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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
THE GENESIS OF GIANT PORPHYRY MOLYBDENUM DEPOSITS
J. D. Keith, E. H. Christiansen Department o
Geo!o"#, $ri"ham %o&n" 'ni(ersit# Pro(o, 'tah'.S.A., )*+*
an
R. $. Carten
'. S. Geo!o"ia! S&r(e#, /a0a# Shoo! o /ines
Reno, Ne(aa
'.S.A., )13-*3
A$STRACT
Giant porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits are 4est e5emp!iie4# the C!ima5
an Henerson eposits in Co!orao. The hi"h "raes o these eposits are
pro4a4!# inherite rom ma"mati mo!#4en&m onentrations o a4o&t * to
ppm, 6hih are hi"h or meta!&mino&s rh#o!iti ma"mas that a(era"e a4o&t 2
ppm mo!#4en&m. Hi"h ma"mati mo!#4en&m onentrations in meta!&mino&s
ro0s appear to 4e re!ate to hi"h ma"mati o5#"en &"aities 72 or 8 !o" &nits
a4o(e 9:/ o5#"en 4&er; an are orre!ate 6ith hi"h nio4i&m onentrations.
Hi"h o5#"en &"aities are !i0e!# inherite rom a!-a!0a!ine or !amproph#ri
preeessors. Hi"h nio4i&m an mo!#4en&m are re!ate to e5treme rationationo rh#o!iti ma"mas. /&h hi"her onentrations o mo!#4en&m 7 < =,ppm;
in the ore !&i 7an the &po!a ma"ma; are pro4a4!# ahie(e4# r#sta!!i>ation
in the eeper portions o a ma"ma ham4er aompanie 4# on(etion o the
e(o!(e !i?&i to the &po!a an (o!ati!e !&5in".
E5p!oration riteria or a "iant, hi"h-"rae eposit in!&e@ =; a tetoni
settin" that iniates a han"eo(er rom ompressiona! to e5tensiona! tetonis,
2; thi0 ontinenta! r&st at the time o eposit ormation ma# eno&ra"e e5treme
ierentiation an r&sta! ontamination, 8; an isotopia!!# >one ma"ma ham4er
iniati(e o a !on"-!i(e heat so&re, *; a !ar"e, s&4-(o!ani, entra!-(ent
ash
!o6ome s#stem that er&pte !ess than = km3 o rh#o!ite, an ; hi"h nio4i&monentrations 7 < 3 ppm; in a s&4a!0a!ine, ma"netite-4earin" rh#o!ite.
2)
INTROD'CTION
The "rae an tonna"e ata o eah
eposit ite in this paper, as 6e!! as the
assi"nment o eah eposit to a "enera! !ass
7Ta4!e =;, is moiie rom the s#stem
presente in Carten et a!. 7in press;. Deposits
!iste in Ta4!e I are "eo"raphia!!# !oate in
:i"&re =. Deposits onsiere in this paper
are restrite to porph#r# /o eposits 6hih
harateristia!!# o not ontain reo(era4!e
C& an porph#r# /o-C& eposits 6hih
ontain opro&t or 4#pro&t C& an "raes
o /o 6hih a(era"e "reater than .% /o .
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2)+ SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITSSEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 2)3
Ta4!e 1. Grae an tonna"e o "ranite-re!ate /o an /o-C& eposits 7moiie ater
Carten et a!., in press;.
Produ!ion " r#$#r%#$
% Mo % &u m#!ri
D#'o$i!$ oun!r( )r*d# )r*d# !on$ u!o++,1-
GRANITE-REBATED No/ HIGH-SIBICA RH%OBITE-ABKABINE S'ITE
10 &im*2 US&O -.1 45 -.1- min#*6#
-.7- 5-4 )#oo)i
0 H#nd#r$on US&O -.57 -.18- )#oo)i
% Mor#+#r#n#
S.R. 9**#: '#r$. omm.: 155-
S.R. 9**#: '#r$. omm.:
155- un'u6i$;#d d*!*
-.8 -.1- )#oo)i un'u6i$;#d d*!*
-.141 44 -.-- )#oo)i
30 Ur*d US&O -.-5 1 min#d
Bi) B#n USMT -.-5- 1-5 -.-3 min#*6#
-.-58 34 -.-- )#oo)i
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 2)3
310 E*$! ?ounr*d UR?H -.1 -.-- 181 -.-3- )#oo)i ?. Ro2o J D.E. R*n!*
=ri!. omm.: 158
-.-87
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.(
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE D EPOSITS 2)121 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
7Ta4!e = Carten et aI., in press;. Porph#r#
/o eposits are &rther s&4i(ie into those
assoiate 6ith hi"h-si!iCa or a!0a!ine rh#o!ites
6hih are rih in potassi&m, !&orine, an
inompati4!e trae e!ements an are
e5emp!iie 4# the C!ima5 eposit 7a!4eit apremier e5amp!e;, an those assoiate 6ith
!ess si!ii "ranitois that e5hi4it a(era"e
onentrations o !&orine an inompati4!e
e!ements.
E5amination o the "rae an tonna"e
o += porph#r# /o an /o-C& eposits 7:i".
2; iniates that a ontin&&m in eposit "raes
an tonna"es ma# e5ist ho6e(er, most
eposits onsist o to 2 mi!!ion tons o
ore, 4&t on!# =2 eposits ontain more than
2 mi!!ion tons o ore. These =2 eposits an4e onsiere "iant in terms o tonna"e, 4&t
on!# t6o eposits - C!ima5 an Henerson -
ontain o(er 2 mi!!ion tons o hi"h-"rae
ore 7:i". = an 2;. C!ear!#, the .most
eonomia!!# esira4!e mo!#4en&m eposit
m&st 4e in this !ass an 4e "iant in terms
o 4oth tonna"e 7-2 mi!!ion tons; an "rae
, .=% /o;. Proesses an ators 6hih
ontri4&te to the e(e!opment o these t#pes
o eposits 6i!! 4e emphasi>e.
The "enesis o these eposits in !i"hto more reent 6or0 on the partitionin"
4eha(ior . an ma"mati a4&nanes o
mo!#4en&m 6i!! a!so 4e re(ie6e. Inasm&h
as C!ima5-t#pe ma"mas are oten e?&ate
6ith topa> rh#o!ites, reent st&ies on the
e(o!&tion o topa> rh#o!ites 6i!! 4e e5amine
a!on" 6ith the (o!ani ro0s that are
o"eneti 6ith the C!ima5-t#pe Pine Gro(e
an 9&esta eposits in so&th6estern U!*; an
northern Ne6 /e5io respeti(e!#. T6o !ar"e
tonna"e eposits that are !ess 6e!!harateri>e, 4&t appear to not 4e C!ima5
t#pes are the 9&art> Hi11: A!as0a eposit an
/t. To!man, ashin"ton eposit proesses
that ma# ha(e ate to pro&e the !ar"e
tonna"es 6ith moerate-"rae ores 6i!! 4e
re(ie6e as 6e!!.
Se(era! st&ies in reent #ears ha(e
!ear!# emonstrate that the mo!#4en&m in
porph#r# eposits is eri(e in toto rom
the ma"ma or the res&!tin" sto0s 7Stein an
Hannah, =1) Carten et aI., =1))a, =1))4
hite et a!., =1)=;. This 4ein" the ase, some
ators that mi"ht pro&e a hi"h-"rae
eposit seem reai!# apparent. These in!ðe initia! mo!#4en&m ontent o the parent
ma"ma an the inrease in mo!#4en&m
ontent 6ith ierentiation. The so&re re"ion
or the ma"ma an meta! has 4een propose
as resiin" in the &pper r&st 7a!!ae et a!.,
=13);, !o6er r&st 7hite et a!., =1)= Stein
an Hannah, =1);, an mant!e 7estra an
Keith, =1)=;. Re!ate ators that o&!
ontro! the "rae o the eposit in!&e ho6
eeti(e!# mo!#4en&m is se?&estere 4#
ear!# ma"mati minera!s 7Keith an Shan0s,=1)); an ho6 stron"!# it is partitione into
an .e(o!(e a?&eo&s phase 7Cane!a, =1)1a
Kepp!er an #!!ie, =11=;. An# is&ssion o
6hat ators or proesses are responsi4!e or
(ariations in tonna"e an "rae m&st 4e"in
6ith the so&re an ierentiation proesses
o the ma"ma. Proesses that ontro! the
!oation an &ration o mo!#4enite
eposition rom the a?&eo&s phase a!so
o4(io&s!# ontro! the "rae. These in!&e
m&!tip!e sto0s ormin" o(er!appin" ore4oies an steep hemia! an therma!
"raients aro&n the sto0 or p!&ton.
The tonna"es oporph#r# mo!#4en&m
eposits are a!so si"niiant!# aete 4# the
ators &st mentione. Ho6e(er, aitiona!
ators that are perhaps more iret!# !in0e
6ith the tonna"es are the si>e an 6ater
ontent o the parent ma"ma ham4er, an the
si>e an shape o the ens&in" pro&ti(e sto0
or &po!a. :or e5amp!e, i minera!i>ation
o&rs in a 4roa, sha!!o6 &po!a a!on" theroo o a !ar"e 4atho!ith, then the tota! amo&nt
o ma"mati 6ater an meta!s partiipatin" in
minera!i>ation ma# a!so 4e !ar"e, 4&t
&no&se. The ens&in" eposit o&! 4e
!ar"e, 4&t !o6 "rae.
/ost o these minera!i>ation ontro!s
ha(e 4een is&sse or re(ie6e 4# other
6or0ers. Ho6e(er, the essentia! ?&estion that
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21 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITSSEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS +
-.3in" proesses
assoiate 6ith themM e 6i!! is&ss this
?&estion a!on" 6ith 6hat are the 4est
e5p!oration harateristis to &se in min" a
"iant eposit.
&LASSIFI&ATION AND GENERAL&HARA&TERISTI&S
/ost !assiiation shemes or
porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits i(ie them
into t6o main "ro&ps. These in!&e
C!ima5-t#pe (ers&s ?&art> mon>onite t#pe
7hite et a!., =1)=;, "ranite (ers&s
"ranoiorite t#pes 7/&tsh!er et a!., =1)=;,
a!-a!0a!ine (ers&s a!0a!i-a!i 7an a!0a!i;
t#pes 7estra an Keith, =1)=;, an
!&orine-enrihe (ers&s !&orine-eiient
t#pes 7Theoore an /en>ie, =1)*;. One o
the t6o !asses is "enera!!# t#piie 4#
hi"h-si!ia rh#o!ites or "ranites that are rih in
potassi&m, !&orine, an inompati4!e trae
e!ements. Charateristis o this !ass are
e5emp!iie 4# the C!ima5 eposit. The other
!ass is t#piie 4# a !ess si!ii a!-a!0a!ine
"ranitoi that e5hi4its a(era"e onentrations
o !&orine an inompati4!e e!ements.
C!ima5-t#pe eposits are o primar# onern
in this paper 4ea&se the# e5hi4it 4oth
E
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 21=21= SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
hi"h-"raes o mo!#4en&m an !ar"e
tonna"es 7Si!!itoe, =1) hite et aI., =1)=;.
Ho6e(er, 4oth t#pes 6i!! 4e e5amine in
orer to &nerstan the proesses responsi4!e
or ormation o hi"h-"rae eposits.
The Henerson porph#r# mo!#4en&m
eposit is one o the premier e5amp!es o a
"iant mo!#4en&m eposit in terms o 4oth
tonna"e an "rae 7323 mi!!on tons o .=3=!
% /o Ta4!e =;. In aition, the most reent
st&ies 7Carten et a!., =1))a Seeor, =1));
represent a &!mination o 3 man #ears o
"eo!o"ia! in(esti"ation ma0in" it one o the
most 6e!!-st&ie porph#r# eposits in the
6or!.
/OB%$DEN'/ AND T'NGSTEN
GEOCHE/ISTR% IN IGNEO'S
ROCKS
Inasm&h as mo!#4en&m an
t&n"sten o&r in the same "ro&p o the
perioi ta4!e an e5hi4it man# simi!arities in
"eohemia! 4eha(ior, it is instr&ti(e to
ontrast an ompare the 4eha(ior o 4oth
e!ements to &nerstan the ore-ormin"
proess. :or e5amp!e, 4oth mo!#4en&m
an t&n"sten are oten se?&estere 4# the
same ma"matiphases. S&h a omparison is
essentia! 4ea&se
the partitionin" 4eha(ior o + mo!#4en&m
has not 4een in(esti"ate e5perimenta!!#
ho6e(er, this is the (a!ene that ma# 4e most
important in porph#r# s#stems an is the
(a!ene ommon!# e5hi4ite 4# t&n"sten.
