kenya Community Policing

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KENYA POLICE

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

THE DIRECTORATE OF COMMUNITY

POLICING, GENDER AND CHILD

PROTECTION.

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The Directorate of Community Policing, Gender and Child Protection was established in May 2006, by the then Commissioner of Police.

Profile:

Mandate:

With regard to community policing, it is charged with the responsibility of planning, training, monitoring & supervising the performance of community policing committees countrywide & provide assistance as may be required.

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Objectives

•To build confidence of police officer vis a vis other stakeholders, in the concept of community policing.

•To equip the officers undergoing courses with relevant skills and knowledge on the concept of community policing as a crime management tool.

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The Concept and its Application.

Part A

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Why do we need to learn the concept of community policing?

Community Policing recognizes that crime is not just a police problem but a community problem and long term, effective solution require involvement by all those involved – the community, the police and other law enforcement agencies.

Community policing recognizes that police work is not an isolated activity performed in a social vacuum. Even in traditional police work, apprehending offenders cannot be performed without regular cooperation of the citizens.

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WHAT DOES THE TERM COMMUNITY POLICING MEAN IN YOUR OWN UNDERSTANDING?

Community policing simply means the community and police working together in partnership for public safety.Police and citizens joining together as partnersEffective community policing has a positive impact on;1.Reducing neighbourhood crime2.Helping to reduce fear of crime and3.Enhancing the quality of life in the community.

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COMMUNITY POLICING? - Definition

It is “a crime management strategy that allows the community and the police to work together with a view of solving matters of crime & insecurity, and social disorders within their respective areas.”

It is “a collaborative effort by the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for a solution to these problems.”

It is “a preventive approach through an empowered problem solving partnership of police & community to 1. control crime, 2. reduce the fear of crime and 3. enhance lifestyle experience of all community constituents.”

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Objectives of Community Policing

To establish an active partnership for the purposes of; realizing safer communities, jointly solving problems, promoting transparency & accountability,guarantying respect for human rights & freedoms, ensuring cultural fairness, Consulting with local community on their needs & ultimately earning confidence & trust of the police.

Ultimately the objective is to isolate criminals.

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Partnership and Information sharing

•The partnerships are the tools with which problem solving takes place. However, this doesn’t imply that police are no longer in authority or that the primary duty of their mandate has been subordinated. Section 14 of Chapter 84, Laws of Kenya still obtains. The major role of the citizenry in this concept is to share information with the police and “not imagine of usurping the duty of police”.•Despite all databanks, volumes of documents and reports available today, people remain the primary source of information. Thus the public is to be treated as an important resource.

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Developing partnership/s.

Cooperation – cultivate trust and confidence within parties (bonding)

Collaboration – forge a working relationship and outline roles for each stakeholder

Communication – organize for regular meetings/sensitization workshops and create linkages/networks during operations

Commitment – exercise a total commitment in the programme since it’s a voluntary venture to avoid losing steam and enthusiasm.

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Complimentary core components

1. Community Partnerships:-Between the police and the community and this enables citizens to play meaningful role in their security as a legitimate civic responsibility. It focuses on the development of strong & lasting police-community partnership. It is the cornerstone of the concept.

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Problem Solving: Is the tactic or strategy used to solve community problems of crime & disorder. By applying appropriate problem-solving remedies based on input from both the police and the community, to specific concerns identified by both which becomes priority for joint police – community intervention.It relates to joint identification and analysis of the actual & potential causes of crime and conflict within communities. Addressing problems means more than quick fixes.

2. Problem solving

Cont

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3. Organizational Change:

Change is a shift from your normal way of doing things to a new way of doing things- Calls for paradigm shift within the security agencies to accommodate increased community involvement, without the fear of change. Need for creation and embrace of an organization-wide commitment to change.

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THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY POLICING?

