wants to obey the
Sabhas instructions. After his Veeramrithyu ,Sabha selects
Naravahanadatha, son of Udayana and Vasavadatha as Emperor.
. . . . 216. . , .
A very important document is Malabar Mahotsav Souvenir 1993 page
268-269 by Sri MGS Narayanan. Giving 1451471 (4029) to Kalivakya
Panthaavakesavoya he takes it as AD 929. But whether we read this
sentence clockwise or anticlockwise the number given above is not
obtained. Pa(1) va(4),ke(1)vo(4) and ya(1) are correct. Sa is 7.
Ntha whether we take first letter NA (0) or last letter Tha ( 2) ,
we get either 1041741 or 1241741 .If the first we get AD 356 ( less
572/573 from 929) .If second AD 83 ( minus 846 from 929). But
1451471 is a wrong number , not calculated by MGS but received by
him from the South Indian Epigraphy Annual Report of 1926 .The
mistake is just transmitted .
... ( 1993 268-269) .
1451471 (4029) 929 . .,,,,( 1.4.1.4.1) . 7 , ()0 , () 2. 1041741
1241741. 929 572 ,573 356. 846 83.
-
45
355 83. 1451471 . .1926
. ()
The real reading is Pannavakesavoya and in Kharoshti it gives
1041541 . The number mentioned by MGS comes in Narayan Kannoor
Saasnaa. This mentions a person called Manathunai Mudankottaatai ,
accepting Ayinivayal at Kaaviyalppuram, from Nambiyar Vikramaraama
and giving it to temple of NarasingaVinnagara Thevar for lamp and
other daily Poojas. The saasana also calls Vikarmarama as Ilamkoyil
Validhara VikramaRaama. MGS has identified this person as
Vikramarama of Isanavarmans chronology of Mooshakavansa and this is
a remarkable discovery made by him.
Vikramarayaru Validhara when he became emperor he became
Jayamaani Kulaseharapandya Bhootharaja Paandhyapperumaal ( since he
belongs to Udayana lineage) .Who is Manathunai Mundan Kottaadai ?
In kathasarithsagara the king who was aggressively against giving
emperorship to Naravahanadatha was Gourimunda of south India , who
had his main stronghold capital in Rishyamookaachala (near present
day Sabarimala) .Gourimunda was defeated by Naravahanadatha and he
married Gourimundans daughter , as was the custom in those days to
make friendships possible between former enemies. Manathunai means
the consort who is married . Manathunai Mundan Kottadai is the
daughter of Gourimunda , married to Naravahana datha and she
receives from her husband Vikramarama (Naravahanadatha) fields as
Aayiniyunu ( the grains needed for food of the newly wedded family
/as the sthreedhana given by male to female ) .Ayinikkooru means
the relations through marriage . This name is seen in
Aayinikkoottil Nambidi given to Thalappilli Royal Family.At present
only Cheralayam branch of Thalappalli takes this initial as C A.
(Cheralayam Ayinikkoottil) .Manam is Thiruumanam (Marriage)
Manathunai is derived from that. Manakkulam branch of Thalappilli
also retains this word in its name.
.
() 1041541
-
46
. ( ),(),() . .
, .
.
.
.
.( ) . ,
.
. . () () . ,,
-
47
,, . , . , .
. ,
. ( . ) . . , ,
.
.
.
Why is Gopalaka identified as Ilamko Adikal ?
Though Gopalaka was offered Videha (Nepal) he didnt accept it
and travelled with Udayana and Vasavadatha as their honest
companion. He lived with Rishicharya in Neelagiri hills for a long
time. At that time , during the last days of his emperorship
Naravahanadatha also joined his beloved uncle in Neelagiri hills.
Naravahana had 25 consorts.The first was Madanamanjuka.Her
stepbrother Ithyaka took away wife of Avanthivarman (Palakas son)
from Ujjain .The wife of Avanthivarman was aChandali according to
Kathasarithsagara. Naravahanadatha protected her from Ithyaka and
gave her back to Avanthivarman and was about to Kill Ithyaka.
Kasyapa , living near Neelagiri (In Kaachaamkurichi Govindamala of
Nelliyampathi) , Guru of royal families asked him not to kill
because he is brother-
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48
in-law to him. Therefore Ithyaka was left free.
Kathasarithsagara does not say what Ithyaka did later. But in
Keralolpathi , we get a story that Ithyaka instead of being
thankful to Naravahanadatha, had a grudge against him and when the
Sabha demanded he killed his brother-in-law against Dharma while
playing chess, unaware . Ithyaka and his family lost his right for
royal crown and was called Nampidis after this and Sabha adopted
Adityavarman as next heir of throne.
, . . (). . . . ( ) . . . , . . . .