The onentration o 4othmo!#4en&m an t&n"sten in the mant!e is!ess than in C=
honrites, iniatin" that a si"niiant
ration o Earths ori"ina! eno6ment o
these meta!s no6 resies in the ore 7Ne6som
an Pa!me, =1)*;. A!tho&"h mo!#4en&m an
t&n"sten "enera!!# e5hi4it stron"!#
inompati4!e 4eha(ior in r#sta!!i>in" ma"mas
&e to ormation o !ar"e o5#-anions, &ner
s&iient!# re&in" onitions 7:e-:eO;
these meta!s ma# 4e stron"!# partitione into
a !i?&i meta! phase, as apparent!# happene
&rin" ore ormation. The 4est estimates o
the mant!e a4&nane o mo!#4en&m an
t&n"sten are .1 ppm an .= ppm,
respeti(e!# 7Ne6som an Pa!me, =1)*
Ne6som et a!., =1)+; 6hereas &pper r&sta!
a4&nanes are =. ppm an 2. ppm,
respeti(e!# 7Ta#!or an /C!ennan, =1);.These ata s&""est that t&n"sten is more
inompati4!e an thereore more enrihe in
the r&st than is mo!#4en&m 74# a ator o
2 or an on!# 2 or /o;. Ne6som an
Pa!me 7=1)*; attri4&te the more stron"!#
inompati4!e 4eha(ior o t&n"sten to an
o5iation state o + , 6hereas the o5iation
state o mo!#4en&m (aries rom + to 8
&ner terrestria! onitions. T&n"sten ma#
e5hi4it an o5iation state o * in some o
the most re&e "ranitoi ma"mas 7C#"anan Cho&, =1)3 Cane!a, =1));. Ne6som
an Pa!me 7=1)*; s&""est the mo!#4en&m
(a!enes !ess than are perhaps more
ommon an e(iene o a * (a!ene has
4een o4ser(e in meta!-si!iate partitionin"
e5periments. A (a!ene o * " or
mo!#4en&m mi"ht iniate that its
"eohemia! 4eha(ior 6o&! 4e simi!ar to Ti
7simi!ar har"e an ioni rai&s;. A
orre!ation in the a4&nane o /o an Ti has
4een o4sere 4# K&roa an Sane!! 7=1*;
or some i"neo&s ro0s.
Ta0er an Cane!a 7=1)3; a!so
s&""est that the ominant o5iation state or
mo!#4en&m in si!iate ma"mas (aries rom
* to 8 4et6een ni0e!-ni0e! o5ie an
"raphite-methane 4&ers. /o!#4en&m
4eomes more inompati4!e in ma"netite an
i!menite as o5#"en &"aCit# is inrease
7Ta0er an Cane!a, =1)3 $o&ton et a!.,
=1)3;.
Assoiate a!0a!ine mai ro0s
The presene o !amproph#re i0es at
C!ima5, Henerson, 9&art> Hi!!, an Chia"o
$asin an o >one ma"ma ham4ers that are
!oore 6ith a!0a!ine mai ro0s at Pine
Gro(e, 9&esta, an Gri>>!# Pea0
7mi-Tertiar# (o!ani ie! in entra!
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Co!orao; iniate that mant!e-eri(e mai
a!0a!ine ma"mas ma# represent a portion o
the parenta! ma"ma o C!ima5-t#pe rh#o!ites.
There is no isotopi onstraint or e!iminatin"
them as a portion o the so&re materia!.
A!0a!ine i"neo&s ro0s 7minettes, !amproites,
an nephe!inites; rom the Ceno>oi (o!ani
ie!s in the E!0hea /o&ntains in Co!orao,
the Be&ite Hi!!s, #omin", an the 6estern
Co!orao P!atea&, U!*;: ha(e epsi!on N an
epsi!on Sr (a!&es 7Thompson et aI., =11=
o!!mer et aI., =1)* Tin"e# et aI., =11=; that
are not ar remo(e rom those e5hi4ite 4#
C!ima5-t#pe s#stems. Despite the "enera!!#
!o6 onentration o mo!#4en&m in the
mant!e 7.1 ppm;, mant!e-eri(e a!0a!ine
ma"mas orme 4# e5treme!# sma!! e"rees
o partia! me!tin" P = %0 ha(e s&4stantia!!#
hi"her onentrations o mo!#4en&m that
6o&! not !o6er the a(era"e mo!#4en&m
ontent o a !ar"e!# r&sta! me!t. :or
e5amp!e, Ne6som an Pa!me 7=1)*; note
that ontinenta! a!0a!i 4asa!ts ha(e hi"h
ontents o inompati4!e e!ements in!&in"
mo!#4en&m onentrations &p to *. ppm
76e!! a4o(e the r&sta! a(era"e o =. ppm;
an Ne6som et a!. 7=1)+; report as m&h as
+.8 ppm /o in a!0a!ine oean is!an 4asa!t.
Shoshonites, minettes, an me!anephe!inites
rom entra! U!*; ontain .2 to 8. ppm /o
7&np&4!ishe ata;.
The so&re re"ion or mai a!0a!ine
ma"mas on the ontinents is oten propose to
4e the metasomati>e !ithospheri mant!e.
Hattori et a!. 7=112; e5amine the meta!
ontent o ma"mati s&!ies rom
metasomati>e 7amphi4o!e-4earin"; periotite
5eno!iths rom a (ariet# o!oea!ities a
5eno!ith rom N&ni(a0 Is!an, A!as0a
7&ner!ain 4# ontinenta! r&st; ontaine
ma"mati s&!ie 4!e4s 6ith &p to + ppm
mo!#4en&m, 6hereas s&!ie 4!e4s in
5eno!iths rom other !oa!ities ontaine no
eteta4!e mo!#4en&m. Ins&iient ata are
a(ai!a4!e to spe&!ate on 6hether the
mo!#4en&m ontent o !ithospheri mant!e o
ierent Pream4rian pro(ines ma# (ar#
eno&"h to ao&nt or the o&rrene o
porph#r# mo!#4en&m pro(ines.
O5iation state an mo!#4en&m
inompat
i4i!it# in ma"mas
Perhaps the "eohemia! harateristi
inherite rom the so&re re"ion that is most
ritia! or the e(e!opment o porph#r# /o
ma"mas is the o5iation state o the ma"ma.
This parameter is &namenta! 4ea&se a
4&er para!!e! o5iation state is not easi!#
moiie &rin" ma"mati rationation
7Carmihae!, =11=;. This harateristi ma#
aet the o5iation state o mo!#4en&m
6hih in t&m aets ho6 inompati4!e it ma#
4eha(e &rin" r#sta! rationation. As
pre(io&s!# note, mo!#4en&m ma# e5hi4it
(a!enes o * an 8 4et6een ni0e!-ni0e!
o5ie an "raphite-methane o5#"en 4&ers
7Ta0er an Cane!a, =1)3;. /ost s&4&tion
re!ate 7a!-a!0a!ine; an !amproph#ri
ma"mas ha(e o5iation states ro&"h!# 2-8 an
*- !o" &nits a4o(e ni0e!-ni0e! o5ie
respeti(e!#. I the tren o inreasin"
inompati4i!it# o mo!#4en&m 6ith
inreasin" 2 note 4# Ta0er an Cane!a
7=1)3; ontin&es, then mo!#4en&m ma#
4eome e(en more inompati4!e in
a!-a!0a!ine an !amproph#ri ma"mas 6ith
hi"h o5#"en &"aities 6here mo!#4en&m
(a!enes "reater than * ma# e5ist.
E(iene o (aria4!e inompati4i!it#
or mo!#4en&m in (ario&s ro0 series sho&!
4e note here. R&4ii&m is insensiti(e to
han"es in the o5iation state o the ma"ma
an an 4e &se in (ariation ia"rams as a
monitor o ma"ma e(o!&tion. A p!ot o thea4&nane o t&n"sten (ers&s r&4ii&m in
resh (o!ani ro0s ran"in" in omposition
rom mi-oean ri"e 4asa!ts to hi"h-si!ia
rh#o!ites sho6s !inear, stron"!# inompati4!e
4eha(ior o(er a ran"e o a!most o&r
orers-o-ma"nit&e 7:i". 8;. Ho6e(er, the
enrihment o mo!#4en&m in the same ro0
series is m&h more s&4&e inreasin" on!#
t6o orers o ma"nit&e in aition, the
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218SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS218 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
enrihment tren 4ranhes aorin" to ro0
t#pe 7:i". 8;. Oean is!an 4asa!ts an
a!0a!ine ro0s e5hi4it a stron"er enrihment
tren than a!-a!0a!ine 7meta!&mino&s;
(o!ani ro0s (er# re&e stron"!#
rationate ro0s s&h as ma&sanites,on"onites, an some topa> rh#o!ites, s&h as
Spor /o&ntain, e(en sho6 sharp!# !o6er
a4&nanes o mo!#4en&m 6ith inrease
rationation, espite stron" enrihment o
t&n"sten 7&p to 8-3 ppm E. H.
Christiansen, &np&4!ishe ata Piha(ant et
aI., =1)3;. The ierenes in the 4eha(ior o
mo!#4en&m ma# 4e the res&!t o (aria4!e
o5iation states 6ith mo!#4en&m in a !o6er
o5iation state 78 "7MQ 4eha(in" more
ompati4!# than at hi"her o5iation states7+ , simi!ar to t&n"stenM; 6here mo!#4en&m
appears to 4e moerate!# inompati4!e.
The o5iation states o most porph#r#
mo!#4en&m s#stems are not 6e!! onstraine.
Keith 7=1)2; emonstrate that the o5#"en
&"ait# o the Pine Gro(e ma"ma 6as a4o&t
2 !o" &nits a4o(e ni0e!-ni0e! o5ie 7simi!ar
to most a!-a!0a!ine ro0s;. Christiansen et
a!. 7=1)+; o&n that the ma"mati o5#"en
&"ait# o the topa>-4earin" Cha!0 /o&ntain
rh#o!ite 7oma"mati 6ith C!ima5; 6as a!soa4o&t 2-8 !o" &nits a4o(e ni0e!-ni0e! o5ie.
Ho6e(er, some topa> rh#o!ites rom
6est-entra! U!*; 7in!&in" Spor /o&ntitiiJ.;
6ere o&n to 4e s&4stantia!!# more re&e,
6ith ma"mati 2 (a!&es 2 &nits 4e!o6
ni0e!-ni0e! o5ie. Thereore, this is
permissi(e e(iene that C!ima5-t#pe ma"mas
6o&! e5hi4it moest enrihment o
mo!#4en&m 6ith ontin&e rationation,
pro4a4!# a!on" the tren o other
meta!&mino&s 7apparent!# more o5ii>e;ma"mas 7:i". 8;, rather than ep!etion as
o&n in more re&e ma"mas.
:rom the inompati4!e trae e!ement
s#stematis, 6e on!&e that ma"mati
onentrations o /o in meta!&mino&s,
a!-a!0a!ine ma"mas are "enera!!# ?&ite !o6.
This is iniate 4# the a(era"e mo!#4en&m
ontent o ontinenta! r&st an "ranitois
7=. ppm, Ta#!or an /Bennan, =1);.
/ore important!#, 4ea&se the enrihment
tren o mo!#4en&m in meta!&mino&s ro0s
is re!ati(e!# !at thro&"h the "ranitoi re"ion
7:i". 8;, an appro5imate ma"mati
mo!#4en&m onentration 74et6een = an ppm 6ith an &nertaint# o on!# a e6 ppm;
an 4e inerre rom the "ranitois r&4ii&m
onentration. Rh#o!ites or "ranites 6ith
r&4ii&m onentrations o o(er 1---ppm are
rare an ommon!# are re&e t#pes that
isp!a# mo!#4en&m ep!etion 6ith
rationation. E(en i hi"h!# e(o!(e o5ii>e
"raniti ma"mas e5iste 6ith onentrations
o R4 as hi"h as 2 ppm, ma"mati /o
onentrations preite 4# this tren 6o&!
sti!! 4e !ess than + or 3 ppm. /oreo(er, as&r(e# o the mo!#4en&m ontents o
s&4a!0a!ine (o!ani ro0s 6or!6ie iniates
that onentrations in e5ess o = ppm ha(e
not 4een o&n 7Smith, =1);. This oes not
in!&e potentia!!# !ar"e enrihments o
mo!#4en&m that are inerre to o&r at the
apies o C!ima5-t#pe intr&sions 7=8,ppm,
Carten et a!., =1))a; &e to a&m&!ation o
a separate a?&eo&s phase 7is&sse !ater;, 4&t
on!# to mo!#4en&m enrihment &e to r#sta!
rationation.
/o!#4en&m an nio4i&m
Another e5p!anation o the moerate!#
inompati4!e 4eha(ior o mo!#4en&m is that
its ma"mati rationation is simi!ar to
nio4i&m. /o!#4en&m an nio4i&m ma#
ommon!# e5ist as ations o appro5imate!#
simi!ar si>e an har"e in ma"mas. Oean
is!an 4asa!ts an ontinenta! a!0a!ine ma"mas
7e5!&in" minettes; e5hi4it hi"heronentrations o nio4i&m than o
a!-a!0a!ine ma"mas at the same r&4ii&m
onentrations 7:i". 8;. In aition, nio4i&m
onentrations pro4a4!# erease 6ith
ontin&e e(o!&tion in ma&sanite, on"onites,
an the most e(o!(e topa> rh#o!ites
7Christiansen et a!., =1)+ Piha(ant et a!.,
=1)3 Con"on an Nash, =11=; as oes
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE D EPOSITS 2121 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
:i"&re 8. Conentrations o R4 (ers&s , /o, an N6. A; Conentrations o R4 an
in resh terrestria! (o!ani ro0s are stron"!# orre!ate o(er a!most orers o ma"nit&e
sho6in" that "enera!!# 4eha(es as a stron"!# inompati4!e e!ement. /i-oean ri"e 4asa!ts
7/OR$; an oean is!an 4asa!ts 7OI$; orm istint4&t near!# ontin&o&s ie!s 7stipp!e;. The
ie! or anesites, aites, an rh#o!ites 7AD R; e5tens rom 4&t o(er!aps the &pper en o the
ie! or oean is!an 4asa!ts 7OI$;. :or rh#o!ites, on!# ata o!!ete rom "!ass# samp!es has
4een in!&e. $; Conentrations o R4 an /o in most resh terrestria! (o!ani ro0s are
stron"!# orre!ate sho6in" that /o "enera!!# 4eha(es as a moerate!# inompati4!e e!ement.