Community policing is based on the following key principles, namely:-TrustConfidentialityCommitmentPartnershipProblem - solvingVoluntary participation by community members

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A glance at some of the Principles

1.Trust: Establishing and maintaining mutual trust is the central goal of community partnership. Trust will give police greater access to valuable information that can lead to the prevention and solution of crimes. – It is the Heart. Building trust is essential to effective community policing. The public demands that the integrity of police officers be above reproach. Respect from the public can not be bought; it can only be earned and cultivated. Trust is an aspect of professionalism and breaching it undermines faith in the concept.

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2. Confidentiality: Confidentiality represents a respect for privacy. Information received or shared with the security agencies has to be treated in confidence & should not be prematurely divulged, as this often gives suspects chance to escape & others proceed to destroy valuable evidence and exhibits. Members of the public have a right to security and privacy and information obtained from/about them, should not be improperly divulged.

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Organizational Change: -The implementation of this concept necessitates the introduction of fundamental & comprehensive changes. Therefore calls for paradigm shift( a new way of thinking) within the security agencies mindset in order to accommodate increased community involvement. Change must come from top down. Change is a process and thus has to be gradual.

Within the context of Police Reforms, the police are required to display a complete attitudinal transformation - A police that is seen to have changed its character, making a break from past practice and working in partnership with the communities.

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The definition of ‘Problem’ in the community policing context, is that it is;

A recurring set of related harmful events in a community, or

Events that members of the public expect the police service to address.

4. Problem solving – ‘S A R A ’

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Problem solving Model (S A R A M)Scanning – involves identifying & describing the problem i.e. neighbourhood crime & disorder problemsAnalyze – How much of a problem is it?, Who is affected? What are the underlying causes of the problem/s? Respond – Based on the steps above, devise an appropriate response to the problem.Assess – Assessment evaluates the impact of the responseMaintenance – Problem solving is only successful if it produces a long term solution.

The police & citizen should take every opportunity to address the condition that cause incident & crime.

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Misconception

COMMUNITY POLICING IS NOT?Vigilantism e.g. Mungiki, Taliban, Kamjesh,

Baghdad, Chingororo, Sungusungu,

Amachuma, Angola Msumbiji, etc

A forum for settling of scoresCommercial venture for enriching officialsParallel security or militia groupingForm of employmentUsurping the powers of law enforcement agencies.

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PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

A. Community – specific advantages1) It improves police accountability to the community2) Mobilisation & empowerment of communities to identify and

respond to concerns……3) Reduced fear of crime4) Increase in positive attitudes towards police

B. Police specific benefits1) Helps in removing the barrier that have traditionally

existed.......2) Improved police – community relationship

C. Shared benefits1) Reduction in crime levels.2) A better flow of information...... 3) contributes to safer societies thereby leading to enhanced

socio-economic development and lifestyle1) Development of effective partnerships between community

and the security agencies in crime prevention efforts

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ACTUAL BENEFITS:

Free flow of informationReduction of crimeAssisted in identifying and apprehension of offendersIncrease of investors resulting in economic growthPromotes interaction between security agencies and the communityPublic support to security agencies in terms of resources and informationThrough employment of the strategy, political stability and social order is maintained

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Enhanced the aspect of police proactiveness in dealing with crime, thereby preempting crime from being committedReduced workload for the security personnel is realizedOwnership of the ‘local’ security by the committeesHas assisted in identifying crime ‘hotspots.’ within the neighbourhoodsCreates a forum for understanding the role of each entityCollection of crime intelligence improvedEnhanced lifestyle in the neighbourhoods.

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Variations in Community Policing

Community policing varies from one community to the next.

Community policing in a large, metropolitan city may be different from community policing in a small, rural area.

Community policing is dynamic and it changes with the community, crime rates, mobilization of citizens, region of the country, and other social and environmental factors.

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•To prevent and control conduct threatening to life and property

•To aid crime victims and protect people in danger of physical harm

•To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles

•To assist the vulnerable in the society (e.g., intoxicated, mentally ill, elderly, young)

•To resolve conflict between individuals, groups or between citizens and the government

•To create and maintain feelings of security in the community

Fundamental Objectives of Policing

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ROLE OF THE POLICE

The police are government agents charged with maintaining public order and protecting persons from unlawful acts. In performing their policing duties, police officers are to exercise high degree of discretion and act ‘judiciously’Role in SocietyInvolves law enforcement, maintenance of law & order, prevention & detection of crimes etc.Since the police are endowed with the power and legal authority to enforce the law, they must act within the confines of the constitutional and case law while enforcing the law.

