Kelestarian dan Sains Sosial. Polar ice caps are melting faster than ever... More and more land is being devastated by drought... Rising waters are drowning.

Kelestarian dan Sains Sosial

Polar ice caps are melting faster than ever... More and more land is being devastated by drought... Rising waters are drowning low-lying communities... By any measure, Earth is at ... the Tipping Point

So What????

Earth at the tipping point

Drawing from the research of 1,300 experts from 95

countries, the UN report concludes that 60% of the

systems that support life on Earth are being degraded or used

unsustainably.

The Wall Street Journal Europe (2005) Questions for the Future, July 13, A6

Where are we?Where are we?

Are we eating our paddy (corn) “seed”?

Named B-15 iceberg that calved from the Ross Ice Shelf in March 2000. Equivalent in size to Jamaica, B-15 had an initial area of 11 655 square kilometres but subsequently broke up into smaller pieces

(B-15A, enough drinking water to supply the world for several months)

willmclaughlin.astrodigitals.com/Antarctica/B../http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/polarsea/images/ArchivePix/B-15-k.jpg

willmclaughlin.astrodigitals.com/Antarctica/B.

PenangPenangPenangPenang

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2004/planet/default.stm#

Rising temperatures are thought to cause sea levels to rise as the oceans expand and polar ice melts. The IPCC says sea levels rose between 10 and 20cm worldwide during the 20th Century. It predicts a further rise of between 9cm and 88cm by 2100.

Sea-level change over the last century (in cm)

Annual sea level changeFive-year mean

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980

Source: UNEP- 12

- 8

- 4

0

4

8

No snow: As the climate warms up, mountainous regions may experience lower levels of snowfall. This image shows Mount Hood in Oregon at the same time in late summer in 1985 and 2002. Image: Gary Braasch ©

news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/sci_nat_how_the_world_is_changing/html/1.stmhttp://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/

news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/sci_nat_how_the_world_is_changing/html/1.stm

Rising tides: Some scientists predict that a warmer climate will trigger more violent storms, which will cause increased rates of coastal erosion. This is a section of shoreline at Cape Hatteras in North Carolina in the USA, pictured in 1999 and 2004. The southern United States and Caribbean region were battered by a series of powerful hurricanes last year. Rising sea levels are also expected to speed up coastal erosion. Image: Gary Braasch ©

www.epa.gov/r10earth/ sustainability/problem.jpg

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2002/disposable_planet/waste/statsbank.stm

Waste Disposal in Cities in Selected Countries

High Income

Latin America

Asia-Pacific

Arab States

Africa

TransitionSource: Urban Indicators (1998)

Solid waste disposed of, formally (%)

People in rich countries throw away up to 800kg of waste each a year, compared to less than 200kg in the poorest countries. As population, consumption and wealth increase, so does the quantity of waste we produce. The rich countries of the OECD produce an annual total of almost two tonnes of waste for every person.

0 20 40 60 80 100

25 %

31 %

44 %

59 %

66 %

78 %

According to the Basel Action Network, a pile of 500 computers contains 717kg of lead, 1.36kg of cadmium, 863 grams of

chromium and 287 grams of mercury – all poisonous metals. Single samples taken by

the BAN researchers in the region tested 190 times the WHO’s safe level for lead, had

chromium levels 1338 times the level deemed safe in the US and tin levels 152

times the US threshold.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2004/planet/default.stm

PenangPenangPenangPenang

sehingga 100sehingga 100spesisspesis juga juga

pupuspupus

50,000 hektar rimba 50,000 hektar rimba musnahmusnah

20,000 hektar tanah 20,000 hektar tanah berguna turutberguna turut

punahpunah

200,000 tan 200,000 tan ikan pupus ikan pupus ditangkapditangkap

60,000 juta tan 60,000 juta tan karbonkarbon

dioksida dioksida dikeluarkandikeluarkan

Setiap HariSetiap Hari(seluruh dunia)(seluruh dunia)