/i-oean ri"e 4asa!ts 7/OR$; an oean is!an 4asa!ts 7OI$; orm istint 4&t near!#
ontin&o&s ie!s. At a "i(en R4 ontent, the /o enrihment in anesites, aites, an rh#o!ites
7AD R; rom s&4&tion >ones or ontinenta! settin"s is !ess than in 7OI$;. Hi"h!# e(o!(e
rh#o!ites that r#sta!!i>e &ner re&in" onitions 7ma&sanites an some topa> rh#o!ites
stipp!e pattern, !o6 2 tren; ha(e e(en !o6er /o R4 ratios, apparent!# as a res&!t o
ma"mati ep!etion o mo!#4en&m. :or rh#o!ites, on!# ata o!!ete rom "!ass# samp!es has
4een in!&e. C; Conentrations o R4 an N4 in resh terrestria! (o!ani ro0s re(ea! apattern
simi!ar to that or R4 an /o in that anesites, aites, an rh#o!ites 7AD R; rom ontinenta!
an s&4&tion >one settin"s are ep!ete in N4 ompare to oean is!an 4asa!ts 7OI$; an e(en
some mi-oean ri"e 4asa!ts 7/OR$;. A!tho&"h apparent!# more inompati4!e than /o in most
ma"mas, N6 4eha(es !i0e /o in that !o6 N4 R4 ratios are o&n in hi"h!# e(o!(e rh#o!iti
ro0s iniate 4# ma"mati ep!etion o N6 in these ro0s. D ata rom Ne6som et a!. 7=1)+;,
Go(inara& 7=1)1;, Christiansen et a!. 7=1)+;, Ko(a!en0o et a=. 7=13), =1)=;, Piha(ant et a!.
7=1)3;, Con"on an Nash 7=11=;, T&r!e# an Nash 7=1)8;, /ahoo 7=1)=;, Hi!reth 7=1)=;
an o&r o6n &np&4!ishe ana!#ses.
mo!#4en&m. :or e5amp!e, the stron"!#
re&e ma&sanite "!asses a!so sho6 a
eo&p!in" o the 4eha(ior o nio4i&m an
tanta!&m res&!tin" in a (er# !o6 N4 Ta ratio
o =.3 7Piha(ant et a!., =1)3;. hether the
4eha(ior o nio4i&m an 4e asri4e to a
han"e in o5iation state rom Nto * in
re&e ma"mas is &n0no6n. $&t 6hate(er
ma"mati phases ontro! the a4&nane o
nio4i&m ma# a!so ontro! that o
mo!#4en&m..
In s&mmar#, oean is!an 4asa!ts an
ontinenta! a!0a!i 4asa!ts ma# inherit moest!#
hi"h mo!#4en&m an nio4i&m onentrations
rom their so&res. Ho6e(er, the hi"h o5#"en
&"aities inherite rom the so&re re"ions o
minettes an a!-a!0a!ine ma"mas ma# 4e o
&namenta! importane in a!!o6in"
mo!#4en&m onentrations to inrease &rin"
r#sta! rationation o ma"mas re!ate to
porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits.
Preser(ation o ma"mati mo!#4en&m
an t&n"sten onentrations
There are se(era! reasons to 4e!ie(e
the t&n"sten an mo!#4en&m onentrations
o man# si!ii i"neo&s ro0s oten o not
represent ma"mati (a!&es. Perhaps most
important!#, 4oth e!ements are s&4stantia!!#
partitione into an a?&eo&s phase 6hen one is
e(o!(e rom a r#sta!!i>in" "raniti ma"ma
7Cane!a, =1)1a;. I an a?&eo&s phase esapes
rom a p!&ton, then the t&n"sten an
mo!#4en&m ontent o a "ranitoi 6i!! 4e
re&e 6hereas o&ntr# ro0 mi"ht 4eome
enrihe 4# eposition o these meta!s rom
that !&i. The (er# proess that ma0es
minera!i>ation possi4!e, ma0es etermination
o ori"ina! ma"mati (a!&es a!most
&nattaina4!e. In this re"ar, I(ano(a 7=1+8;
st&ie the istri4&tion o t&n"sten in 4iotite
"ranites an orre!ati(e "reisens an
on!&e that t&n"sten ontent o the ro0s is
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 213
:i"&re *. Conentrations o R4 (ers&s an /o or (o!ani an "ranitoi ro0s. A;
Conentrations o in resh "ranitois rom 6estern North Ameria are "enera!!# ep!ete
ompare to resh terrestria! ro0s o the same R4 ontent, in!&in" the anesites, aites, an
rh#o!ites 7ADR; ommon!# assoiate 6ith t&n"sten eposits. $; Conentrations o /o in resh
"ranitois rom 6estern North Ameria are "enera!!# ep!ete ompare to resh terrestria! ro0s
6ith simi!ar R4 onentrations, in!&in" the anesites, aites, an rh#o!ites 7ADR; ommon!#
assoiate 6ith porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits. C; J&"in" rom the orre!ation o R4 an /o
in "!ass# rh#o!iti ro0s, the /o onentrations in the rh#o!iti ma"ma at Pine Gro(e ma# ha(e
4een as hi"h as 8 ppm. Ho6e(er, onentrations o /o in the (o!ani ro0s ran"e to as !o6 as
.2 ppm as a res&!t o post-ma"mati !osses in!&in" !oss o a (o!ati!ephase &rin" er&ption an
meteori !eahin" 7Keith an Shan0s, =1));. In!&es &np&4!ishe ata o J. D. Keith.
primari!# a &ntion o a!teration. Keith et a!.
7=1)1; mae the same on!&sion rom a
st o the CanT&n" "ranitois, North6est
Territories. :i"&re 7 i!!&strates that thet&n"sten ontent o. "ranitois rom 6estern
North Ameria 7Keith, &np&4!ishe ata;
satter a4o(e an most!# 4e!o6 the tren
esta4!ishe or resh anesites, aites, an
rh#o!ites. Keith et a!. 7=1)1; a!so e5amine
the mo!#4en&m ontent o 4arren an
t&n"sten-re!ate "ranitois rom 6esternNorth
Ameria. No orre!ation o mo!#4en&m.
ontent 6ith e"ree o ierentiation, si>e o
assoiate eposit, or other trae e!ement
onentrations 6as o&n. As 6as the ase ort&n"sten, the mo!#4en&m onentrations in
these "ranitois "enera!!# are s&4stantia!!# !ess
than those o resh anesites, aites, an
rh#o!ites 7:i". *;.
/o!#4en&m onentrations o ro0s
rom a porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposit 6o&!
a!6a#s 4e s&spet o 4ein" either enrihe
7espeia!!# 6ithin 8 m oan ore >one,
/&tsh!er et aI., =1)=; or ep!ete 4#
h#rotherma! !eahin" or !oss o a
mo!#4en&m-rih a?&eo&s phase. E(en resh(o!ani ro0s ma# e5hi4it mo!#4en&m
onentrations !o6er than pre-er&ption
ma"mati (a!&es &e to !oss o a
mo!#4en&m-4earin" a?&eo&s phase or to
!eahin"4# meteori !&is. Keith an Shan0s
7=1)); o&mente that at !east 1 o the
mo!#4en&m in the non-6e!e t& o Pine
Gro(e 6as !eahe 4# meteori 6ater in
aition, the# inerre that (er# resh
oma"mati rh#o!ite o44!es eroe rom an
e5tr&si(e ome ha !ost -3 o their
ori"ina! mo!#4en&m ontent &e to esape oma"mati (o!ati!es 7:i". *;. A!tho&"h
meas&re mo!#4en&m onentrations in resh
Pine Gro(e ro0s ran"e rom .2 to =.)2
ppm, the pre-er&ption ma"mati !e(e! ma#
ha(e 4een as hi"h as -8 ppm 7:i". 70 the
ierene ma# ha(e 4een !ost to meteori
!eahin" or e"assin" o the ash !o6 t&
short!# ater er &ption. Conse?&ent!#, it is
ii&!t to etermine the ma"mati t&n"sten
an mo!#4en&m onentrations o e(o!(e
6ater-rih "ranites an rh#o!ites./o!#4en&m has.4een o&n in &maro!i
r&sts assoiate 6ith simi!ar rh#o!iti t&s
7ies, =121;. E(en stron"!# ierentiate
rh#o!iti ma"mas s&h as those that orme
the mo!#4enite eposits at C!ima5 an
Henerson, ma# ori"ina!!# ha(e ontaine
on!# a4o&t * ppm mo!#4en&m ma"mas 6ith
!o6er r&4ii&m an nio4i&m - s&h as those
rom 9&art> Hi!! an /o&nt To!man - ma#
ha(e ori"ina!!# ha . mo!#4 en& m
onentrations !oser to -2 ppm. At&a!
ma"mati onentrations o mo!#4en&m or
these eposits ma# 4e &nattaina4!e or the
reasons &st o&t!ine. I+ s&h mo!#4en&m
nio4i&m-r&4ii&m orre!ations ha(e some
(a!iit#, then the more nio4i&m-r&4ii&m-rih
ma"mas mi"ht 4e e5pete to pro&e !ar"er
tonna"es o hi"her "rae mo!#4en&m ore.
:i"&re i!!&strates that eposits 6ith hi"her
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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1--- N1.-
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Miion$
VL H#nd#r$on -.57
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211SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS211 SEG SP GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
:i"&re . R4 an N6 onentrations in si!ii i"neo&s ro0s assoiate 6ith porph#r#
mo!#4en&m eposits in 6estern North Ameria are simi!ar to other mem4ers o the anesite,
aite, rh#o!ite "ro&p 6or! 6ie. Graniti ro0s at 'raHenerson are the most rationate
7iniate 4# their hi"h onentrations o the inompati4!e e!ements R4 an N4; an host the
hi"hest "rae /o eposit. R4, N6: an /o ore "rae erease re"&!ar!# in the se?&ene PineGro(e, 9&esta, 9&art> Hi!!, an /t. To!man.
nio4i&m an r&4ii&m onentrations o ha(e
!ar"er tonna"es o hi"h "rae ore.
PETROGENESIS O: /AG/A
REBATED TO CBI/A-T%PE
/OB%$DEN'/ DEPOSITS
Bo6er an &pper r&sta! so&res
Do the i"neo&s ro0s assoiate 6ith
"iant porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits inherit a
speia! omposition rom their ma"ma so&re
re"ion that istin"&ishes them rom !esser
epositsM Is there a &ni?&e tetoni settin" or
epoh or their e(e!opmentM In this re"ar,
hite et a!. 7=1)=; propose that 4ea&se the
Co!orao Ro0# /o&ntain re"ion e5hi4its
man# eposits or minera! o&rrenes
enrihe in mo!#4en&m, t&n"sten, an!&orine, this iniates a !on"-term so&re
or these e!ements in the &ner!#in"
ontinenta! !ithosphere 7=.3 Ga;. The#
s&""este that C!ima5-t#pe ma"mas 6ere
"enerate 4# rationa! me!tin" o the !o6er
r&st o!!o6e 4# rationa! r#sta!!i>ation o
eah 4ath o ma"ma as it iapiria!!# rose
thro&"h the r&st. hite et a!. 7=1)=; s&""est
the ma"mas 6o&! 4e enrihe in
mo!#4en&m an other inompati4!e trae
e!ements as a onse?&ene. hat !e(e!s omo!#4en&m enrihment 6o&! 4e ahie(e
4# this proess are not speiie, 4&t the#
s&""est that C!ima5-t#pe "ranitois are rather
!i0e the topa> rh#o!ites o $&rt et a!. 7=1)2;.
E5tensi(e ata on the mo!#4en&m ontent o
topa> rh#o!ites are not a(ai!a4!e, 4&t Keith
an Shan0s 7=1)); o&n that resh topa>
rh#o!ite rom so&th6estern 'tah 6ith nio4i&m
an r&4ii&m onentrations simi!ar to those
at Henerson ontaine 8.8 7- .2; ppm
mo!#4en&m. T&r!e# an Nash 7=1)8; o&n
rom 2 to + 7- =.; ppm mo!#4en&m in
(itroph#res rom topa> rh#o!ite !a(as at
Sme!ter Kno!!, 'tah. There is no e(iene
that topa> rh#o!ites "enera!!# ontain hi"her
onentrations o mo!#4en&m than these
(a!&es.