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Operations:The range of police activities is quite broad. It involves patrol, detective work, traffic control, vice, crime prevention and special tactical forces.

Patrol:Often called the backbone of police work, the patrolfunction has 3 basic components;- To assist /answer calls for assistance, to maintain a policepresence and to probe suspicious circumstances

Traffic Dept: Facilitate movt. of people & vehicles

Specialized operations: These units are set up to deal with particular types of crimes/problems.

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•Detectives Primarily concerned with law enforcement activities after a crime has been reported, by working in a systematic process in order to identify & bring a criminal offender/s to justice.Police Discretion: By law, police are given the power to deprive citizens of their freedom by arresting them & the right to use force in the performance of their policing function, including lethal force in certain situations. Any exercise of power or authority is an exercise of discretion. A police officer will use responsibly the discretion vested in the position, & exercise it within law. Wise use can do much to preserve good relationship and return the confidence of the public.

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THE ROLE OF POLICE IN COMMUNITY POLICING

Other than the public, police officers are the major key players/partners in community policing. The office of the Commissioner of Police, is responsible for the:-

1. Control, 2. Direction, and 3. Advice, on all matters pertaining to the

operations of community policing in the country.

The Police Station is the primary focal point of community policing operations.

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Police leaders must:Learn to manage multi-functional teamsSupport problem solving effortsReward community policing achievements –

How?Share information with officers and staff for

necessary police actionAssume responsibility for strategic planning,-

which is a tool for leadership. The goal of S.P is not to develop plans but to stimulate action.

Eliminate bureaucracy and red tape.

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The Officer Commanding Police Division (OCPD) is responsible to the PPO / FORM. COMM. For the above same functions

The Station Commander (OCS) is responsible to the OCPD for the above same functions. However, he/she is also responsible for the implementation of all community policing activities and policy within the police station jurisdiction.

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SHARING OF RESPONSIBILITY BY STATION COMMANDER (OCS)

Sharing responsibility with community (throughCommittee members) does not mean abandoningresponsibility as an OCS. The OCS still has the

responsibility to:-Know what is going on in the station’s jurisdictionMake the decisions the committee can not – part of

leadership is the ability to make wise choices (success often depends on the cumulative effect of hundreds of small decisions made properly)

Ensure the committee members are on courseBe a ‘smart’ implementing officerSet goals for reducing crime and customer satisfaction.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OCS

Co- chair committee meetingsTo ensure the concept is properly implemented within his/her station areaTo cooperate with the committee for the success of community policing Organize for community sensitization meetings with provincial administrationTo ensure that all security concerns discussed are adequately addressed

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Ensure minutes are well taken and copies sent to the OCPD, PPO and theCommissioner of Police,Give feedback to the committee after taking action on security concerns,Assisting the chair and advising the committee on security matters.Together with the Chair and Secretary set agenda and dates of monthly meetings including venue.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CHAIRPERSON

The chairman will chair all community policing meetingsWill cooperate with committee members on security mattersWill ensure that there is order not only in committee meetings but all activities of the community policingCoordinate the implementation of community policing within his/her areaEnsure that copies of minutes are sent to the D.O, DC, PC.

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QUALITIES OF A GOOD POLICE OFFICER WHEN HANDLING MATTERS RELATED TO COMMUNITY POLICING

“Police Officer” here means and include Kenya Police and Administration Police officers. Hence, we expect them to:-

Be conversant with the Kenyan laws, Police Act, Administration Police Act, FSO, as the case may be;

Communicate with the communityListen more and understand the public needsAvoid arrogance, procrastination or dereliction of duty;Offer crime prevention advice to the community Detect and prevent crime using information and intelligence

reports gathered/volunteered.To refrain, at all cost, from getting involved in ‘Corruption of

Authority’ by exercising and upholding the core values.