PEMUSNAHAN YANG BERLAKU SETIAP HARI

© DAR 2006© DAR 2006

KEADAAN TERKINI…

“Jejak ekologi” terlalu besar untuk planet

http://www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/key_publications/living_planet_report/lp_2006/index.cfm

Kurang dari 0.9 hektar global per seorangKurang dari 0.9 hektar global per seorang

Lebih dari 5.4 hektar global per seorangLebih dari 5.4 hektar global per seorang

1,8-3.6 hektar global per seorang1,8-3.6 hektar global per seorang 0.9-1.6 hektar global per seorang0.9-1.6 hektar global per seorang

3.6-5.4 hektar global per seorang3.6-5.4 hektar global per seorang

Kurang data Kurang data

Setiap saiz negara mewakili bahagian Jejak Ekologi globalnya. Warna bagi setiap negara menandakan per kapita jejak warganya

JEJAK EKOLOGI GLOBAL mengikut negara Negara mempunyai defisit ekologi menggunakan lebih banyak

bio-upaya berbanding dengan yang dikawalnya. Negara pengkredit ekologikal mempunyai jejak yang kecil daripada bio-upayanya

© DAR 2006

Atas: Laluan keratapi yang rosak di Segamat, Johor akibat banjir terburuk mengakibatkan anggaran kerugian RM100 juta.

(Andy Wong/ Associated Press, 22 Dec. 2006) www.cbc.ca/.../22/malaysia-flood-cp-2200885.jpg

JEJAK EKOLOGI MALAYSIA

USM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Woo-suk

"I was blinded by work and my drive for achievement."

Dr Hwang Woo-suk leaves his office, SNU – Dec 2005

KIM KYUNG-HOON / REUTERS

Somatic cell nuclear transfer technique used by Hwang in

his research

Disgrace

Disgrace

© DAR 2006

…apabila rabun nilai…

© DAR 2006

PendidikRendah

Universal

TentukanPembangunan

Lestari

Empowerment Ekuiti Wanita/

Gender

untuk bantuan, dagang,

hapuskan hutang

Membentuk Perkongsian

Pembangunan Global

Terbalikkan merebaknya penyakit

spt. HIV/AIDS, Malaria

Kurangkan 1/2 Kemiskinan Tegar

2000 United Nations MILLENNIUM SUMMIT

Kekurangan 3/4 Mortaliti Ibu

Kurangkan 2/3 Mortaliti <5

tahun

What is taking place?

PBB Dekad Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Lestari (UN DEfSD)

Isu-isu utama Kemiskinan

Kekurangan sumber Masalah alam sekitar

Persingketaan dan peperangan Sistem ekonomi yang tidak seimbang

Teknologi yang tidak mesra alam/manusia Kepenggunaan berlebihan/pembaziran

Keadaan yang tidak menentu Masalah etika dan moral

Kurang kesedaran Isu gender

10PrinsipHadhari

“Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

UN World Commission on Environment and Development 1987

What is Sustainable Development?What is Sustainable Development?What is Sustainable Development?What is Sustainable Development?

availability of life supporting

resources

depleting

consumption of life supporting resources

increasing

UnUnsustainable developmentsustainable development

Pertu

mbuhan E

konom

i

Pendidikan

Pertu

mbuhan S

osia

l

Ala

m S

ekita

r &

Sem

ula

jadi

Sum

ber S

em

ula

jadi

Masyarakat LestariMasyarakat Lestari

2005 UN DEfSD- Empat Dimensi

Tak

MDG EfSD

• Apakah yang sepatutnya di pelajari dan diajar dalam ilmu Sains Sosial?

• Bagaimana unsur penyelidikan untuk pembangunan lestari

• Action research vs. basic research vs. applied research

• Dream research vs. nightmare research

• Mengapa Sains Sosial dipisahkan dari Sains• Siapa/Bagaimana pemisahan berlaku• Apakah yang sepatutnya berlaku?

• Important considerations:• To clarify the meaning and analytical implications of

sustainability from a social sciences perspective in order to establish starting points for new research;

• To explore the potential contributions of different social science disciplines to the sustainability debate;

• And more ambitiously, to suggest ways in which the conceptual implications of sustainability can promote a reorientation of the social sciences themselves.

• This will come from their willingness to look at the complex interactions of society and nature, and the connections between symbolic and material dimensions of social practices.

• Social sciences and the debate on sustainable development

• Analytical, normative and political implications of sustainability

• Towards a working definition of sustainability • A social trajectories view for discourse-

oriented policies • Reorienting the social sciences • Making the research process more inclusive

Hunger and malnutrition

Poverty and inequality

Violation of human rights

Lack of health services

Epidemic diseases

Corruption

Illiteracy Clim

ate

chan

ge

Def

ores

tatio

n

Dep

letio

n of

fish

sto

cks

Land

deg

rada

tion

Wat

er s

carc

ity

Bio

dive

rsity

loss

World View

From science to society

Scientific understanding

Goals

Strategies

Implementation

What is Sustainability Science?

A science that explores two voids:• between natural and social science• between science and the workings of society

A science that studies and contributes to sustainability transitions.

A science that seeks new solutions to wicked problems.

A science that seeks syntheses rather than specialisations.

The dominating belief underpinning science:

the piecemeal study of the real world.

biology

history

fluid mechanics

physical geography

chemistry

ethnology

philosophy

sociology

literature

pedagogics

epidemiology

law

theology

limnologylinguistics

business law

economic history

micro biology

orthopedics

economicshuman ecology

archeologyquarternary geology

political science

psychology

arts

nuclear physics

atomic physics

sociology of law

social anthropology

statistics

mathematics

electronicswater resources eng.

genetics

chemical engineering

business adm.

psychiatry

radiophysics

environmental engineering

informatics media and communication

geophysics

nutrition

social works gender studiessocial geography

economic geography

ecology

public health

innovation studies

Natural science doesn’t question its ontologySocial science constantly questions its ontologyExample 1.

Water is a bio-physical entity (H2O) that can exist in three forms – solid, liquid, and gas. It can be studied objectively.

Water-flows in nature are driven by gravity and thermodynamics.

Water is an economic good.

Water is primarily a source of conflict

Water is primarily a source of co-operation

Water-flows in society are driven by power relationships

Natural science doesn’t question its ontologySocial science constantly questions its ontologyExample 2.

Carbon is a bio-physical entity. In the form of CO2, it contributes to global warming. The cycling of CO2 can be studied by quantitative and objective methods

The cycling of carbon is embedded in almost all human activities. This cycling is determined by economic, political and social drivers.

Fig. 5. Global C cycle showing fossil C stock, CO2 emissions, and fate of CO2 in the 1990s. Carbon stocks are in units of Pg C; annualflows and changes in atmospheric CO2 are in PgC per year. Net annual absorption by terrestrial and ocean sinks is only roughly known(House et al., 2003; Houghton, 2003); values shown are from IPCC (2001a). Other sources include: IPCC (2000), Sundquist (1993) andRogner (2000). Janzen H.H.: 2005: Carbon cycling in earth systems—a soil science perspective. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

Sustainability assessment

Indicators/indices

Product related assessments

Integrated assessment

Non-Integrated

Environmental Pressure Indicators

Regional flow assessments

Integrated

UNCSD 58

Input-Output Energy Analysis

Regional Emergy Analysis

Regional Exergy Analysis

Economy-wide Material Flow Analysis

Sustainable National Income

Genuine Progress Indicator and ISEW

Adjusted Net Savings (Genuine Savings)

Ecological Footprint

Wellbeing Index

Environmental Sustainability Index

Human Development Index

Conceptual Modelling

System Dynamics

Multi-Criteria Analysis

Risk Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Vulnerability Analysis

Cost Benefit Analysis

Impact assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Strategic Environmental Assessment

EU Sustainability Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Product material flow analysis

Material Intensity Analysis

Substance Flow Analysis

Product energy analysis

Process Energy Analysis

Emergy Analysis

Exergy Analysis

Life cycle costing

Full Life Cycle Accounting

Life Cycle Cost Assessment

Assessment focus

ForecastingRetrospective

Ness, B., Urbel-Piirsalu, E., Anderberg, S., Olsson, L., 2007: Categorising tools for sustainability assessment. Ecological Economics. Vol 60, pp 498-508

www.lucsus.lu.se

Sustainability science needs to bridge these scientific gaps!

• Within universities

• Between universities

• Across world regions

… and contribute to social change towards sustainability transitions!

Sustainability Science in Overview

• An emerging field of ‘use-inspired’ research and innovation that, like ‘health science’ or ‘agricultural science’ before it …

• Is defined by the practical problems it addresses, specifically the problems of sustainable development;

• Is focused on scientific understanding of (strongly) interacting human and environmental systems;

• Is conducted by drawing from and integrating research from natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, and by engaging the resulting knowledge with the world of action.

Basic research (eg biological science, earth

systems science)

Applied R&D(eg. WEHAB

R&D)

Improved understanding

Existing understanding

Existingpolicy &

technology

Improved policy &

technology

(redrawn from Stokes, 1997)time

Dynamically linking knowledge & action

Basic research (eg biological science, earth

systems science)

Use-inspired research

(Sustainability Science)

Applied R&D(eg. WEHAB

R&D)

Improved understanding

Existing understanding

Existingpolicy &

technology

Improved policy &

technology

(redrawn from Stokes, 1997)time

Dynamically linking knowledge & action

Sustainability Science

• An emerging field of ‘use-inspired’ research and innovation that, like ‘health science’ or ‘agricultural science’ before it …

• Is defined by the practical problems it addresses, specifically the problems of sustainable development;

• Is focused on scientific understanding of (strongly) interacting human and environmental systems;

• Is conducted by drawing from and integrating research from natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, and by engaging the resulting knowledge with the world of action.

Which problems?Origins of “Sustainability” thinking

• Conservationist thinking– Sustainable yields, “exotic” wildlife (1800s) – IUCN “World Conservation Strategy” (1980)

• Environmental science thinking– Vernadsky’s “biosphere and noosphere” (1940s) – NASA’s “Mission to Planet Earth” (1980s)

• Political (“radical”) thinking– Ghandi’s “too much wealth, too much poverty” (1972)– Latin America Commission “Our Own Agenda” (1990)

• not “how to manage”, but “who decides”…

Conceptualizing Sustainable

Development

(National Research Council, 1999)

Goals for Sustainable Development• Global consensus on international norms...

– Meeting human needs• feed, house, nurture, educate, employ...

– Preserving life support systems• water, air, oceans, ecosystems...

– Reducing hunger and poverty• with special attention to the most vulnerable.

• Recognized need for local reinvention – WSSD on the limits of intl. action, the need for place-

based, solution-oriented partnerships...• Emergence onto high table of international affairs

– Kofi Annan’s 3 grand challenges: “freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of future generations to sustain their lives on this planet.”

Sustainability Science• An emerging field of ‘use-inspired’ research and

innovation that, like ‘health science’ or ‘agricultural science’ before it …

• Is defined by the practical problems it addresses, specifically the problems of sustainable development;

• Is focused on scientific understanding of (strongly) interacting human and environmental systems;

• Is conducted by drawing from and integrating research from natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, and by engaging the resulting knowledge with the world of action.

The domain of Sustainability Science

Social Systems

Sustainability Goals

Environmental systems

Sustainability Science

Continuing into new Millennium…• World Academies of Science Conf. (Tokyo 2000)

– Transition Toward Sustainability in the 21st Century• Global Assessments embrace sustainability…

– IPCC, Millennium Ecosystem, Agriculture, ...• ICSU initiatives on S&T for Sustainability

– SCOPE, START, Earth System Science Consortium– Focal role for representing science at WSSD (2002)

• Workshops on regional priorities for sustainability science– Bangkok, Abuja, Santiago, Bonn, Chiang Mai, Ottawa,

Cairo,…• Synthesis sessions in Friiberg (2000), Mexico City

(2002), Dahlem ( 2003), Venice (2006) …

GlobalIssues

LocalIssues

old rich millions

affluence

“global people”

resource surpluses

causes of climate change

technological knowledge

theory driven researchpoor, young billions

poverty

“local people”

resource shortages

impacts of climate change

traditional knowledge

action driven research

Mul

tiple

div

ides

Reveal profound differences in problems and perspectives…

(Kates et al., 2001. Science)

… but also wide-spread agreement that the science and technology needed to promote a transition

toward sustainability should be…

Integrative… thus committed to bridging:

• the communities engaged in promoting environmental conservation, human health, and economic development;

• the natural, social and engineering sciences, plus insights from the humanities;

• multiple sectors of human activity;• the worlds of knowledge and action.

Multi-scale...

But generally place-based, regionally focused at scales where…

• multiple stresses intersect to degrade human-environment systems (Aral Sea);

• complexity is comprehensible, integration is possible• innovation and management happen • significant transitions toward sustainability have

already begun.

Core Questions of Sustainability Science: An emerging consensus

• Normative questions– valuing, evaluating, measuring

• Analytic questions– causes, consequences, control

• Operational questions– models, methods and data

• Strategic questions– engaging real world problems

(Framework after IGBP / GAIM)

Normative questions

• What are the values shaping interactions between human development and the natural environment?

• How, and with what consequences for sustainability, do these vary across space, time, and social groups?

• How should we evaluate progress toward sustainability in ways that fully account for the dependence of human well-being on the natural environment? (eg. ‘Green GDP’)

• What should be the human use of the earth?

Sustainability Science• An emerging field of ‘use-inspired’ research and

innovation that, like ‘health science’ or ‘agricultural science’ before it …

• Is defined by the practical problems it addresses, specifically the problems of sustainable development;

• Is focused on scientific understanding of (strongly) interacting human and environmental systems;

• Is conducted by drawing from and integrating research from natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, and by engaging the resulting knowledge with the world of action.

Present systems of priority-setting, funding and publication

encourage (good) research …

• anchored in single (or neighboring) disciplines• either problem-driven or fundamental;• focused at single scales;• not directly connected to assessment;

operations, or decision-support;• And therefore necessary but insufficient to

advance goals of a sustainability transition.

Needed is additional capacity to:

• Target S&T on “most pressing problems” as prioritized by stakeholders in development…– avoiding pitfall of scientists guessing user needs

• Integrate appropriate mixes of disciplines, expertise and public/private sector in support of such problem-driven R&D…– avoiding pitfalls of disciplinary “hammers,” of

undervaluing informal, practical expertise

Needed is additional capacity to...

• Link expertise and application across scales, from local to global– avoiding bias for universal over place-specific

knowledge

• Integrate research planning, observations, assessment & operational decision support– avoiding pitfall of “island empires”.

Lessons for designing university-based knowledge systems for sustainability

1. Maintain and engage strength in the foundation disciplines2. Support focused programs of “use-inspired basic research”

on core questions of sustainability science-eg. vulnerability of nature/society systems

3. Build collaborative problem-solving programs engagine users and stakeholders where we know enough to begin…

-eg. sustainable biofuels

4. Create recognition and reward systems for those who develop and participate in such programs

- tie degrees, faculty promotion to engagement as well as research; - develop high impact publication venues for sustainability science