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49
Malabar mahotsav (pp 271) takes Dharedho gurumukhya as 1523929
and fixes time of making of idol at that period. If we take Tamil
scripts 1243251 is the number That is 3396 Kali /AD 296. (While
Dharedho Gurumukhya in Sanskrit is AD 1061) . AD 1061 is 132 years
after MGS period 929. Even if it is so, when Vallabha power was
totally destroyed by Chola power , a renovation of temple of old
Naravahana temple is possible. In AD 294 the temple construction
began and idols were made. After 4 years and 46 days, the work was
completed and the fields were given for the daily maintainance of
the temple , is my reading. The day to day administration was
entrusted with Manigramam. The only place and temple with the name
Manigramam is in Thalappalli Royal familys territory in entire
Kerala. (The Anjjoottuvar mentioned along with Manigrama in many
saasanas is the Anjjoor,Chittanjoor branches of the Thalappalli .
)
( 271) 1523929 .5293252 ( 2523929) . (1243251) . 3396 296 .
(1523929) 1061. (929)132 . . 1241741 1243251 4 46 .294 . .4 46 . .
. .
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50
216 78 . . . .
The one who made stone pavements of temple is Sri Kunthan Aalwar
Aracar. He and Bhattanarayana were responsiblefor doing this
Sreekaaryam. The name of the architect is also mentioned. After 333
AD (Purudhi samasrayam) when Bhootharayapperumal was killed by his
own relative, and Adityavarman from another branch became emperor ,
the next king (Adityavarmas son) Kundavarman Murari Kannan Perumal
occupied throne. (AD 335-336) He is famous for Mukundamaala.
Srikunda arachar Alwaar being a Vishnu devotee did renovation of
the temple. He and his elder brother Bhattanarayana (equal to
Balabhadra, while younger one is equal to Krishna) were responsible
for the rennovation. Kulasekhara Azhvaar Kundavarman Murari is
contemporary of Venki Hasthivarman Saalankaayanan and Vishnugopan.
Gundupalli inscription of Nandivarman 2 is at this time. . . . .
333 () . . 355-356
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51
. . ( ) . . .
The chovar/ choker who bring grains and other food items to the
35000 warrior army of Kolathiri is called Kottiyeth and those who
give salt for daily use are Uppoott (Uppukottam) . Sathavahana
Sathakarni had their Kottam (wealth) in the food and salt .The
story of Kathasarithsagara is during the Sathavahana Sathakarni
period. Not after that. Kaanabhoothi (Gaanabhoothi) teaches
paisacha katha as songs to Vararuchi and these were famous and
popular in entire Dakshinapatha (South India) below the Vindhyas.
Kaanathoor is at present known as Kannoor. (As in Narayan Kannoor
). Naravahanadatha is Vidhyadhara, Bhoothatthaandava,kaatava
lineage and he spent his yuvaraja period in Kaanathoor as yuvaraja.
It is during his time the first renovation and Brahmadeya is done
by his wife , daughter of Gourimundan.The second renovation is
during Kulasekhara Azhvar Kundavarman Murari.
35000 , , . 300- 250 . ..
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52
(, ) (). . . ,, . . .
Story of Goureemundan
To know Goureemundan and his tribes one has to travel to the
ancient prehistoric Munda tribes of Dravida country and East India.
In A social history of Indian Architecture V.S.Pramer (Oxford Uty
Press 2005) elaborately describes their ancestral rites and racial
peculiarities etc.
, . , .. ( 2005) .
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53
In underground cave temples complex art forms, to mark them on
the earths surface stone circles and dolmens , special ancestral
rites are hallmarks of the Mundas. The ancestral world of Mundas
just as that of other tribes of India is the world of the dead
souls. Dolmen and menhirs are symbols of them. These worlds related
to water bodies, world of Naga or serpents, to Pathala or
underworld, and world of the souls and ancestors , the five
elements and the past life is not merely worlds of the Dead. But
also worlds of Creation. The place of creation and creativity is
Earth, mother,father, sun, heavens ,sky, and merging with
everything . In between lies the Bhuvarloka of rains, jeeva and
life, and all the life forms and biological worlds are recreated .
Such a festival of dead ancestors and the new worlds of creation as
new generations of future is celebrated annually . Nomadic
wandering tribes (cowherds) come back to their village once an year
and assemble and pay homage (Bali) to all departed souls of the
race and make merry for next creation. Ulsavas of temples
originated in this way. It is not just a human beings ancestral
rite , but the rite of a nentire community,society,people .In such
geographic areas when a great emperor die in his/her memory a
umbrella stone (Kudakkal/Chathra) is
installed.Kuda/Chathra/Umbrella is sign of Sovereinty. For the
other members stones without a umbrella is installed. Heroes of
wars great women and men get Veerakkal,Sathikkal etc in memory
venerated by generations. These areas called Koda or Koorgan ( the
place where we offer annual rites to a Kuda is Kudaku,Koorgan) is
divine for entire people, not for just a person or a family.