Cont.

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Provide prompt and quality services free of charge without prejudice, biasness, favourism, nepotism or discrimination

Enforcement of law & order Treat all information received from the public with utmost

confidentiality; The purpose of confidentiality is to safeguard privileged communication & information that is obtained in the course of work

Always give feedback; Encourage and support community policing Committees by

encouraging participation of the community in crime prevention and control

Private Life; -To behave in a manner that does not bring discredit to their agencies or themselves. – A police officer’s character & conduct while off duty must always be exemplary, thus maintaining a position of respect in the community in which s/he lives and serves

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WHAT IS A COMM. POLICING COMMITTEE?

A community policing committee is a small group of community representatives within a village, sub-location, location, and/or police station level that is responsible for representing the interests and raising community security and safety concerns in community policing forums.

In an Urban Set up, includes a Community Policing Committee within a Sub-Sector, Sector, Estate and/or Police Station level.

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These small committees comprise of people of high integrity and who are highly respected within the community.The committees should also be balanced to take care of the interests of elders, youth, people with disabilities and gender balance.Committees to comprise of between 15-25 members.A strong leadership of the committees shall bevery crucial and instrumental in the success ofthe concept in a given area.

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The membership is voluntary•Must be a Kenyan citizen•Must be over 18 years of age•Must be a resident of that locality/area for a continuous period of at least 12 months•Must be a person of high integrity•Must be a person who commands respect from the local community•Must be honest•Must not have been convicted of a criminal offence for the last 5 years preceding the date of such nomination

WHAT ARE THE QUALIFICATIONS FOR ONE TO BECOME A COMMITTEE MEMBER?

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The Police Station shall remain the primary focal point of community policing operations. The OCS, DO, and the Divisional AP Commander to ensure that Community Policing Committees are formed at the prescribed levels, (See the illustration on the next slide).

HOW IS COMMUNITY POLICING COMMITTEES FORMED?

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4. ………POLICE STATION COMMUNITY POLICING COMMITTEE - CPC. (APEX / SUMMIT).

3. LOCATION / ESTATE COMMUNITY POLICING COMMITTEE(S)

2. SUB- LOCATION/SECTOR COMMUNITY POLICING COMMT(S)

1. VILLAGE/ SUB SECTOR COMMUNITY POLICING COMMITTEE(S)

Levels of Committees – 4 LEVELS

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Village Committees: Villagers to nominate between 10-15

members with diverse representation and form a Village Community Policing Committee.

The nominees will in turn elect their office bearers.

Both the chairperson and secretary will go to the sub-location level.

(A) RURAL SET UP

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Sub-location Community Policing Committee: Chairpersons of each village and their secretaries shall converge and form Sub-location Community Policing Committees. They will elect their office bearers whereby the assistant chief is an automatic member.Both the chairperson and Assistant Chief will go to the location level.

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Location community policing committees: Chairpersons of each sub-location and Assistant chiefs shall all converge and form Location Community Policing Committees. Chiefs are automatic members. They will then elect their office bearers.Both the chairperson and Chief will go to the Police Station level.

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Police station community policing committees:

Chairpersons of each location and chiefs shall all converge and form station community policing committees. The office bearers shall be as follows: - Chairperson - Community - Co-chair - OCS - Secretary - Police liaison officer - Ass/secretary - Administration Police - Committee Members - Chiefs

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Leadership is a great responsibility. The life, growth and well being of an organization are largely dependent on it leadership. Hence,Leaders are required to:Commit energy and resources……..Volunteer their servicesEncourage others to participate and support……Help others to voice and act on their ideasDevelop ways to measure and evaluate programmeCultivate and celebrate small wins……Remove obstacles/blocks to success……

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN COMMUNITY POLICING?

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THE STAKEHOLDERS

Two critical questions that must be asked bythe committee about the stakeholder whenidentifying them are:-1) Who are they?2) What is the exchange relationship between the

stakeholders and the committee? Various values are given by different

stakeholders In return the committee thro’ the police

station should provide the stakeholders with satisfaction of stakeholders needs.