Stein 7=1)); in(esti"ate the !ea,
stronti&m, s&!&r, an o5#"en isotope ratios
an rare earth-e!ement ompositions o ores,
an o (o!ani an p!&toni ro0s rom the
Co!orao minera! 4e!t the "enesis o
C!ima5-t#pe s#stems 6as o parti&!ar
onern. Her ata 6ere interprete to iniate
that a!! the Baramie-Tertiar# intermeiate to
e!si ma"mas 7in!&in" a!-a!0a!ine; ha a
!o6er r&sta! ori"in ho6e(er, C!ima5-t#pe"ranites 6ere propose to ha(e ori"inate
rom a &ni?&e !o6er r&sta! so&re 7not
re!ate to a!-a!0a!ine ma"matism;. The
ma"mati harateristis ritia! to
C!ima5-t#pe minera!i>ation a?&ire rom this
&ni?&e so&re are not speiie.
In their re(ie6 o the Henersoneposit, Carten et *I. 7=1))4; s&""est that a
&ni?&e ma"ma that ontaine hi"h
onentrations o ore omponents 6as not
re?&ire to orm the eposit. The# ar"&e that
the initia! onentration o mo!#4en&m in the
ore-re!ate ma"ma is not as ritia! to ore
ormation as the t#pe an &ration
o rationation proesses in a hi"h-!e(e!
ma"ma ham4er.
The a(era"e mo!#4en&m ontent o
the !o6er an &pper r&st is estimate to 4e
.) an =. ppm respeti(e!# 7Ta#!or an
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8 SEG SP GIANT ORE DEPOSITSSEG SP-2 GIANT ORE D EPOSITS 8/Bennan, =1);. One o the trst attempts to
eme a speia! mo!#4en&m-rih so&re or
C!ima5-t#pe eposits 6as ana!#sis o the
mo!#4en&m ontent o Iaho Sprin"s
:ormation an the Si!(er P!&me Granite
ahone# 7=1+); o&n an a(era"e o ppm
an 2-8 ppm /o in these respeti(e ro0
t#pes. On this 4asis, a!!ae et a=. 7=13);
s&""este that the t&n"sten an mo!#4en&m
o the C!ima5 an Henerson eposits 6ere
eri(e rom these &pper r&sta! host ro0s.
Ho6e(er, !ater isotopi st&ies 7hite etaI.,
=1)= Stein, =1)); ha(e emonstrate
that C!ima5-t#pe ma"mas an ore eposits in
the Co!orao minera! 4e!t o&!
not ha(e inorporate an# appreia4!e
amo&nt o these &pper r&sta! ro0s.
/ost reent 6or0ers ha(e propose
that the ma"ma so&re o C!ima5-t#pe s#stems
an topa> rh#o!ites is in the !o6er r&st
7hite et aI., =1)= Christiansen an i!son,
=1)2 Christiansen et aI., =1)) Stein, =1));
a!tho&"h enrihe &pper mant!e has 4een
propose a!so 7estra an Keith, =1)=;.
hite et a!. 7=1)=; note that the initia!
)3Sr)+Sr (a!&es or &na!tere C!ima5an
Henerson ro0s (aries 4et6een .3 -
.3=. Stein 7=1)); o&n si"nitant!# hi"her
an 6ie!# (ar#in" (a!&es o .3) to .3*
or C!ima5 an Henerson ro0s. Cha!0
/o&ntain rh#o!ite is a re!ati(e!# &na!tere
topa>-4earin" e5tr&si(e ome that is
oma"mati 6ith the C!ima5 rh#o!ites ,Bur! et
aI., =1)2;. Stein 7=1)); reporte a )3Sr)+Sr
(a!&e o .3) or Cha!0 /o&ntain an-
the ompositions o 8 samp!es rom
Henerson. Epsi!on N or these samp!es
ran"e rom -1. to -1.1. These (a!&es are
inistin"&isha4!e rom the hi"h en epsi!on
N o Pream4rian 7=.+ to =.) Ga; 4asement
ro0s, s&""estin" to :armer an DePao!o7=1)*; that the "raniti ma"mas 6ere eri(e
e5!&si(e!# rom mi-Protero>oi r&st.
Ho6e(er, it sho&! 4e note that DePao!o
7=1)=; o4ser(e that Protero>oi r&st in
Co!orao o&! ha(e ha epsi!on N as !o6 as
-=* &rin" the mi!e Tertiar#. I s&h r&st
6as in(o!(e in the "enesis o C!ima5-t#pe
rh#o!ites then a si"nitant mant!e omponent
6ith hi"her epsi!on N m&st ha(e 4een
present e(en in this ma"ma s#stem.
/oreo(er, the o&rrene o i"neo&s ro0s6ith epsi!on N (a!&es as !o6 as -=8 7Johnson
an :ririh, =11; in the same re"ion an
4roa!# oe(a! 6ith Henerson is onsistent
6ith the in(o!(ement o si"nitant
mant!e-eri(e ma"ma at Henerson. As
note 4e!o6, Johnson et a=. 7=1)1; a!so
propose a simi!ar mi5e 7mant!e an r&sta!;
herita"e or the ma"mas that !e to the
ormation o the 9&esta eposit.
Tetoni settin"
Si!!itoe 7=1); s&4i(ie porph#r#
mo!#4en&m eposits into rit-re!ate an
s&4&tion-re!ate eposits that orrespon
air!# 6e!! to C!ima5-t#pe an the other
ate"ories respeti(e!#. Se(era! a&thors ha(e
reo"ni>e that e6 /o eposits o&r in
.3= - .3== or C!ima5 samp!es. :&se #o&n" is!an ar settin"s 7i.e. Canianian,
ash-!o6 !u++ assoiate 6ith the C!ima5-t#pePine Gro(e eposit in U!*;: 6hih is
&ner!ain 4# Protero>oi r&st o the same a"e
as C!ima5, has an initia! )3Sr)+Sr (a!&e o
.311 7Christiansen an i!son, =1)2;.
A!tho&"h sparse, N isotopi ata ma#
re(ea! more a4o&t the so&re7s; o C!ima5
t#pe rh#o!ites, 4ea&se the# are pro4a4!# !ess
aete 4# h#rotherma! a!teration an
6a!!-ro0 ontamination than Sr isotope
ratios. :armer an DePao!o 7=1)*; reporte
Ta4!e =;, an a!most a!6a#s in areas &ner!ain4# at !east thin ontinenta! r&st 7Si!!itoe,
=1) estra an Keith, =1)= Christiansen
an i!son, =1)2;. A!tho&"h some ha(e
!aime that C!ima5-t#pe s#stems orre!ate
6ith thi0er ontinenta! r&st, others s&""est
that the# are inepenent o r&sta! thi0ness
7estra an Keith, =1)=;. Perhaps the most
ommon!# s&""este tetoni settin" or
C!ima5-t#pe s#stems is &rin" the han"eo(er
rom ompressiona! to e5tensiona! tetonis
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE D EPOSITS 8=8= SEG SP GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
7Si!!itoe, =1) estra an Keith, =1)=
/&tsh!er et aI., =1)= hite et aI., =1)=
$oo0strom, =1)=;. Some a&thors preer to
onsier this settin" as atetoni or 4a0-ar
spreain" rather than simp!# rit-re!ate.
The han"eo(er tetoni settin" hasa!so reent!# 4een o&mente or the Co&!ee
D am intr&si(e s&ite 7Car!son an /o#e, =11;
that hosts the C&-rih /t. To!man eposit
6hose ore-re!ate "ranite porph#r# !ear!#
e(o!(e rom a ominant (o!&me o
"ranoiorite 7Car!son an /o#e, =11;.
A it io na ! !# , a p os t -o ro"en i ,
e5tension-re!ate settin" has 4een propose or
the 9&art> Hi!! eposit 7H&son et a!. , =1)=;.
The @u*r! Hi!! intr&si(e omp!e5 6as
emp!ae in the Coast 4atho!ith ater it ha4een e5tensi(e!# &p!ite an eroe. A
re"iona! e5tension-re!ate oint s#stem
ontro!s emp!aement o man# !amproph#re
i0es as 6e!! the 9&art> Hi!! intr&sions.
Ho6e(er, the initia! )3Sr)+Sr (a!&es o .3=
or the 9&art> Hi!! intr&sions o not ier
si"niiant!# rom those o the o!er
s&4&tion-re!ate p !&ton i ro0s.
Aitiona!!#, the 9&art> Hi!! intr&sions sho6
minima! enrihment o ?-: !&orine, an
other inompati4!e e!ements 7H&son et a!. ,=1)=;.
Cr#sta! rationation rom a!-a!0a!ine
preeessors
D espite a&m&!ation o a !ar"e
amo&nt o ata on the petro"eneti an
isotopi e(o!&tion o C!ima5-t#pe rh#o!ites, a
n&m4er o ierin" so&re ro0s are
permissi4!e. 9&esta an Pine Gro(e sho6
man# petro"eneti simi!arities. Pine Gro(e728-22 /a :i". =; is !oate in the Inian
Pea0 (o!ani ie! that pro&e ominant!#
hi"h-K a!-a!0a!ine aiti ash !o6s rom 82
to 23 /a 7$est et a!., =1)1;. /ore than
, 0m8 o ash !o6 t& 6as er&pte.
Sma!!er (o!&mes o hi"h-K a!-a!0a!ine
rh#o!ite, trah#anesite, an minor aite
6ere er&pte near the Inian Pea0 (o!ani
ie! at =)-28 /a an are ro&"h!#
ontemporaneo&s 6ith the ineption o
e5tension in the area 7$est et aI., =1)3;. The
Pine Gro(e porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposit
o&rs in the eroe (ent o an ash-!o6 ome
omp!e5 &st east o the rim o the InianPea0 a!era omp!e5. Initia! er&ptions 4e"an
6ith hi"h-si!ia rh#o!ite an !ater er&ptions
sim&!taneo&s!# (ente rh#o!iti an aiti
ma"ma. Hi"h-si!ia rh#o!ite s&4se?&ent!#
i!!e the (ent to orm omes an intr&e to
sha!!o6 !e(e!s to orm a C!ima5-t#pe eposit.
The o-er&pte aiti ma"ma e5hi4its a moe
an maor-e!ement omposition (er# simi!ar to
the (o!&mino&s aiti ash-!o6s that 6ere
emp!ae &rin" the O!i"oene an to other
intermeiate (o!ani ro0s o the same a"e728-2= /a; to the 6est 7$est et ai., =112;.
Short!# ater omp!ete r#sta!!i>ation o the
ma"ma ham4er, trah#anesiti ma"ma
intr&e the (ent an other portions o the
r&st an o(ere the t& o Pine Gro(e
aross the re"ion. Keith 7=1)2; emonstrate
that + rationation o aiti ma"ma,
&sin" o4ser(e phenor#st proportions an
ompositions, o&! pro&e the maor
e!ement omposition o the Pine Gro(e
rh#o!ite. The a(ai!a4!e Sr isotopi ata are
onsistent 6ith this iea no si"niiant
ierenes e5ist 4et6een the Sr-isotopi
ompositions o the Pine Gro(e ma"ma an
the o!er aites o the Inian Pea0 (o!ani
ie!.
Johnson an Bipman 7=1));
in(esti"ate the ori"in o the meta!&mino&s
an a!0a!ine (o!ani ro0s o the Batir
(o!ani ie!, host o the 9&esta eposit 7:i".
=;, in the Rio Grane rit near the
Co!orao-Ne6 /e5io 4orer. /a"matism in
the Batir ie! 722 - 2). /a an ==-= /a;
is appro5imate!# oe(a! 6ith C!ima5-t#pe
s#stems 7i.e. C!ima5, Henerson, /t.
Emmons; arther north a!on" the Rio Grane
rit. In aition, the a"e o ma"matism spans
the ineption o ritin" in the area 72+ /a;.
/o!#4en&m minera!i>ation is assoiate 6ith
6anin" sta"es o a!era ma"matism. The
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82 SEG SP GIANT ORE DEPOSITS82SEG SP3 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
;i);#$! )r*d#$ o+ or# *r# *$$oi*!#d =i!; !;#
Su';ur Gu; 'u!on ,3< M*0 !;*!
in!rud#d !;# $ou!;#rn rim o+ !;# @u# !*
*d#r* ,o;n$on #! *. : 15850. o;n$on *nd
Li'm*n ,15880 $u))#$!#d !;*! - %
+r*!ion*!ion o+ * '*r#n!* m*)m* $imi*r !o
!;# &*6r#$!o L*k# mono)r*ni!#: * $i);!(
od#r r#$ur)#n! 'u!on: oud 'rodu# !;#
m*Cor*nd !r*###m#n! om'o$i!ion o+ !;#
Su';ur Gu; 'u!on. T;#( $u))#$! !;*! *
6*$# #%# in!#rm#di*!# om'o$i!ion m*)m*:
#2#m'i+i#d 6( !;# m*Cori!( o+ !;# o*
o*ni *nd 'u!oni rok$: '#r$i$!#d in !;#
*r#* +or m.(. T;# in+#rr#d mono)r*ni!#'*r#n! i$ #r( $imi*r !o !;# d*i!# o#ru'!#d=i!; !;# r;(oi!i Pin# Gro%# m*)m* *nd !;#6*$# ## om'o$i!ion o+ !;# Indi*n P#*ko*ni +i#d ,B#$! #! *I.: 15850.