, , . . . ,,,,, , . ,
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54
. ,. , , , , . ( ),, ( ), . . () ,, . . . , ,, . (-- ). , ,. (,
) .
The tribes called Bharu (Paaru/Paari in Sangham period ) or
Paarppanar became parathavar (Bharathavar) and are seers and
observers .In Vedic sookthas Circle, Wheel, are shapes used by
Dravidas as their sacred Koorgans (Koda) .The Thumuli of Malayaraya
( Kings of hills) of Thiruvithamkore described by Edgar Thurston
has such a shape. Outer 2 circles, inside it an Octagon, and
innermost a square is the Thumuli .Such shapes are seen in Harappan
seals .In the seal of Harappa shown below the central square
(earth) is lacking .Instead of octagon a second circle is shown.
,(, ) ( ) . . , . ( )
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55
. 2 , 8 ( ), ,. . , () . .
1 (Thumuli )
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56
. 2 54 ( .) Harappan seal Trench 54 (Harappa.com)
.
Since 4 circles are seen it is a necropolis of people as we see
in Harikanyayur .
The central square of Thumuli has a single opening and it is
covered with a big stone like the mouth of a cave. Inside a metal
or stone image of the dead ancestor may or may not be present. Such
necropolis are seen in the dwelling places of village tribes. The
annual festivals of wandering people later on became the annual
ulsava of the settled successors of the same tribes in which their
wandering ( for commerce etc) relatives participated annually .They
were get togethers of whole races of people . Thumulis are seen
also in western Kokkasas area. Pramer considers this as proof for
extensive travels of the Dravida tribes. In Puranaanoor the
necropolis are called Kaad,Chutukaad etc. Those who follow the
Kaad
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57
samskrithi are Kaadava .In Thalapplli kaadava areas Cheraman
Kaad, Paalakkad Maankaad, megaliths of Thalappilli, Wynad,Calicut
etc are relics of this Adivasi culture. Historians are mistakenly
calling them as relics made during and after Budha and his
times.
. ( ) . ( ,) . () . , . . , . . , , . .
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58
. 3 concentric cycles in Sopana of Harikanyakayur
4 Figure showing how sthupa and temple architecture evolved from
Thumuli
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59
5 .The stone room of Peruvanam temple with a single opening
These tribals keep an ancestors gigantic idol as doorkeeper in
one gate , and in front of the door a Balipeeta to offer Bali
(sacrifice) for the Bhootha (elements).This is repeated in all
temples .
.
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60
.
6 ,7 The plan and the Balikkal or sacrificial stone in Peruvanam
temple
At first they started with a small mandapa , then as Chathri (
related to Umbrella or Chathra) and a memorial stone. Later on they
evolved to small and great temples. Tribals like
Theyyan,Velan,Paanan ,Pulayan etc sang the story of origin of their
temples and kept the memory of its history alive in songs and
dances and dramas and thus various folk arts were created.
Munda,Tharu and Malayaraya belong to same race.They are also called
Koleeya,Vraathya,Saakya races. They worship sun,moon, 5 elements
and are ancestral worshipppors and hence Bhoothi is their name.
Saakya and Kolathiri Koleeya Chera have same tree as totem.Their
totem tree is Saala or Pana (palm tree). Therefore they are having
synonym of Saalr, Panayar,Yaksha etc . (due to common totem tree).
They are Naaga,Yaksha lineage people. Moreeyar (Mourya) is a branch
of worshippers of trees called Thaaru .Mundas migrated from Dravida
country to East and North and they after union with Mangaloid races
became a mixed race in North East. Yet ,South Indian Dravidians
accepted even them as Raajaputhra, though not as Kings. From the
tribal races of India only one person gets place of Chakravarthi
(Emperor) .Pramer considers the Naaga race as the most important
and powerful race which got emperorship among the tribals of India
due to their prowess and scholarship. Naga
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races worships trees,five elements,water bodies and is a very
ancient tribal race. A branch among them became proficient in
Silpasasthra (Kaaru) and Veda and this scholarly people became
Brahmakshathra and Brahmana . Mundaric tribes of North East India
and Mundas of South India are of the same races.This is evident
from names of their branches.The names differ just in
pronounciation only .
, . , , , . ,, . ,, . ( ). (), (). , , .. ,() ( ) . . . . . .
,,,
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62
. ( ) . 5 .
North East Panchajana
Southern Dravida Panchajana
1 Savara 1 () Sabara of Sabarimala
2. Cheros 2 The Cheras 3. Kariya 3. (-
) Kaari swaroopa of Kuthiramala (Thalappalli)
4. Bhooyiya 4. , Bhoothi/Bhootha 5. Bhaar 5.,,
Bhaaratha, Parathava,Paarppanar
During Chakshusha Manuanthara Floods , in front of Sathyavratha,
the Emperor of Dravidadesa, the first Incarnation of Vishnu
happened in River Krithamaala as a Saphari (Fish) .All sapharis
(Sabari) including King Paandhya with a flagsign of fish are
children of this first incarnation of Vishnu. Kaari is the kaaru or
the race of artisans,architects and metal and stone smiths .