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The Stakeholders: -Are the people or groups who have an interest in or are affected by the organization’s activities.The Station Community Policing Committee is not, complete without Stakeholders. These includes, - Reps of local NGOs/CBOs - Reps of Businessmen - Reps of Religious organizations (Umbrella) - Reps of youth/women groups - Reps of firms/companies within the area - Reps of private security firms - Reps of CDF/LATF committees - Reps from KWS/NSIS/Prisons/Units of G.S.U & A.S.T.U within the jurisdiction of a local police station and other friendly forces.

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(B) URBAN SET UP

The OCS, DO and Divisional AP Commander shall sit down and decide on the number of housing blocks that forms a Sub-Sector.

In this context, a Sub-Sector should be the smallest Community Policing Unit within an Estate.

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P/Station Community Policing Committees:

The chair and Chief of each Estate Community Policing Committee , shall converge and form…………Police Station Community Policing Committee. The office bearers shall be as follows:- Chairperson - Community Co-chair - OCS Secretary - Police liaison officer Ass/secretary - Administration PoliceLocal DO/DCIO/SRC are automatic members of the committee as a stakeholder. They or their representatives should attend the meetings of the committee as ex – officio members

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ROLE OF DCIO’S OFFICE.

A criminal investigation is the systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving and evaluating information for the purposeof bringing a criminal offender/s to justice. Every piece ofinformation relating to a crime is vital to deterring of / solving a

crime..(Teamwork required- can’t work in isolation.)Role of the Criminal Investigation Department:The CID carries out the investigations and are toperform the following tasks ;Determine that a crime has been committedIdentify the offenderLocate and apprehend the accusedPresent evidence of guiltRecover property that is wrongfully heldSuppress commission of an imminent crime from criminal intelligence gathered.

Cont.

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DCIOs Office : - Sources of Information:As source of information, people fall into 2 general categories; Informants and Complainants/victims.

Information from peopleInvestigators sometimes find it necessary to use paid informants who have connection with the underworld to gather information about criminal activitiesThese people & other volunteers, can be useful in gathering and volunteering first-hand information on underworld activities.

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Paid Informants These people can be useful in gathering first-hand information on underworld activities. Information provided by professional informants has frequently been instrumental in solving crimes that otherwise would have remained unsolved.

A witness is anyone who has some particular knowledge of a given situation or occurrence. S/He is not necessarily an eyewitness.

Fundamentally, police in general are under an obligation to employ the greatest effort to apprehend a suspect/s & provide evidence for a successful prosecution, with a view to preventing crime or punishing the offender.

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SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS

The community policing committee shall meet atleast once a month at a venue to be agreed upon bythe committee.

Station Comm. - Last week of the monthLocation Com. - 3rd week of the monthSub-Location - 2nd week of the monthVillage Comm. - 1st week of the month

The minutes of the lower committees to besubmitted progressively to the police station level.

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ROLE OF COMM. POLICING COMMITTEE?

It provides a forum where the public and police exchange ideas or information on matters affecting general security in the area.

It provides a forum for gathering criminal intelligence and acting upon them for the purpose of crime prevention.

It provides an enabling environment for good understanding and good working relations between the police and public.

It removes suspicion and mistrust between the police and the public.

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WHAT IS A COMMUNITY POLICING FORUM?

A community policing forum is bigger than a community policing committee. A forum is similar to a baraza. It brings together members of the community and law enforcement agencies to discuss issues of security and safety affecting the community and at the same time develop measures to address them.

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Community policing forums are useful in tackling insecurity because as a community, the citizens, directly interact with government officers and their leaders, to improve their security and safety.

They should be a regular feature in working towards combating crime by both the police and provincial administration agencies and the community.

COMMUNITY POLICING FORA & INSECURITY

Participants at Kisii workshop on 14/4/10

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THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC

Community members, other than the criminals and thePolice, most often have information that could solve acrime.