A ri!i* u#$!ion!;*!$;oud6# *$k#d
i$ =;#!;#r !;# '#!ro)#n#!i 'ro#$$#$#2#m'i+i#d 6( Pin# Gro# *nd @u#$!*
m*)m*!i$m o'#r*!#d *! o!;#r &im*2!('#'or';(r( Mo $($!#m$. Book$!rom ,15810$!*!#$ !;*! !;# &im*2!('# d#'o$i!$ in !;#&oor*do min#r* 6#! our *on) !;# *2#$ o+$i);!( od#r **k*in# 'u!on$ ,mo$!(#$$ !;*n 7- M*0 . T;#r# *r# *6ou! 3-mo(6d#num 'ro$'#!$ =i!; u' !o -. 1 %MoS min#r*i*!ion in: !;# min#r* 6#! *ndmo$! o+ !;#$# *r# *$$oi*!#d =i!; 6ro*d(**k*in# i)n#ou$ rok$ *nd *''#*r !o 6#$u6du!ion r#*!#d. H# no!#$ !;*! !;# &im*2ik# r;(oi!# 'or';(ri#$ o+ !;#9in+i#d 'ro$'#! ,3
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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88SEG SP3 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS88 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
*r# *$o 'o$$i6#. For #2*m'#: !;# 8* M*
Gri1( P#*k Tu++: o*!#d *''ro2im*!#( )
km $ou!;=#$! o+!;# &im*2 d#'o$i!: *ri#$ in
om'o$i!ion +rom ;i);$ii* r;(oi!# *! !;#
6*$# !o o=$ii* r;(oi!# *! !;# !o' o+ *
$in)# #rod#d ooin) uni! !=o ;#!#ro)#n#ou$
!u++ *(#r$ *$o on!*in d*i!# !o m*+i *!i!#+i*mm# ,o;n$on *nd Fridri;: =11;. Ini!i*1
84Sr8Sr r*!io$ r*n)# +rom .3=3 !o *$ o= *$
.311 *nd #'$ion Nd *u#$ *r( 6#!=##n
13.- *nd -==.8 $imi*r *ri*!ion$ *r##2;i6i!#d 6( P6 *nd - i$o!o'#$. o;n$on *ndFridri; 7=11; 'oin! ou! !;*! !;# mo$! m*+iom'o$i!ion 73 =!% Si0 i$ !oo m*+i !o 6# *'*r!i* m#! o+ ru$!* rok$ !;i$ m*)m*!iom'o$i!ion i$ 6#$! #2'*in#d 6(
*''ro2im*!#( =!% r($!* +r*!ion*!ion o+6*$*!i m*)m*: *om'*ni#d 6( - !o *=!% *$$imi*!ion o+ Pro!#rooi ru$!. T;#mor# $iii 'or!ion$ o+ !;# m*)m* =#r#mod##d !o ;*# +orm#d 6( r($!*
+r*!ion*!ion *om'*ni#d 6( *!#$!*)# ru$!**$$imi*!ion . E%id#n# +or !ate-sta"e*$$imi*!ion inud#d i$o!o'i di$#uii6rium6#!=##n =;o#rok +i*mm# *nd #*r( *nd*!#r($!*iin) ';#nor($!$ $#'*r*!#d +rom!;# $*m# +i*mm#. T;#( no!# !;*! =i!;ou! !;#+or!ui!ou$ #ru'!ion o+ !;# mor# m*+i 'or!ion$o+ !;# m*)m* ;*m6#r: !;#( =oud ;*#dr*=n !;# #rron#ou$ onu$ion !;*! !;# !u++=*$ )#n#r*!#d 6( 1--% ru$!* m#!in). T;#;i);$ii* 'or!ion o+ !;# Gri1( P#*k Tu++
=ou1d +i! a!! o+ !;# i$o!o'i ri!#ri* +ord#ri*!ion +rom * &im*2!('# $our#
,S!#in: =1)) S!#in *nd &rok: =11;, in $'i!#o+ i!$ in+#rr#d m*n!# ;#ri!*)#.
Isotopia!!# >one m*)m*ham4ers
Pu!oni *nd o*ni rok$ r#*!#d !o!;# @u#$!* *d#r* *nd 'or';(r( mo(6d#numd#'o$i! *$o $;o= #id#n# o+ d#ri*!ion +rom;#mi*( *nd i$o!o'i*( on#d m*)m*;*m6#r$. T;# @u#$!* *d#r* +orm#d u'on
#ru'!ion o+ < -- km3 o+ !;# ;i);$ii*'#r*1k*1in# Am*1i* Tu++ ,o;n$on *nd
Li'm*n: =1));. Pr#*d#r* in!#rm#di*!#
om'OSI!Ion o*ni rok$ ;*# r#*!i%#1(
uni+ormini!i*1 84Sr8Sr r*!io$ o+*''ro2im*!#(
.3 ,id#n!i* !o !;# in!#rm#di*!# **$ o+
!;# S*n u*n o*ni +i#d Li'm*n #! *. :
=13) o;n$on #! *I. : =11;. Ini!i*1
84Sr8Sr
r*!io in !;# Am*1i* Tu++ inr#*$#$
mono!oni*( =i!; d#r#*$in) Sr ontent+rom .33 !o .31), !;# Sr'oor !u++r#'r#$#n!in) !;# #*r( #ru'!ion$ . L*!#$!*)#roo+=*rd *$$imi*!ion o+ Pro!#rooi rok$ i$'ro'o$#d *$ !;# 'r#+#rr#d #2'*n*!ion o+ !;#inr#*$in) ini!i* 84Sr8Sr r*!io$ oninin)#id#n# o+ !;i$ mod# i$ !;# roo+=*rdinr#*$# in !;# 'ro'or!ion o+ iron$ =i!;Pro!#rooi or#$ r#*!i# !o T#r!i*r( iron$=i!; no Pro!#rooi or#$ . T;#Momin#r*i#d Su';ur Gu; 'u!on #2;i6i!$ *n*n*o)ou$ !r#nd o+ d#r#*$in) ini!i*
84Sr+8Sr r*!io$ ,+rom . 3) !o .3+3; =i!;
inr#*$in) Sr on!#n!. T;# in+#rr#d '*r#n!
,&*6r#$!o L*k# 'u!on0 ;*$ *n ini!i* 84Sr8Sr
r*!io o+ .38 ,o;n$on #! *I. : 155-0.
L*!#$!*)# roo+=*rd on!*min*!ion m*( *$o
*u$# $om# o+ !;# *r)# *ri*!ion$ in ini!i*
84Sr8Sr no!#d in !;# &im*2: H#nd#r$on: *nd
M!. Emmon$ r;(oi!#$ ,S!#in: =1));. S!#in
*nd &rok 7=11; r#C#! !;*! 'o$$i6ii!(
6#*u$# !;# in+#rr#d 'ro'or!ion$ o+ =*rok
n##d#d !o 'rodu# !;# *ri*!ion$ *r#
$u6$!*n!i*( di++#r#n! +or !;# Nd: Sr: *nd P6
i$o!o'i on$!r*in!$. Ho=##r: o;n$on #! *.
7=11; #noun!#r#d #r( $imi*r i$o!o'iinon$i$!#ni#$ in mod#in) !;# *!#$!*)#*$$imi*!ion o+ !;# Su';ur Gu; ,@u#$!*0'u!on.
No! * ;i);## m*)m* ;*m6#r$ or'o$!*d#r* 'u!on$ $;o= #id#n# o+
*!#$!*)# *$$imi*!ion. I+ *!#$!*)# roo+=*rd*$$imi*!ion i$ * ommon 'ro#$$ in&im*2!('# m*)m* ;*m6#r$: !;#n =;*!'ro#$$ i$ r#$'on$i6# +or *u$in)*$$imi*!ion U!im*!#(: !;# *n$=#r i$ r#*!#d!o ;#*!: =;#!;#r 6( r($!*i*!ion or 6(und#r'*!in) or inC#!ion o+ n#= m*)m*. T;#+*! !;*! &im*2!('# m*)m*$ m*( $;o=on$i$!#n! i$o!o'i #id#n# o+ *!#$!*)#*$$imi*!ion o+ roo+ rok$ $;oud no! 6#
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8* SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITSSEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8
s&rprisin" inasm&h as one o the most 6ie!#
reo"ni>e harateristis o this eposit t#pe
is the o&rrene o m&!tip!e intr&sions an
ore 4oies that are "enera!!# emp!ae 4#
assimi!ation an stopin".
Chonrite-norma!i>e rare-earth
e!ement patterns rom C!ima5, Henerson,
9&esta, an Pine Gro(e 7is&sse in a !ater
setion; sho6 e(iene o some r#sta!!i>ation
an rationation o the parent ma"mas
4et6een intr&si(e &nits this o&! 4e one
so&re o heat or assimi!ation. A!! o&r
o these eposits 6ere apparent!# e(e!ope
&rin" the han"e rom s&4&tion-ontro!!e
to e5tensiona! tetonis. Thompson et a!.
7=11=; s&""este that e5tension-re!ate mai
ma"ma assoiate 6ith the Rio Grane rit
p!a#e a s&4stantia! ro!e in e5tenin" the !ie
o pre-rit (o!anism appro5imate!# 4# 8
m.#. :or e5amp!e, the S&!ph&r G&!h p!&ton
728-2 /a;, 6hih hosts the 9&esta eposit,
ma# ha(e e(o!(e rom pre-rit ma"mas that
6ere 0ept a!i(e 4# 4asa!ti ma"matism
re!ate to ritin" 72+ /a;. Thereore,
&nerp!ate mai ma"ma at 9&esta ma# ha(e
4een responsi4!e or the "ra&a! e!e(ation in
initia! )3Sr)+Sr assoiate 6ith roo6ar
assimi!ation.E(iene or e5tension-re!ate
trah#anesite &nerp!atin" o the Pine Gro(e
ham4er is perhaps e(en more on!&si(e in
s&4stantiatin" a ro!e or e5tension-re!ate
ma"mas. Trah#anesiti ma"mas 6ere
!ear!# assoiate 6ith e5tensiona! tetonis
rom 22 to =) /a aross the
Pio he- / ar#s(a ! e (o ! an i 4e ! t .
Trah#anesite ma"ma o-er&pte 6ith the
t& o Pine Gro(e an intr&e the (ent &st
ater ina! onso!iation o the ma"maham4er. Keith an Shan0s 7=1)); s&""este
that the trah#anesiti ma"ma ma# ha(e
pro(ie the heat to a!!o6 the 6ater-rih Pine
Gro(e ma"ma to asen to s!i"ht!# hi"her
!e(e!s in the r&st 6itho&t so!ii#in".
hite et a!. 7=1)=; an Stein an
Cro0 7=11; point o&t that assimi!ation o
hi"h!# raio"eni o&ntr# ro0s aro&n
C!ima5 an Henerson o&! not ha(e 4een a
(er# si"niiant ma"ma moi#in" proess.
Ho6e(er, e(en a tri(ia! amo&nt o
assimi!ation 7-2 o Si!(er P!&me Granite,
$oo0strom et aI., =1)); ma# e5p!ain the
monotoni inrease in initia! )3Sr)+Sr (a!&es
4et6een oma"mati rh#o!ite intr&sions. e
o not propose that !ate-sta"e assimi!ation is
ain" an#thin" speia! to the ma"ma
ham4er, 4&t it ma# point to a on)i#d heat
so&re at the 4ase o the s#stem that permits
e5tene r#sta! rationation, (o!ati!e !oss,
an perhaps (o!ati!e !&5in" 6itho&t rapi!#
so!ii#in" the entire ham4er. Isotopi
>onation o the hi"h-!e(e! ma"ma ham4er
ma# 4e one si"nat&re o that heat so&re.
hite et a!. 7=1)=; a!so note that
4asa!ti (o!anism is not assoiate, on a !oa!
sa!e, 6ith C!ima5-t#pe s#stems. Ho6e(er,
e!si ro0s at C!ima5, Henerson, an
Chia"o $asin are ontemporaneo&s 6ith
minor (o!&mes o ross-&ttin" 4iotite-rih
!amproph#re i0es 7$oo0strom, =1)=
$oo0strom et aI., =1));. Aitiona!!#, mi!!#
a!0a!ine to transitiona! 4asa!ts 72*-2 /a;
interm"er 6ith 4asin-i!! seimentar# ro0s
o the $ro6ns Par0 :ormation 6est o
the Co!orao minera! 4e!t 7Thompson eta!.,
=11=;. $oo0strom 7=1) =; s&""ests that the
!amproph#res represent a ierent t#pe o
4imoa! s&ite. Some ha(e s&""este that
!o6er therma! inp&t ma# res&!t in se!eti(e
partia! me!tin" o !ess rerator# p!&ms in a
p!&m p&in" mant!e 6ith the res&!tin" me!t
4ein" isotopia!!# enrihe an o a!0a!ine
ainit# 7Thompson et aI., =11 = Perr# et aI.,
=1)3;. C!ima5, Henerson, ai! Chia"o
$asin are s&iient!# remo(e rom areas os&4stantia! ritin" that rit-re!ate therma!
inp&t ma# ha(e 4een !o6, 4&t s&iient to
e5ten the !ie o the ma"ma ham4ers.
In s&mmar#, 6hen on!# hi"h-si!ia
rh#o!ite is er&pte or e5pose or
e5amination, the petro"enesis is am4i"&o&s
7Christiansen an i!son, =1)2 Johnson an
:ririh, =11;. Inasm&h as hi"h-si!ia
rh#o!iti ma"mas !ie near the ternar#
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 88+ SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
minim&m, a (ariet# o so&re materia!s an
petro"eneti paths ma# #ie! essentia!!# the
same 4&!0 omposition. e see no reason
that topa> an C!ima5-t#pe rh#o!ites o&! not
4e e(e!ope 4# either partia! me!tin" o
!o6er r&sta! e!si "ran&!ite 7Christiansenet a!. ,
=1)) Stein, =1)) Stein an Cro0, =11
hite et aI., =1)=;, ierentiation . o
s&4&tion-re!ate hi"h-K a!-a!0a!ine
ma"mas 7Keith et aI . , =1)+ estra
an Keith, =1)=;, or e5treme rationation
o rit-re!ate 4asa!ti ma"ma si"niiant!#
ontaminate 4# !o6er r&st . Ho6e(er,
rh#o!ites "enerate4# these proesses ma# not
4e e?&a!!# apa4!e o "eneratin" a "iant
eposit.
&ON&ENTRATION AND
TRANSPORTATION ME&HANISMS .
a!!ae et a!. 7=1+); emphasi>ethat
=-=2 km3 o ma"ma is neee to s&pp!#
the mo!#4en&m o&n in the C!ima5 ore
4oies. Carten et a! . 7=1))a; on!&e that
enrihment o ore omponents in t4e .&po!a
o&rsprior to the onset o r#sta!!i>ation an
that the initia! onentration o mo!#4en&m
in the parent ma"ma ham4er is not as
si"niiant to ore ormation as the t#pe an
&ration o proesses that e!i(er
mo!#4en&m to the &po!a. Intermin"!e
4arren an pro&ti(e sto0s at Henerson
ha(e the same isotopi omposition 7:armer
an DePao!o, =1)*; an pro4a4!# represent
s&essi(e ra&"hts rom a !ar"e, persistent
ma"ma ham4er that 6as onti"&o&s 6ith
eah intr&sion. Carten et a!.7=1))a; a!so
on!&e that either (ariations in resiene
time or (ariations in the eiienies o
rationation proesses o&! ao&nt or the
intermin"!in" o4arren an pro&ti(e sto0s .
Cr#sta!!i>ation
Cane!a 7=1)1a; states that partitionin"
o mo!#4en&m into an a?&eo&sphase is most
eiient 6hen an initia!!# r# me!t
rationates at sha!!o6 epth or 6hen me!t
e(o!(es 6ater at "reat epth, he s&""ests that
in either ase e(o!&tion o (apor &rin"
r#sta!!i>ation 7seon 4oi!in"; is more
eeti(e in remo(in" /o rom the me!t than
an# reasona4!e irst 4oi!in" senario.Ho6e(er, there is no reason to 4e!ie(e the
C!ima5!('# rh#o!iti ma"mas are r# C=
H2; an o not e(o!(e an a?&eo&s phase
&nti! the !ast e6 perent o the ma"ma
r#sta!!i>es. Keith an Shan0s 7=1));
o&mente a hi"h 6ater &"ait# an ontent
or the Pine Gro(e rh#o!ites most rh#o!iti
ma"mas are pro4a4!# sat&rate or near!#
sat&rate 6ith 6ater 6hen the# er&pt. In
aition, rh#o!ites that appear to ha(e er&pte
rom Pine Gro(e, 9&esta, C!ima5, anHenerson ha(e !ess than 8 phenor#sts.
The a!ternati(e Cane!a 7!1)1a;
proposes or "eneratin" a mo!#4en&m-rih
ma"ma--e(o!(in" an a?&eo&s phase at "reat
epth--ma# ha(e some app!iation to
r#sta!!i>ation o rier, intermeiate-or-mai
ma"ma at the roots o a stratiie ma"ma
s#stem. I 4&o#ant !&is that e(o!(e as a
res&!t o r#sta!!i>ation at epth an e5trat
mo!#4en&m rom the ma"ma the# tra(erse
an then o!!et eiient!# in a hi"h-!e(e! &p o! a , then the# ma# or m a
mo!#4en&m-rih ma"ma an onse?&ent!#
ontri4&te to ore ormation.
Some ha(e propose that !itt!e
aitiona! r#sta!!i>ation or ierentiation o
the parent ma"ma ham4er o&rre rom the
time o emp!aement o one sto0 to the ne5t
7Keith an Shan0s, =1)) Carten et aI.,
=1))a;. :or e5amp!e, >ironi&m an nio4i&m
onentrations are appro5imate!# the same or
a!! sto0s at Henerson. Ho6e(er, re!ati(e!#onstant onentrations o these e!ements are
perhaps not &n&s&a! or meta!&mino&s
ma"mas r#sta! rationation an o&r an
maintain re!ati(e!# onstant (a!&es or
>ironi&m, nio4i&m, an mo!#4en&m.
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8+ SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
>*ri*!ion$ in *'orm#!'*r!i!ionin)
In orthoma"mati h#rotherma! !&is,
/o oes not appear to 4e omp!e5e an
transporte 6ith either CI or : in at,
Kepp!er an #!!ie 7=11=; o&n that
mo!#4en&m is most stron"!# partitione into
an a?&eo&s phase 7KDF .; 6hen CI an
: are a4sent. Conse?&ent!#, i o&r
on!&sions re"arin" the ma5im&m
enrihment, - ppm, o mo!#4en&m in
ma"mas are orret, none o the
e5perimenta!!# etermine (aporme!t
partition oeiients or mo!#4en&m 6o&!
pro&e an e5treme!# mo!#4en&m-rih ore
!&i 7one 6ith tho&sans o ppm /o; rom a
6ater-rih rh#o!iti me!t at sha!!o6 epths
7Kepp!er an #!!ie, =11= Ta0er
an Cane!a, =1)3; .
Bo6enstem et a!. 7=11=; in(esti"ate
the opper ontent o me!t in!&sions in ?&art>
phenor#sts rom the pera!0a!ine rh#o!ites
rom Pante!!eria. The# o&n 8 ppm opper in
matri5 "!ass an in me!t in!&sions 6ith
rat&res to the r#sta! s&rae. Non-e"asse
me!t in!&sions ontaine 2 ppm opper an
me!t in!&sions that a!so ontaine !ar"e (apor
4&44!es ontaine &p to 8 ppm opper.
The# a!&!ate that the (aporme!t partition
oeiients or opper ma# 4e 6e!! o(er
= this (a!&e is m&h hi"her than those
etermine e5perimenta!!# 7- Cane!a an
Ho!!an, =1)*;. Bo6enstem et a=. 7=11=;
propose that the stron"er partitionin" o
opper into the !&i phase o&! 4e &e to
more a(ai!a4!e CI in the !&i phase than in
the e5periments. This mi"ht ha(e 4een a&se
4# a hi"h CO2H2 ratio, renerin" HeU more
issoiate. The# a!so emphasi>e thatr($!*i*!ionindu#d (o!ati!e sat&ration
7seon-4oi!in"; ma# not 4e neessar# or the
pro&tion o C&-rih !&is. E5so!(e
(o!ati!es 6ere present in pante!!erite ma"ma
6ith on!# = r#sta!s an in rh#o!ite rom
the a!!e# o Ten Tho&san Smo0es 6ith on!#
2 phenor#sts 7Bo6enstem et aI. , =11=;.
Simi!ar!#, there are se(era! reasons
6h# the (aporme!t partitionin" oeiients o
mo!#4en&m in nat&ra! s#stems ma# 4e
si"niiant!# hi"her than e5perimenta!!#
etermine (a!&es. :or instane, porph#r#
mo!#4en&m s#stems ha(e 2 onitions o
a!-a!0a!ine ro0s 7a4o&t 2 !o" &nits a4o(e
NNO; that are 6e!! a4o(e the 2s
in(esti"ate e5perimenta!!# the trens o the
e5perimenta! ata s&""est that mo!#4en&m
sho&! 4e e(en more stron"!# partitione into
the a?&eo&s phase &ner s&h hi"h 2
onitions. Cane!a 7=1)14; a!so spe&!ates
that i the o5iation state o mo!#4en&m in
the a?&eo&s phase is hi"her than in the me!t,
then the tenen# o mo!#4en&m to enter the
(apor phase ma# 4e ompo&ne.
Keith an Shan0s 7=1)); re(ie6e the
e(iene that e5tension-re!ate trah#anesiti
ma"mas 6ere episoia!!# inete into the
4ase o the Pine Gro(e ma"ma ham4er. I
s&h ma"mas are inete into the 4ase o a
aiti or rh#o!iti ma"ma ham4er, the#
6o&! ?&enh or r#sta!!i>e an re!ease
(o!ati!es that o&! 4e !&5e thro&"h the
ma"ma ham4er. Bamproph#ri ma"mas or
!ess primiti(e K-rih mai ma"mas that are
"enera!!# (o!ati!e-rih, ma# ha(e interate
6ith C!ima5, Henerson, 9&art> Hi!!, an
other porph#r# mo!#4en&m s#stems to
pro&e simi!ar (o!ati!e !&5in".
I s&h a mo!#4en&m-transportin"
ma"mati !&i phase e5iste an 6as
CO2-rih, then e(iene o CO2 in
hi"h-temperat&re !&i in!&sions sho&!
perhaps4e o&n. Binnen an i!!iams-Jones
7=11; note that a?&eo&s-ar4oni !&i
in!&sions are ommon in !&orine-eiient
mo!#4en&m eposits, 4&t are sare in
!&orine-rih eposits. Ho6e(er, hite et
a=. 7=1)=; note that a ar4onate a&"hterminera! is present in some !&i in!&sions
rom Henerson. Seeor 7=1)); o&n
simi!ar a&"hter minera!s in !&i in!&sions
rom a rhoohrosite-4earin" a!teration
assem4!a"e at Henerson . Th&s, CO2-rih
!&i in!&sions ha(e 4een o4ser(e at C!ima5
an Henerson, 4&t are not a4&nant
7Seeor, =1)) Ha!! et a!. =13*;.
H#persa!ine !&i in!&sions are
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SEG SP GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
r*r# in !;# Fd#+ii#n! d#'o$i!$: 6u! ommon in&im*2!('# $($!#m$ ,Linn#n *nd 9ii*m$on#$: 155-0 . T;#$# d*!* $u))#$! !;*!o*!i# +u2in) 6( * &Ori; +uid ';*$# in&im*2!('# $($!#m$ m*( no! 6# * $i)ni+i*n!'ro#$$.
An*($i$ o+ o*ni )*$ #mi$$ion$
+rom*!i# o*no#$ indi*!#$ !;*! $u+urou$)*$#$ *r# #mi!!#d u'on !;# in+#rr#d *rri* o+
n#= m*)m* *! !;# 6*$# o+ * m*)m* ;*m6#r.
A! !;#+- ondi!ion$ o+ **k*in# m*)m*$:
S- *nd HS =oud 6# 'r#$#n! =i!; *6ou!
$u6A#Mu* +u)*i!i#$ ,9;i!n#(: 15880. T;# o=
$ou6ii!( o+ S- in m*)m*$ m*( *o= * +u2
o+ S-6#*rin) o*!i#$ !o ri$# !;rou); *
on#d m*)m* ;*m6#r *nd '#r;*'$ $*#n)#
mo(6d#num. Mo(6d#num i$ no! om'#2#d
=i!; $u+ur 6u! !;# '*r!i!ionin) 6#;*ior o+
mo(6d#num r#*!i# !o * +uid ';*$# !;*! i$
ri; in *n o2idi#d $u+ur $'#i#$ ;*$ no! 6##nin#$!i)*!#d. Ind##d: +u2in) o+ Sri; +uid$
!;rou); * m*)m* i$ 'ro6*6( re?&ire !o
*oun! +or *r)# *moun! o+ m*)m*!i $u+ur
*$$oi*!#d =i!; * )i*n! 'or';(r( mo(6d#num
d#'o$i!. T;# o= $ou6ii!( o+ $u+ur in
;i);$ii* r;(oi!i m#!$ *r)u#$ +or $u; *
'ro#$$: 6u! m*$$ 6**n# *u*!ion$ !o !#$!
!;i$ $#n*rio =oud ino# mu; un#r!*in!(.
Con(etion an (o!ati!e
!&5in"
T;#r# *r# $##r* r#*$on$ !o $u$'#!!;*! !;# 'ro#$$ o+ m#!* #nri;m#n! ino#$on#!ion *nd o*!i# +u2in) !;rou); **r)# oum# o+ !;# ;*m6#r. ?#i!; #! *.,1580 doum#n! !;*! *r)# 6ok$ o+6io!i!#ri; ,
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8) SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITSSEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8)
&rin" !&i o!!etion, then the !ar"er, or
hi"her "rae, the eposit o&! 4e. Certain!#
a sin"!e, 6e!!-sit&ate (ent 6o&!4e optima!.
Smith 7=131; pointe o&t that entra!
(ent (o!anoes o not er&pt more than a4o&t
= 0m8 o ash !o6 t& !ar"er er&ption
(o!&mes are re!ate to a!eras 6here
m&!tip!e (ents are pro4a4!# in(o!(e, as is
the ase o the 0m8 Ama!ia T& e5pe!!e
rom the 9&esta a!era. Se(era! res&r"ent
7or s!i"ht!# #o&n"er; p!&tons o&r a!on" the
rin" rat&re an e!se6here a!! o the
intr&sions are (aria4!# minera!i>e 6ith
mo!#4enite 7Johnson et aI., =1)1;. In
aition, the mo!#4enite-4earin" S&!ph&r
G&!h an $ear Can#on p!&tons onnet at
epth 7Beonarson et aI., =1)8;, 4&t on!#
the S&!ph&r G&!h p!&ton is ore-"rae.
/&!tip!e (ents or a!era-re!ate s#stems
ma# not 4e as !i0e!# topro&e a sin"!e "iant
eposit.
The = @= ratio o ham4er (o!&me to
er&ption (o!&me 7Smith, =131; s&""ests that
a entra! (ent (o!ano that er&pts the
ma5im&m = 0m8 o&! see no more than
1--- 0m8, 4&t m&h !ess ma# 4e re?&ire
onsierin" that = 0m8 o ma"ma strippe
o 8 ppm o mo!#4en&m 6o&! s&pp!# a!! themeta! neee to orm the Henerson eposit.
CHARACTERISTICS O: THE
DEPOSITIONAB SITE
There is no e(iene to iniate that
C!ima5-t#pe s#stems more eiient!# eposit
mo!#4en&m rom a ma"mati ore !&i than
other t#pes 4&t the# ma# o it in a sma!!er
(o!&me o ro0 t7; pro&e a hi"her "rae.
Carten et a!. 7!1))a; ientiie one o theprimar# ontro!s or the eposition o
mo!#4enite at Henerson as the presene o
K-e!spar a!on" (ein mar"ins. estra an
Keith 7=1)=; note a !inear orre!ation
4et6een K>O ontent o h#rotherma!!#
a!tere ro0 an "rae, K2-rih sto0s ma#
ha(e e?&i!i4rate 6ith a !ar"er (o!&me o
ma"mati 6ater prior to onso!iation, an
there4# ori"ina!!# ontaine a "reater amo&nt
o mo!#4en&m 7hite et a!., =1)=;.
Ho6e(er, on a me sa!e, mo!#4enite
r#sta!s are preerentia!!# eposite a!on"
K-e!spar r#sta!s re!ati(e to ?&art> or other
minera!s. Seriite separates mo!#4enite rom
the K-e!spar. The hi"h moa! a4&nane o
K-e!spar in some C !ima5-t#pe sto0s ma#
4e, in part, a epositiona! ontro! to their
"rae.
C!ima5-t#pe eposits ma# a!so 4e
hi"h-"rae &e to eposition rom a p&re!#
ma"mati a?&eo&s phase that 4e"ins
eposition at the ma"ma-6a!!ro0 interae.
The ore-!&i or :-eiient eposits ma# 4e
a mi5t&re o ma"mati an meteori 6ater
an, at eposits s&h as Tro&t Ba0e, m&st
ha(e oo!e at !east a e6 h&nre e"reesprior to minera!i>ation 7Binnen an
i!!iams-Jones, =11;. This amo&nt o
oo!in" an mi5in" ma# res&!t in eposition
o(er a !ar"er (o!&me o ro0 res&!tin" in
!o6er "raes. Deposition o mo!#4enite rom
the ore !&i in 4oth C!ima5- an
:-eiient-t#pe eposits is re!ate to
ereasin" temperat&re anorpH 7Binnen an
i!!iams-Jones, =11;.
Proesses that ontro! the !oation an
&ration o mo!#4enite eposition rom thea?&eo&s phase 6o&! a!so o4(io&s!# ontro!
the "rae. These 6o&! in!&e m&!tip!e
sto0s ormin" o(er!appin" ore 4oies an
hi"h hemia! an therma! "raients aro&n
the sto0 or p!&ton.
S'//AR% /ODEB AND
EPBORATION CRITERIA
:rom the ore"oin" is&ssion it is
apparent that the most si"niiant proess 7orpro4!em; in the ormation o C!ima5-t#pe
eposits is sa(en"in" a e6 ppm
mo!#4en&m rom a !ar"e ham4er e(ent&a!!#
to #ie! an ore !&i 6ith tho&sans o ppm
mo!#4en&m. A /o-rih ma"ma 6o&! 4e
orme in the &po!a &rin" this proess &e
to e?&i!i4ration 6ith the !&i ater its arri(a!
an prior to re!ease &rin" minera!i>ation.
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8181 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
The o!!o6in" proesses appear to ha(e ate
to"ether to pro&e a mo!#4en&m-rih
&po!a o ma"ma@
=. Cr#sta!!i>ation a!on" the 6a!!s or
!oor o the ma"ma ham4er 6o&!
ao&nt or the "ra&a!!# re&e RE$
ontent o the ma"ma 4et6een
s&essi(e intr&sions. The s&essi(e!#
eeper '-shape REE patterns are not
&ni?&e to C!ima5-t#pe s#stems, 4&t
ha(e 4een note in oma"mati
intr&sions rom other non-minera!i>e
"ranitois 7Johnson et a! . , =1)1; .
Gra&a! a&m&!ation o 6ater an
!&orine a!on" the ham4er roo ma#
!o6er the so ! i&s , pre(entr# s t a! !i >ation , an pe rmi t
assimi!ation.
2. 'nerp!ate or inete mai
ma"mas ma# p!a# se(era! ro!es. The#
ma# me!t the !o6er r&st an mi5 6ith
!o6er r&sta! me!ts to pro(ie an
o5ii>e m a "m a i n 6hih
mo!#4en&m 6o&! 4e ha(e
inompati4!# &rin" rationation.
The# ma# pro(ie heat or@ a;on(eti(e transport o isso!(e an
&nisso!(e (o!ati!es to the &po!a,4;
assimi!ation o roo ro0s an the
ores o o!er sto0s, ; e5tension o
the !ie o the ham4er to a!!o6
"eneration o a !ar"e (o!&me o
rh#o!iti ma"ma an emp!aement o
m&!tip!e intr&sions. The# ma# a!so
s&pp!# some !&5 o !ess so!&4!e,
espeia!!# s&!&ro&s , "ases .
E5amination o the histories o most
(o!anoes re(ea!s that the# ten to 4e
omp!e5 rather than simp!e , 6ith the
ommon o&rrene o repeate inetions
o ma"ma, stora"e o ma"ma at ierent
!e(e!s, an ma"mati e"assin" o&rrin"
&rin" perios o re!ati(e ?&iesene or
ati(it# . Ore eposits 6o&! 4e ar more
ommon i simp!epassi(e
r#sta!!i>ation o moest!# 6ater-rih ma"ma
near the s&rae pro&e an ore eposit. In
terms o inrease omp!e5it# 4e#on simp!e
r#sta!!i>ation o &po!a ma"ma, this moe!
on!# s&""ests that on(etion ais the
transport o (o!ati!es pro&e 4#
r#sta!!i>ation a!on" the 6a!!s an !oor an
rom &nerp!ate mai ma"ma. The
proesses o on(etion an (o!ati!e !&5in"
ma# ha(e he!pe transorm /o-poor ma"ma
78 ppm; into /o-rih ma"ma 7 < =ppm;,
an enrihment that other6ise 6o&! 4e
impossi4!e 4# r#sta! rationation a!one
. Simi!ar proesses ma# ha(e operate in the
parent ma"ma ham4ers o man# porph#r#
/o s#stems, a!tho&"h the e(iene or
theseproesses oten annot 4e o&n inminera!i>e &po!as a!one. Geohemia! ata
re(ie6e here s&""est that initia!!# hi"h
inompati4!e trae e!ement a4&nanes ma#4e
m&h !ess a a&se o minera!i>ation than
the a4o(e proesses. Ho6e(er, !&orine an
6ater ma# 4e important positi(e ee4a0
parameters as their onentrations inrease,
the# re&e the (isosit# o the ma"ma an
a!!o6 more rapi on(etion an a&m&!ation
o ore !&i omponents in the &po!a.
E5p!oration riteria or a "iant,hi"h-"rae eposit in!&e@
= . a tetoni settin" that iniates a
han"eo(er rom ompressiona! to
e5tensiona! tetonis,
2. thi0 ontinenta! r&st at the time
o eposit ormation ma# eno&ra"e
e5treme ierentiation an r&sta!
ontamination,
8. an isotopia!!# >one ma"ma
ham4er iniati(e o a !on"-!i(e
heat so&re,
*. a !ar"e, s&4-(o!ani, entra!-(ent
ash !o6ome s#stem that er&pte !ess
than = 0m8 o rh#o!ite, an
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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. hi"h nio4i&m onentrations 7 < 3
p p m ; i n a s & 4 a ! 0 a ! i n e ,
ma"netite-4earin" rh#o!ite.
ACKNOBEDGE/ENTS
Re(ie6s o this paper 4# J. :. H.Thompson an A. H. C!ar0 are "rate&!!#
a0no6!e"e . e appreiate the patiene
an he!p&!ness o the eitors - espeia!!#
$en hitin" . This 6or0 6as s&pporte 4#
NS: "rant EAR-)1*33* to JDK.
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Santia"o, Chi!e, IntermetP&4!iations,
p. 1-).
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Di0inson, .R. , an Pa#ne, .D. ,
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Ari>onaGeo! . So. Di"est, (o! . =*,
p.
2 =-22+.
$oo0strom, A.A. , Carten, R. $. , Shannon,
J.R. , an Smith, R.P. , =1)), Ori"ins
o 4imoa! !e&o"ranite-Iamproph#re
s&ites, C!ima5 an Re /o&ntain
porph#r# mo!#4en&m s#stems ,
Co!orao@ Petro!o"i an stronti&m
isotopi e(iene. Co!orao Shoo! o
/ines 9&arter!# , (o!. )8 , no. 2, p.
=-
22 .
$o&ton, S.B. , Cane!a, P.A. , einer, J.R. ,
an Joseph, J. , =1)3 , E5perimenta!
etermination o the partitionin" o
t&n"sten an mo!#4en&m 4et6een a
hi"h si!ia me!t an Ti-4earin"
minera!s . Geo! . So.
Ameria, A4strats 6ith Pro"rams ,
(o! . =1, p.
1+.
$o#!e, H., an Beith, H. $., =1)8, Geo!o"#
o the Tro&t Ba0e mo!#4en&m
eposit, $.C .. Canaian Inst. /in.
/eta!! . $&!! . (o!. 3+, no. )*1, p. = =
-
=2*.
$ro6n, P. , an Kah!ert, $. , =1)+, Geo!o"#
an minera!i>ation o the Re
/o&ntain porph#r# mo!#4en&m
eposit so&th-entra! %&0on. Canaian
E Inst. /in. /eta!!. , Speia! o!&me
83, p. 2))-213.
$&rt, D./., Sherian, /. :., $i0&n, J.. ,
an Christiansen E.H. , =1)2, Topa>
rh#o!ites--Distri4&tion, ori"in, an
si"niiane or e5p!oration. Eon.
Geo!., (o!. 33,p. = ) =)-=)8+.
Cameron, D.E. , $arrett, B. :. , an i!son,
J.C . , =1)+, Diso(er# o the Si!(er
Cree0 mo!#4enite eposit, Rio,
Co!orao. Amerian Inst. /in.
/eta!!.Petro!. En". , Trans. , (o!. 2),
p. 211-2=.
Cane!a, P.A., =1)1a, /a"mati ore-ormin"!&is, Thermo#nami an mass
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8==SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS8==
transer a!&!ations . o meta!
onentrations. in hitne# , J.A. ,
an Na!rett, A.J . , es . , Ore
eposition assoiate 6ith ma"mas.
Re(ie6s in Eon. Geo!. , (o! . *, p.
28-22= .
Cane!a, P. A . , =1)14, :e!si ma"mas,
(o!ati!es, an meta!!o"enesis. in
hitne#, J.A . , an Na!rett, A.J.
, es. , Ore eposition assoiate
6ith ma"mas. Re(ie6s in Eon. Geo!
. , (o!.
*, p. 228-288 .
Cane!a, P.A. an Ho!!an, H.D., =1)*, The
p artitionin" o opper an
mo!#4en&m 4et6een si!iate me!ts
an a?&eo&s !&is. Geohim.
Cosmohim. Ata , (o! . *), p. 838-
R 8).
Car!son , D.H. , an /o#e, :.J. , =11, The
Co!(i!!e i"neo&s omp!e5@ Pa!eo"ene
(o!anism, p!&tonism, an e5tension
in northeastern ashin"ton . in
Anerson , J.B. , e. , The nat&re an
ori"in o Cori!!eran ma"matism.
Geo!. So. Ameria, /emoir =3*, p.
83-81*.
Carmihae! , I.S. E. ,= 11=, The reo5 stateso 4asi an si!ii ma"mas@ a
re!etion o their so&re re"ionsM.
Contri4 . /inera! . Petro! . , (o!.
=+, p.
=21-=* = .
Carten,R. $. , Gera"ht#, E.P. , a!0er,$./. ,
an Shannon, J.R. , =1))a, C#!i
e(e!opment o i"neo&s eat&res an
their re!ationship to hi"h-temperat&re
h#rotherma! eat&res in the
Henerson porph#r# mo!#4en&meposit Co!orao. Eon. Geo!. , (o!.