Bhoothivansa of Kaanabhoothi, Pushpabhoothi etc are tribes that
worship the panchabhootha They are present even during historic
times (Harshavardhana ) .Lichavis , famous during Budhist times are
Dravidian Naga tribes. Who migrated to North Eastern parts of the
country and got mixed with other races. Anandakumaraswami points
out that their Stupas existed several centuries before Budhist
Stupas. () . . ( ). , .
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63
() ( ) . . .( ). .
In Sathapathabrahmana Vasthu with square,
swasthika,chathurbhadra and Naagara type are sathwik and divine and
fixed to earth. That with a square base, and having a circular
shape, the vasthu is Rajasic,royal,Asura, and Dravidian. The circle
on a square denotes the Lingayonimudra . Before Budha and Asoka the
Yakshas were eructing a Sthupa and the shadows of it were merged in
the ancestors. Muriya (Mourya) Bondo (Vanda from which Vanneri is
derived) souriya (Surya) savara (Sabara) races are all Munda
tribals. All of them have the abovementioned rites. The stone
menhirs of Sabara are very tall and eructed in burial grounds. This
tall menhir is called Gaur or Gouri by them. Gourimunda is a name
of such a tribal chief .The belief that Bhootha/Souls do not touch
earth while travelling , is the reason for worshipping them on tall
trees and sthupas. Nairs (Naga) of Kerala, descendents of
Kurichiyas during ancestral worship eruct a palmleaf and cleans the
shadow (Nizhal) of the ancestor .Kurichiyas who protects the seeds
of Veliiyan call the soul of the ancestor who made the most product
of rice Neghal or a shadow. Veliyan Vel Aavikkomaan and his
Valluvanaad ,Veliyan kOd etc are still seen in Vanneri as
placenames .Nowadays , at the place of burial a coconut tree
(belonging to monocotyledon as the palm ) is grown. Vyasa says in
Mahabharatha Paadabhoomim Upasparsan (They dont touch the earth).
That is even during Mahabharatha period both king and people
belongto Munda tribes, the adivasis of India. In Rgveda 10.18.13,
also there is proof for this. Samskara of the dead and their stone
monuments eructions first evolved in South India among Dravidians
dwelling in Caves and cave temples. Only later did it expand to
surface of earth (Pramer page 147) Therefore , large stone rooms
with a single door open, like a cave and with a single stone cap
and supported by one or more stone pillars are very ancient. Later
on the Mandapas of Kurumar/Kurumbar with 3 sides open and a single
large stone forming backwall were constructed.According to Pramer
these later took the form of Chathri in North India .
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64
,,, , . , , , .(). , . (), () () () . . ( ) . . . () , . () .( .
. , . ) .( ) () ., . 10.18.13 . , . .( 147 ) ( ) . 3 () . .
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8 Mandapa of Kurumbar
The ancient stoneroom in Thalappalli Peruvanam temple is such a
construction. Peruvanam has a very large Sivalimga called
Maatathilappan. Maataswaroopa is name of Maatabhoopathi Vaneri
Kochi kingdom. It is interesting that Kerala has only 3
Maatathilappans One at Peruvanam, others at Mullasseri and
Mathilakam .In peruvanam it is related to Pooru, youngest son of
Yayathi of Somavansa born in Sharmishta, daughter of Vrishaparva,
an asura king who ruled the entire Indian subcontinent. Pooru is
Asura Rakshasa Yoni and is Lunar race . . ( ). . 3 .(3 ). .
The divine ancestral places of Kutaku (Kodagu) are also known as
Kaimada . In Wynad Ganapathivattom Nalappat Kunnu (Nalapat hill) on
a huge single rock on
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66
the Kaippanchery roadside is a incomplete Ganapathi statue which
is said to be the earlier model for the huge Chalukian Vathaapi
(Badami ) Ganapathi. The cave temple of Naranath Bhranthan in
Pattambi also has a placename starting with Kai. Kaikkolaar or
people who do Kaivela are the Kaaru/artisans /metal and stonesmiths
. In the ancestral places Siva in dance with Kaali is present. In
Peruvanam we find all these including the name Maadam /Madam. For
Maatathilappan Sivan.
() .( , , ) ,, . . .