Sharing information with police or members of community policing committees

Attend forums on/of community policing Encourage networking between neighbours Report crimes as and when they occur Report suspicious characters / activities Record statements with police after reporting

cases Never take the law into your hands

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ARREST BY A MEMBER OF COMMUNITY POLICING COMMITTEE

Any person or member of CommunityPolicing Committee may arrest:-1) Any person who in his/her view commits a

cognizable offence or whom he/she reasonably suspects of having committed a felony;

2) Any person found committing any offence involving injury to property may be arrested by the owner of the property or his/her servant or persons authorised by him.

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THE ROLE OF THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION

The PCs, DCs, DOs, Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs all shall work for the success of Community policing in their respective areas.

The above officers shall explain, support and disseminate community policing programmes and ideas in various public, security and development functions within their jurisdiction.

The Provincial Administration officers shall attend Community Policing committee meetings within their respective jurisdiction and give their contributions.

Protect the good image of the Government by not getting involved in Corruption of Authority.

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THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

The media must be included in community policing activities and programs in order to successfully market the concept.

It has a responsibility to highlight events that influence the behaviour and attitude of citizens to adhere to the rule of Law

The media plays a very important role in informing and educating the public.

The media covers community policing events and educates the public through print and electronic media.

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THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

Religious organizations should assist the police and other law enforcement agencies to prevent and reduce crime by:

Preaching to their followers to refrain from criminal activities

Providing spiritual counselling and guidance to their followers

Establishing and encouraging sessions for children and youth whereof they would be taught to refrain from criminal activities

Educating their adherents to provide for the basic needs for their children and give parental guidance to their children.

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HOW SHOULD INFORMATION GIVEN BY PUBLIC BE HANDLED?

Provincial Admin. & Police must always be willing to receive information from members of the public.Confidential information should be treated with utmost care and secrecy to avoid disclosing the identity of the author.Police shall verify the integrity of the information given and act upon them promptly.Police shall give feedback to person due, following the information ,on the action taken.The information received should be tested for consistency by checking against information obtained from other persons

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WHAT RESOURCES DO COMMUNITIES NEED TO IMPLEMENT COMMUNITY POLICING?

Communities should use existing resources. They should volunteer to participate because that way they play a part in defining their own security and design practical ways to bring about community safety.Communities can also use government facilities available in their localitiesCommunity Policing Committees to develop good rapport with the local NGOs, CBOs, CDF, LATF, etc

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ENHANCING AND PROMOTING COMMUNITY’S CAPACITY TO IMPLEMENT COMMUNITY POLICING?

Raising awareness on the concept of community policing by educating the community in order to use them as a tool in advancing community policing,Mobilization of communities to participate in community policing forums and initiativesEducating the private sector can significantly aid the police in deterring criminal behaviourSensitization through social forums like barazas, churches, mosques, etc.

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HOW CAN YOU ENSURE THAT JUSTICE IS DONE IN COMMUNITY POLICING?

Do not offer protection to criminalsInformation on/about a crime in the neighbourhood should be passed to the police or any other law enforcement agency for action.Be ready to record statement and participate as a witness in a court of law when called upon to do so.Communities should be discouraged from killing suspects but instead hand them over to the police for action.Professional ethics and code of conduct & ethics should be upheld by all employees in the civil service, so as to promote a strong government / public image.

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IMPACT INDICATORS

an Impact Indicator is a way to asses what has changed as a result of an intervention.It is necessary for the committee to identify the changes they want to effect and its IIs will be developed around those changes.These are simple, realistic & inexpensive measures. They should comprise of;A balanced checklist of activitiesResponsiveness or resistance by the police or the communityStatistics of implementation in terms of crime reduction

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CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUES.

Part B

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Crime / Insecurity

It is said that crime has existed from the beginning of human history and it will last as long as mankind.Crimes are rarely solved through criminal investigations alone which depend on gathering of factual information, and without which no case would be solved, no stolen property recovered and no missing person located, but…….. are usually solved because the perpetrator is immediately known or because a suspect is identified through information provided by members of the public.