)8, p. 2++-21+.
Carten ,R.$ . , Gera"ht#, E. P. , a!0er,$./. ,
an Shannon, J.R. , =1))a, C#!i
"eneration o 6ea0!# an ston"!#
minera!i>in" intr&sions in
the Henerson porph#r#
mo!#4en&m eposit, Co!orao @
Corre!ation o i"neo&s eat&res 6ith
hi"h-temperat&re h#rotherma!
a!teration. Eon . Geo!. , (o!.
2++-21+.
Carten,R.$. , a!0er,$. /. , Gera"ht#,
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8=2SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS8=2
an G&no6, A. J., =1))4,
Comparison o ie! 4ase st&ies o
the Henerson porph#r#
mo!#4en&m eposit, Co!orao ,
6ith e5perimenta! an theoretia!
moe!s o porph#r# s#stems. in
Ta#!or, R.P, an Stron", D. : . , es .
, Reent a(anes in the "eo!o"#
o "ranite-re!ate minera! eposits .
Canaian Inst. /in . /eta!! . , Speia!
o!&me 81, p. 8=-8++.
en , R.$. , hite, . H., an Stein, H.!. ,
in press, Hi"h-"rae "ranite-re!ate
/o s#stem @ C!assiiation an ori"in
. Geo!. Asso . Canaa, Speia!
Paper, I AGOD Coneren e - -
D epos i t /oe!in" Pro"ram.
stiansen, E.H. , an i!son, R.T. , =1)2,
The !assiiation an "enesis
o sto06or0 mo!#4en&m
eposits--A is&ssion. Eon. Geo!.,
(o!. 33.p.
=2-=22.
stiansen, E.H. , $&rt, D. /., an
Sherian /.:., =1)+, The "eo!o"#
o topa> rh#o!ites rom the
6estern 'nite States . Geo! . So.
Ameria, Speia! Paper2, )2p.
Christiansen, E. H ., St&0!ess, =.S . ,
:&n0ho&ser, /.J., an Ho6e!!, K. A. ,
=1)), Petro"enesis o rare-meta!
"ranites rom ep!ete r&sta!
so&res--an e5amp!e rom the
Ceno>oi o 6estern 'tah, 'SA. in
Ta#!or, R.P, an Stron", D.:., es . ,
Reent a(anes in the "eo!o"#
o "ranite-re!ate minera!
eposits. Canaian !nst. /in. /eta!!
. , Speia! o!&me 81,p. 83-82= .
Con"on, R.D. , an Nash, .P. , =11= ,
Er&pti(e pe"matite ma"ma@ Rh#o!ite
o the Hone#om4 Hi!!s, 'tah .
Amerian /inera!. , (o!. 3+, p.
=2+=-=23).
C#"an, G.B. , an Cho& , I-/in",
=1)3, Ca!i4ration o the 2-8
4&er. EOS, (o!. +),p. *= .
DePao!o, D.J. , =1) =, N in the Co!orao
:ront Ran"e an imp!iations orr&st
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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ormation an mant!e e(o!&tion inthe
Protero>oi . Nat&re , (o! . 21= ,p.
=18- =1+.
:armer, G.B. , an DePao!o , D. J . ,
=1)*, Ori"in o /eso>oi anTertiar# "ranite in the 6estern
'nite States an imp!iations or
pre-/eso>oi r&sta! str&t&re 2. N
an Sr isotopi st&ies o
&nminera!i>e an C&- an /o-
minera!i>e "ranite in the
Pream4rian raton. Jo&r. Geoph#s.
Res . , (o!. )1,p. =,=*=-=,=+.
Ganster, /.. , Do6sett, :. R . , an Ranta,
D.E. , =1)=, Geo!o"# o the /o&nt
Emmons eposit Va4s .W . Amerian
Inst. /in. /eta!! . Pet. En" . ,
Ann&a! /eetin" Pro"ram, p . 2= .
Ge#ti , A. , an Shon6ant, H.K. , =131,
$or(i0a--a possi4!e porph#r#
mo!#4en&m o&rrene 6ith the Os!o
rit,Nor6a# . Eon. Geo! . , (o!. 3*,
p.
=2= =-=22.
Ge#ti, A., an Thomasson, $., =1)*,
/o!#4en&m an preio&s meta!
minera!i>aiton at :!amme e!,
So&th East Green!an. Eon. Geo!. ,
(o!. 31 ,
p . =12=-=121
.
Gi!es , D.B. , an Thompson, T. $.,
=132, Petro!o"# an
minera!i>aion o a mo!#4en&m-
4earin" a!0a!i sto0, Sierra $!ana,
Ne6 /e5io . Geo! . So . Ameria
$&!! . , (o! . )8, p. 2=21-
2 =*).
Go(inara&, K. , =1)1, =1)1 ompi!ation
o 6or0in" (a!&es an samp!e
esription or 232 "eostanars.
Geostanars Ne6s!etter, (o!. = 8,
Speia! Iss&e,p.
=-= =8.
Ha!!, .E. , :rieman, 1 . : anNash, J.T.,
=13*, :!&i in!&sion an !i"ht sta4!e
isotope st o the C!ima5
mo!#4en&m eposits, Co!orao
. Eon. Geo!. , (o!. +1,p. ))*-1 = .
Hattori, K. , Arai, S. , :ranis, D./. , an
C!ar0e, D.$ . , =112, ariations o
sierophi!e an ha!ophi!e trae
e!ements amon" mant!e-eri(e
7/24/2019 Keith Christiansen 93 Giant Mo
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s&!phies etete 4# in- sit&
miro-PIE ana!#sis. EOS, (o!. 83 , '.
8** .
Heint>e, B. , =1) , Geo!o"# an
"eohemistr# o the
p or ph #r# sto 06or0
mo!#4en&m eposit at Tam4oras, Ba
Ne"ra one 7Per&; . Eon. Geo!. ,
(o!.
), p. 2 =1-223.
Hi!reth, ., =1)=, Graients in si!ii
ma"ma ham4ers @ Imp!iations
or !ithospheri ma"mati sm .
Jo&r . Geoph#s . Res. , (o!. )+, p.
=, =8-
=, =
12.Ho!!ister , .: . , = 1 3)4 ,
Porph#r# mo!#4en&m eposits . in
S&t&!o(, A . , e . , Internationa!
mo!#4en&m en#!opaeia =33)-
=13) , o!&me = . Santia"o, Chi!e,
Intermet P&4!iations,p. 23-2)).
H&son, T., Ar!;: J. G. , an /&th, K.G. ,
=1)=, Geohemistr# o intr&si(e
ro0s assoiate 6ith mo!#4enite
eposits , Kethi0an 9&aran"!e,
so&theastern A!as0a . Eon. Geo!. ,
(o!. 3+, p.
=22- =282.
Ih!en, P. /. , Tronnes, R. , an o0es, :./. ,
=1)2, /inera!i>ation, 6a!! ro0
a!teration an >onation o ore epositsassoiate 6ith the Drammen Granite
in the Os!o Re"ion , Nor6a# .
in E(ans, A. /. , e. ,
/eta!!i>ation assoiate 6ith ai
ma"matism. Chihester, John i!e# ,
p. = ==-=8+.
I(ano(a, G.:. , =1+8 , Content o tin,
t&n"sten, mo!#4en&m, in "ranites
en!osin" tin-t&n"sten eposits.
Geohemistr#, (o!. ), p. *12-.
Johnson, C./. , an :ririh, C.J. , =11,Non-monotoni hemia! an -: Sr,N, an P4 isotope >onations an
hetro"eniet# in the mai- to
si!ii-omposition ma"ma ham4er o
the Gri>>!# Pea0 T&, Co!orao.
Contri4 . /inera! . Petro! . , (o!. = ,
p.
+33-+1.
Johnson, C. /. , an Bipman, P.. , =1)),
Ori"in o meta!&mino&s an a!0a!ine
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SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS 8=88=8 SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
(o!ani ro0s o the Bati (o!ani
ie!, northern Rio Grane ri+!: Ne6
/e5io. Contri4. /inera!. Petro!.,
(o!. =, p. =3-=2).
Johnson, C./., C>amans0e, G.K., an
Bipman P. ., =1)1, Geohemistr#
o intr&si(e ro0s assoiate 6ith
the Batir (o!ani ie!, Ne6 /e5io,
an ontrasts 4et6een e(o!&tion o
p!&toni an (o!ani ro0s. Contri4.
/inera!. Petro!., (o!. =8, p. 1- =1.
Johnson , C. /., Bipman, P..,
an C>amans0e, =11, H, , Sr, N,
an P4 isotope "eohemistr# o the
Bati (o!ani ie! an o"eneti
intr&sions, Ne6 /e5io, an re!ations
4et6een e(o!&tion o a ontinenta!
ma"mati enter an
moiiations o the !ithosphere.
Contri4. /inera!. Petro!. , (o!. = *,
p. 11- =2*.
Keith, J.D., =1)2, /a"mati e(o!&tion o the
Pine Gro(e porph#r# mo!#4en&ms#stem, so&th6estern U!*;. &np&4!.Ph.D. thesis, Dni(.
isonsin, /aison, isonsin,
2*+ p.
Keith, J.D., Shan0s, D.e., III,
Arhi4a!, D. A., an :arrar, E.,=
1)+, o!ani an intr&si(e histor# o
the Pine Gro(e porph#r#
mo!#4en&m s#stem,
so&th6estern U!*;. Eon. Geo!., (o!.
)=, p. 8-33.
Keith, J.D. , an Shan0s, .C., III,
=1)), Chemia!e(o!&tion an
(o!ati!e &"aities o the Pine Gro(e
porph#r# mo!#4en&m an ash-!o6
t& s#stem,
so&th6estern U!*;. in Ta#!or, R.P,an Stron", D. :., es., Reent
a(anes in the "eo!o"# o
"ranite-re!ate minera! eposits.
Canaian Inst. /in. /eta!!., Speia!
o!&me 81, p. *2-*28.
Keith, I.D., (an /i!e!aar, ., C!ar0,
A. H. , an Ho"son, C.I., =1)1,
Granitoi te5t&res, ompositions, an
(o!ati!e &"aities assoiate 6ith the
ormation o t&n"sten-ominate s0arn
eposits. in hitne#, I. A.,an
Na!rett, A. J. , es., Ore eposition
assoiate 6ith ma"mas. Re(ie6s in
Eon. Geo!., (o!. *, p. 28-2.
Kepp!er, H., an #!!ie, P. I., =11=, Partitionin" o C&, Sn, /o,D, U:an Th 4et6een me!t an a?&eo&s
!&i in the s#stem hap!o"ranite-H2-
HC! an hap!o"ranite-H2-H:.
Contri4. /inera!. Petro!., (o!. =1, p.
=81- =
.
Kir0ham, R. ., /Carn, C., Prasa, N.,
Sore"aro!i, A. E., o0es, :./., an
ine, G ., =1)2, /o!#4en&m in
Canaa, Part 2@ /OB%:IBE--An
ine5-!e(e! omp&ter i!e o
mo!#4en&m eposits an o&rrenes
in Canaa. Geo!. S&r(. Canaa, Eon.
Geo!. Report 88, 2)p.
Knitte!, D. , an $&rton, C.K., =1), Po!o!Io
Is!an 7Phi!ippines;@ /o!#4en&m
minera!i>ation in an is!an ar. Eon.
Geo!., (o!. ), p. 2 =8-2 =).
Kooiman, G.J.A., /Beo, /.J., an
Sin!air, .D. , = 1)+,
Porph#r# t&n"sten-mo!#4en&m
ore4oies, po!#meta!!i (eins an
rep!aement 4oies, an tin-4earin"
"reisen >ones in the :ire
To6er one, /o&nt P!easant,
Ne6 $r&ns6i0. Eon. Geo!., (o!.
)=,p. =8+-=838.
Ko(a!en0o, . I., Antipin, .S., Kon&so(a,
. ., Smirno(a, %e.., Petro(, B.B.,
!a#0in, N. . , K&>netso(a, A.I.,
Kost#&0o(a, %e.S., an Pisars0a#a,
.A., =13), Partition oeiients o
!&orine, nio4i&m, tan ta!&m,
!anthan&m, #tter4i&m, #ttri&m, tin an
t&n"sten in on"onite. Geohemistr#
Inti., (o!. =, p. 28-2.
Ko(a!en0o, . I., Samo#!o(, . S. , an
Gore"!#a, A.., =1)=, o!ani
on"onites enrihe in rare e!ements.
Do0!a# A0aemia Na&0 SSSR, (o!.
2*+,p. )-+=.
K&roa, P.K. , an Sane!!, E.$., =1*,
Geohemistr# o mo!#4en&m.
Geohim. Cosmohim. Ata, (o!. +,
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8=* SEG SP-2 GIANT ORE DEPOSITS
p. 8-+8.
Beonarson, R.., D&n!ap, G., Star?&ist,
.B. , $ratton, G.P., /e#er, J.. ,
Os4orn, B .., At0in, S.A., /o!!in",
P.A., /oore, R.:., !more, S.D.,
=1)8, Pre!iminar# "eo!o"# an
mo!#4en&m eposits at 9&esta, Ne6