Cheras are known as Villavars. In sangham literature
Chilappthikaram mentions Villavan Kotha (Goda) .The dwelling places
of Villavars are Villavar Vattam (Vattom is circle) and the
Villarvattom has a fort or Kotta for defence. In temple festivals ,
the ancestral rite of eructing a three tyred bamboo or wooden
pillar , evolved into a Thrithala chariot and a thrithala temple
architecture with a Kumbha/Kalasa on top of it. Later a Sapthathala
pillar, chariot and a temple was evolved and the Kumbha is called
Aamalaki or Nellikkaa a special Ayuvedic fruit in Kerala . This
method of Villavars was adopted by all , even the Mugal kings. On
the face (Sreemukham) a small projecting sopaanalike Bhadra and
ornamentatory idols on it are seen in chariots and temples .
Relation of Villarvattom and Paaliyam people will be discussed
later. Here the ancestry of Goureemundan and his connections to the
tribals of India and to most modern royal families on one hand and
ancient kings like Pooru on the other is the subject.This is
pointed out so that the continuity of Indian kings from Indian
tribal Adivasis is to be looked into seriously .
. ( ). ( ) .
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67
3 , () . , , () . . () .( .)
Goureemunda, the Vidyaadhara of Kathaasarithsagara is in
Dakshinapatha (South I nd ia ) His m in is te r s name i s Ma
thangadeva . He is a lso ca l led Ulpalahastha/Padmapaani ( one
with a lotus in hand) (Belonging to race of MathangaMuni of
Sabarimala) Mathangadeva was sent to Ujjain by Goureemunda to kill
Nravahana treacherously.For this he was caught and had to spent
years in the Cha ndaa la s t r ee t s o f U j j a in . Ma t han
gade va ha d a bea u t if u l daughter,Surathamanjari, a Chandali
girl. Once,Avanthideva,son of Palaka saw her capsisizing and
pacifying a mad elephant and swinging on a swing tied over its
tusks. Seeing her and her abilities Avanthideva fell in love with
her.Mathangadeva, the father said to get his daughter in marriage
Avanthideva has to give food to 1800 Brahmins in Mathangadevas
house. To get her,Avanthideva did that . This story is different
from story of Vararuchi in Aithihyamaala but has some resemblances
too. Resemblance is that the girl is a Chandali. The father-in law
gives a test to the bridegroom, not the bridegroom to the
father-in-law and his daughter in this story. 1008 items were
demanded by Vararuchi , but here 18000 p e o p l e h a v e t o b e
f e d .
. ( ). . . ()
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68
.. () . 18000 . . , . .1008 , 18000 . ,.
From period of Sathasoma , the system of 12 Kolavaraha advisory
council of ministers existed in India as we saw from
Halaasyamaahathmya. The 12 Kolavaraha protects the husband of their
sister, because of the Marumakkathaaya system of succession. It is
her son who will be emperor in future. From the time of R a j a r a
j a p a n d y a , s o n o f V a r a g u n a p a n d y a , t o t h e
t i m e o f Palaka,Avanthivarma,naravahanadatha of
Kathasarithsagara this is seen to be contiunuous. From this,
Avanthivarma, son of Palaka of Chedi has married Mathamga/Chandala
girl of Sabaravansa which is the same race as that of Goureemunda.
(Mathangadeva being the minister of Goureemunda). Among the 12 b r
o t he r s / s ib l in gs o ne is a wo ma n and 11 ma le s . T he
wo man i s Kolavathi,Amgaravathi or the princess of Kolathunad.
Amgaarakkalamma became Kaarakkalamma in Aithihyamaala. The kumara
(Khmer) empires of Amgaaraka ,and their Amkhorvaats are seen in
west (Amkora in Turkey) and east alike showing how far and wide
these advisors had travelled with their sisters . Since it is
Chovva, Chokaram, since Mangalan is synonym Mangalam is attached to
place and Mangaladevi to the women of the race, Sukapuram
(Chokaram) is thus related to Kolavaraha (Panniyur) intimately . In
marriage relations of Saiva and Vaishnava Vishnu is uncle of Kumara
(son of parvathi and Siva) while Siva is uncle of Kamadeva , son of
Vishnu and Lakshmi (sister of Siva). Thus it is a mutual relation
between saiva and Vaishnava sects keeping them in harmony .
12 . 12 ().
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69
. () .12 . 11 ( ) (,) ( ). , . () . () .
Kalingadatha of Takshasila adopted Budhist doctrines. He , in
his wife Tharadevi had a Vidyadhari girl Surabhidatha with name of
Kalimgasena. She was betrothed to Prasenajith, a powerful king of
the times. But since he was very old Kalimgasena ran away to Ujjain
to marry Udayanan whom she loved deeply. In her , by forcible union
by a Vidyadhara named Madanavega , a son Ithyaka was born. He was
taken away to Sethagiri (Kottakkal) and a girl (Rathidevis
avathara) Madanamanjuka was replaced in his place. Kalingasena
brought her up as her daughter . Naravahanadatha was born to
Udayana , as avathar of Kamadeva, in Krishna. He married
Madanamanjuka . Inthyaka lived in Inthyakanoor (currently
Inthyanoor ) Venkatakkootta ( western end of Sethagiri) . From the
western end of Vindhya sathpura (Sethapura) mountain ranges to
Palakkad pass in Sahya mountains is called Sethagiri KottaThis
extends from Maharashtra to Dravidadesa and was the old landroute
of Dravidians and Tribals of India. Since Kottakkal or
Venkatakkotta is a important part of this landroute it was called
Sethadurggam (Malabar Maholsav Souvenir 1993 page 124). It is here
, Ithyaka kept Surathamanjari of Ujjaini , a prisoner.
Naravahanadathan living nearby , in Nilgiris , withhis uncle
Gopalaka could liberate and protect her easily. Why the Guru in
Kachamkurichi prevented Naravahanadatha from giving punishment to
Ithyaka, and why the sabha including the Guru asked Ithyaka to kill
Naravahanadatha is , simply because they wanted to end the Pndya
rule and establish Chera rule. This was a wrong move in history of
not only Kerala, but of India. The long cherished trust between
central India and South India was lost and could not be regained in
the next several hundred years in our history and the result was
our commercial
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70
and communicative networks taken away by foreign traders and our
economy and administration failed day by day. The killed and the
killer were from the same race. ( Yaksha,Vidyadhara,Kaatava,Thaaru
or Tharuvoor, Thalappally Kaari vansa of Yadava) Since Gopalaka and
Naravahanadatha spent chathurmasya in Nilgiris Vasavadatha and
Gopalaka are from Kerala. Udayana is from central India Kaalanjara
mountain area with Ujjain as capital. Goureemunda has capital in
Sabarimala ( the abode of Sabara,Kaanikkar and Kaapeya gothra) and
Rishyamookachala and after marryinghis daughter Naravahana also
spends time the r e . . Fr o m t he r e h e t r ave ls to Lan ka
and s ee the Ra mase t hu (Kathasarithsagaram). The text says he
ruled from Kailasa upto Kanyakumari which means he was emperor of
entire India but he lived in Kerala most of the time . This is a
very important point . The people from kailasa to Kanyakumari are
said to be Devajana and he, the Indra of the Devas. Thus he is an
Indian tribal king , and not a foreigner. Udayana was king of
Valsakousambi and kalanjara mountain
.
. . . . . . ., . . , ( ) . () ( ) . . ( 1993 124) . .(
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71
. . . (,,, , ) . , ,, . , () . . , .
,
.
Udayana and Vasavadatha did prayopavesa from peak of Kalanjara
Mountains . While Udayana is a lineage of Pandava king Pareekshith
(In Subhadra the yadava girls son Abhimanyue and Uthara) Naravahana
means the one who has a vehicle as Man , which is Bhadrakali on a
Vethala. Vaisravana,Kubera,Yaksha races is also having this. The
paradevatha of Kerala is Bhadrakaali. Paliyam ( ministers of
Perumpadappu Kochi kings) are called Kubera by some poets. In
somavansi, Pandavavansa, Sarabha pureeya records (central India)
Mekhala,Kosala ,Kalanjara branches are included. In the chronology
of these people also we come across an Udayanan. Central Indian
records show that Kaalanjara branch marry Bhattaarikas of
Kerala/Karnataka. Bharathbala Mahasiva theva and Jayabhattarika had
a daughter and Udayana is her son in Central Indian chronology .
Udayanan is called Keraleswaravallabha because he is grandson of
Jayabhattarika. A girl is called Vaasavadatha or Indradatha only if
her father has position of Paramabhattaraka and has performed 100
yajnas and got Indrapadavi by that. (Sathakrathu lineage) Kerala
relation of Naravahanadatha of Kathasarithsagara is thus understood
by the subaltern popular stories of the people .
, . -
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72
---- . , . ,,, . ( . ). , , () ,, . . . . . , () . .. .
Naravahanadatha and Kerala
Naravahanadatha who defeated Goureemunda of Dakshinapatha and
married his daughter stayed in Rishyamookaachala and Govindakoota
(Nelliyampathi) of Palakkad . He travelled along river Pampa, with
his wives and reached Lanka and on the way saw Ramasethu . He had a
wife from Mathamgapura in Sabarigiri. He enjoyed life with his 25
wives equal to Apsaras in beauty and artistic tastes and was an
expert in playing the Lyre/Veena. He was equal to Indra. He ruled
India extending from Kailasa in Himalaya upto Kanyakumari. In the
end with his uncle Gopalaka he took to sanyasa, and stayed at
Nilgiri hills just as his ancestors did. He got his 9 jewels
(Navarathna) from the cave dwellings in Malayadri (Malaya hills)
says Kathasarithsagara.
() .
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. .25 () . . . 7 .
Naravahanadatha confirms that the Chandali is actually his
relative Avanthivarmans wife by taking a witness words.That witness
is the Mahaamanthri of Ujjain (Avanthi) Bharatha Rohaka. An
important clue is that the Chandala virgin does the festival of
Udakadaana (giving sacred water) to he ancestors Kolavaraha
Amgaraka , and it is at that festival anelephant gets into a mad
frenzy and she calms it down by her prowess. Avanthivarman saw her
during that festival. This indicates she is a girl from Kolathiri
and Panniyur (Varaha) kazhaka. Her old janma is described.She was
Kurangi ,daughter of Prasenajith of Suprathishtana. She loved a
chandala. That chandala was in his previous janma son of
agni(agniputhra) and she was daughter of Kapilasharman. The story
that Meenakshi was born from Agni, Vararuchi is Sivabhoothamsa
given by Agni (Agnidatha) etc are also related here. Historians are
of different opinion about period of Vararuchi .Vararuchi of
Kathasarithsagara is the chief minister of King Nanda. He is famous
in Ujjain. He is contemporary of Vyaadi and his classmate is
Paanini. He is one who is proficient in AindraVyakarana , a Grammer
text prior to that of Panini. He is wellknown as Kathyayana since
he belongs to that Gothra. All these points to the fact that he is
centuries before Christ. Panini lived in 6th century BC. Vararuchi
also lived at that time. The timespan of Naravahanadatha is not
beyond AD 3rd century. From Mahodaya, 10th person to ascend throne
is Naravahanadatha. He is old at the time of his ascension to
throne. (In 450 years 19 emperors. On an average if we give 45
years for each .But the two Chandravarmans did not even rule for
one year and had a very shortlived rule. Therefore 49 years for 8
emperors on an average. 12 multiplied by 4 makes 4 Mamamka span.
After Kundavarman (Chola) Chenkuttuvan , who ascended throne though
Sabha wanted the Kerala prince to rule (Ilanko Adikal refused it)
the 8 Emperors (Perumals) that followed were Chola,Pandya and Chedi
and secretly the Sabha wanted to end this tradition and probably
that was what ended up in
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Ithyakas crime and fall of position of his branch of Thalappalli
from the right of emperorship.
() . . .( - . . , ) . . . . . .. . . . .(450 19 . 45 . 12 . 49 8
.12 4 4 . () 8 ,,. , , .
Mathangadeva, father-in-law of Avanthivarma is a person sent by
Gouremunda of Dakshinapatha to Ujjain to kill Naravahanadatha. At
that time, his wife had promised Ithyaka that her daughter will be
given in marriage to him. But that promise was not kept by
Mathangadeva and his wife and that is why Ithyaka abducted her. By
that time GoureemUnda was defeted by Naravahanadatha, and truce by
marriage occurred and Naravahanadatha became king of Dakshinapatha
too. Kathasarithsagara says, when Mathangadeva heard this, he left
Ujjain to
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Dakshinapatha to serve the new emperor , his new Master. This
shows that , the ministers and people had affinity and affiliation
to the throne and the emperor , and not to any particular
person/individual. (This was so during Mahabharatha period also, as
we se from behavior of Bheeshma and Drona).
, . . . , , , . , , . ( )
Chief queen of Bharathbala of Mekhala Pandhava race was
Lokaprakasadevi of Amararyakula .Her daughter s husband or son is
named Udayana in Sarabhapureeya inscriptions (See part 1 of this
book) Barathabala and Bharath Rohitha (Kathasarithsagara) has
almost similar sounding names with Bharatha attached to it which is
noteworthy. Kollam era of kerala and Bhoumakara era of
Mekhalakosala of Central India begin during the era of a person
called Magadha BhaskaraVarman (Central India) and Bhaskara
Ravivarman (In Kerala). Kollan is a Malayalam word for the Sanskrit
word Bhoumakaara is worth noting. Chandraguptha 2 ruled in AD
374-414. Naravahanadatha was killed 50 years before that.
. , . .
. .
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. 374-414. . 50 2 .
From AD 855-1113 Sivaguptha Balarjuna branch was ruling in
Kalimga. (until destroyed by Chola power). Indrabala (Baladeva) ,
the almighty Udayana, Kerala,Vakataka emperor could be
Chandraguptha 1 and Naravahanadatha could be Samudraguptha .This
assumption becomes doubtful since Samudraguptha had not attacked
South India and has not come here .Vakataka, Naaga, Mooshaka,
Guptha (Guptha Vansa is the very ancient Vansa of Ghatothkacha ,son
of Hidumbi and Bheema)Sarabhapureeya (Rahu,Asura) Valsa had a
combined Republic which ruled entire subcontinent as a whole
empire. Chera,Chola,a and Pandhya were the Pallava ( tender shoots)
of this great race of Adivasins Valsiputhreeya Vaakaataka Naaga
Mooshaka kings were Sammatheeyas who practiced the Gita sentence
Sarvathra samadarsana ( Equality everywhere) This is the tradition
of Vaishnava and of Mahabalai ( race of Vaishnava Prahlada). The
pallava kings of Palakkat are of Kurumbar tribal group. They
resisted the movement of Samudragupthas army to the south according
to Allahabad Inscription of Harisena.Therefore Goureemenda of south
India is a Munda,Kurumba combined force . Naravahanadatha, if he is
Samudraguptha, got overlordship of South India , not by a bloody
war, but by a marriage alliance with Goureemunda and accepting his
Marumakkathaya custom of crowning the girls son as his next heir
and providing alliance to the entire community. .
855-1113 . ( ). () ( ) .
,,,( ), (,) .
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. . . , .
-Sarabhapuri Inscriptions
1.. . . The chieftains of Amararyakula have the title
Paramabhattaaraka. In kerala Azhvanchery Thambrakkal has this
title.
2. . () . .Stone inscritions can be issued by any person in
memory of ones Dharmayajna performed. But a Copper plate
inscription is exclusively the right of Emperors.
3. . , . Palleographically the inscriptions are in Southern
scripts though in some a Vakataka and Northern influence is
present. The oldest are in Vakataka style.
4. ,. . .( ) ( ).Language is a mix of Sanskrit and prakrith with
pronounciation of Prakrith Sanskrit. For example Bahvricha is
pronounced as bavricha ;samvatsara as samvlsuru in a Telugu way
etc.
5. .
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.None of the inscriptions are made by the ruling kings but are
enforcements of the older deeds of their ancestors.
6. . . Therefore the timespan of inscription , though that of
the ruling king, the timespan of the deed as it is , is very
ancient .
7 Stone inscriptions use old Nagari script. The style of 6-9th
century North India and Nepal is followed. Language is Sanskrit.
For Ba , Va is written .Eg: Vaalaarjjuna for Baalaarjjuna. Majority
of Somavansi inscriptions are names of Brahmins,Kings and people
having high positions. About 36 names have been identified. All are
local regional language praakrith names. Therefore, all the
kings,Brahmins and architects, and other people of High posts are
only local regional Adivasi tribes and none are from outside . The
administrators and poets, builders etc are all local adivasis. But
their official language was Sanskrit . Among names of Saamanatha
kings Kumararaadhiraja king of western Lanka, Paramabhattaaraka
western Lanka king, Mahakumaaraadhiraaja, Yuvaraajaa,Parameswara
etc are seen. The inscription of Brahmeswara temple is in poetry.
It is a Eulogy to the good deeds of Queen Kolavathy , Mother of the
king, Bhattapurushothama. She constructed Brahmeswaram temple , and
offered dancers called Daarikaas for it . . 6-9 . . . . ( ). . 36 .
. . ,. ,,, .
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. , . () . .
8 The argument of historians that Sarabha lived in AD 4th
century was rejected following the archeological studies at Mallad
( Mallar) .1000 years before AD 4th century , the town had existed
archeologically. The same royal family was ruling from that period.
The real name of the town was not Mallad but Mallaalapathanam or
Malayalapathanam. Both the inscriptions of Kalachuri and Chedi
kings and the Mooshakavansakavya of Athula tells us that Chedi had
intimate relationship with Malayala (keral) and Karnataka Mooshaka
kings .Sarabha had the form of a Vyaali (as in Saindhava Harappan
seals) with combination of Vaishnava,Saiva and Naaga . Since Vyali
or sarabha is present in India from Harappan times BC 3500 , the
timespan of the symbol and of the royal clan is very ancient. () .
1000 . , .(), () . ,, . .
9.A person gets title of Bhattaraka only after Hiranyagarbha.
Two ancestors of Sarabhapureeya had title of Bhattaraka. One of the
inscriptions of Vyaghraraja say that his ancestors came from the
ancient nation Kundurapathra.Historians have ascertained that this
is Karnataka Haihayamooshaka territory. . . .
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,, .
10. Indrabalaraja titled as the chief minister, the main
messenger and the greatest of the Saamanthas is son of Panduvansi
Udayana , grandson of Mahasivathevaru 1. Therefore a strong
Kulavritha has been ruling , according to historians. They
understand the fallacy of determining the time simply with the
comparison of the script characters (as Fleets did). Prabhavathi
Guptha , wife of Rudrasena 2 , was considered to be the daughter of
Adityasena son of Devaguptha ( of Deobarnarck inscription) In the
Poona plate inscription of Prabhavathi Guptha , she declares that
she is daughter of Chandraguptha. After discovery of it, historians
changed her timespan to BC 400 from AD 800. When archeological
study was completed the town was considered existing from BC 600
and that this town and the Malayala Rajavansa of it was as old as
Budhist period and even before that was accep