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Crime Prevention Techniques

The Crime Triangle“Security starts with you”- this statement should be qualified by students/participants.

If the opportunity end of the triangle is not provided, the triangle will collapse, and the chances are that crime will not occur at all.

Perpetrator

Opportunity

Pot. Victim /Target

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Opportunity Theory Principle“Opportunity Makes the Thief”

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The most important tip in preventing crime is to remember the ‘Crime Triangle’

Crime Triangle is an imaginary triangle showing 3 elements that must be present for a crime to be committed. These are:-

1) Desire for a criminal to commit a crime2) Target of the criminal’s desire; and the3) Opportunity for the crime to be committed

You can break the triangle by not providing the opportunity. Awareness is the key to your safety.

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So, for a crime to occur:...a motivated offender must find a suitable

target in the absence of a capable guardian...

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Routine Activities Theory

A crime may occur when a Likely Offender and Suitable Target come together in Space and Time in the absence of Capable Guardians.

Elements of Routine Activity TheoryA suitable target is availableThere is a lack of a capable guardian to prevent the crime from happeningA motivated offender is present.

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Why People Commit CrimeGain/Need

Poverty or a drug habit

Society/Experience/EnvironmentPeer pressure, coercion, lack of education

BeliefsBelief that some crimes aren’t wrong, protest

Motivated Offenders

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Absence of a Capable Guardian

A capable guardian is anything, either a person or thing, that discourages crimes from taking place. These can be formal or informal.

•Police Patrols•Security Guards•Locks•Fences•Lighting

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A Person

An Object

A Place

A Suitable Target

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VIVAValue, Inertia, Visibility, Access

Value - The offender must either value the target for what they gain or value the effect they have on it. Inertia - The size or weight of an item can effect how suitable it is.

Visibility - How visible a target is can affect its suitability.

Access - If a target is easy to get to, this increases its suitability.

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CRAVEDNot all products are equally at risk for theftThey must be:

ConcealableRemovableAvailableValuableEnjoyableDisposable

CRAVED items can also change over time(CDs then vs. IPODs now)

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Primary prevention• Effecting conditions of the physical and social

environment that provide opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts.

Secondary prevention• Engages in early identification of potential offenders

and seeks to intervene before the commission of illegal activity

Tertiary prevention• Dealing with actual offenders and intervention

Types of Crime Prevention

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1. Change people’s criminal motivations

2. Reduce opportunities for crime

Two ways to prevent crime

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5 Ways to Modify a Situation

1) Increasing the effort the offender must make to carry out the crime.

2) Increasing the risks the offender must face in completing the crime.

3) Reducing the rewards or benefits the offender expects to obtain from the crime.

4) Reducing or avoiding provocations that may tempt or incite offenders into criminal acts

5) Removing excuses that offenders may use to “rationalize” or justify their actions.

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

10 Principles of Crime Opportunity

1. Opportunities play a role in causing all crime, not just common property crime.

2. Crime opportunities are highly specific.

3. Crime opportunities are concentrated in time and space.

4. Crime opportunities depend on everyday movements of activity.

5. One crime produces the opportunities for another.

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

6. Some products offer more tempting crime opportunities.

7. Social and technological changes produce new crime opportunities.

8. Crime can be prevented by reducing opportunities.

9. Reducing opportunities does not usually displace crime.

10. Focused opportunity reduction can produce wider declines in crime.

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

Conclusion

“Citizen involvement is a must if community policing is to be successful. ..For every crime committed, someone, other than the criminal, has information that might solve it.

Community Based Policing can be the foundation for security & development.

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

Addendum:

“Ethics’ –is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of questions of right & wrong and how we ought to live. Ethics is crucial in decisions involving discretion, force, and due process because criminal justice professionals are often tempted to abuse their powers“Corruption of Authority” – This involves authorized & unearned benefits officers are given by virtue of their employment. Included are free meals, liquor, sex, discounts on purchases, payments for property protection extending beyond normal police duties etc. – this raises the issue of expectations of those businesses in giving these benefits.

"Utumishi Kwa Wote"

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS