Kaum Muslimin Dan Teknologi Masa Lalu & Kini

Kaum Muslimin dan Teknologi Masa Lalu & Masa Kini

Kalamullah RamliRamadhan 2007

Intro

Islam's rich intellectual history … belies the image cast by recent world events.

The New York Times, 30Oct2001How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science

By Dennis Overbye

Yusuf: 111

111. Sesungguhnya pada kisah-kisah mereka itu terdapat pengajaran bagi orang-orang yang mempunyai akal. Al Qur'an itu bukanlah cerita yang dibuat-buat, akan tetapi membenarkan (kitab-kitab) yang sebelumnya dan menjelaskan segala sesuatu, dan sebagai petunjuk dan rahmat bagi kaum yang beriman.

Ali ‘Imron: 190

190. Sesungguhnya dalam penciptaan langit dan bumi, dan silih bergantinya malam dan siang terdapat tanda-tanda bagi orang-orang yang berakal,

The Golden Age

The Golden Age

The Golden Age

The Golden Age• 800AD

Mash'allah writes on the Astrolabe. He was one of the earliest astronomers and astrologers in Islam. Only one of his writings is extant in Arabic, but there are many medieval Latin and Hebrew translations of it. His most popular book in the Middle Ages was the `De scientia motus orbis,' translated by G. Cremonna in the twelfth century. Al-Tabari writes on Astronomy.

• 820ADMohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi writes Al-jabr wa'l Muqabalah, from which we derive the word "Algebra", which gives algorithms for finding the positive solutions to all equations of the first and second degree (linear and quadratic). Al-Khwarizmi was one of the first to compute astronomical and trigonometrical tables.

• 829ADAl-Mamun has an observatory built. His astronomers calculate the inclination of the ecliptic at 23 degree 33'. They also construct tables of planetary motion. The same scientists calculate the circumference of the earth, putting it at 20, 400 miles.

• 850ADSahl ibn Bishr writes on arithmetic, algebra, and astronomy.


Birth in Haran (Turkey) of Al-Batani (Albategnius). He is to introduce into Astronomy the use of Trigonometry, and carry extensive precise measurements. He also made a number of observations from 877 on, and in 880 compiled a catalogue of stars for that year. He determined astronomical coefficients with great accuracy, discovered the motion of the solar apsides, and wrote an astronomical treatise which remained authoritative until the sixteenth century. In his treatise is a trigonometrical summary that includes sines, tangents and cotangents. It contains a table of cotangents by degrees and a theorem equivalent to our formula giving the cosine of a side of a spherical triangle in function of the cosine of the opposite angle and of the sines and cosines of the other sides.

• 860ADAl-Kindi writes on Astronomy, geometrical and physiological optics; he also criticises alchemy. His writings on music are the earliest of their kind extant in Arabic; they include a notation for the determination of pitch.

• 870ADTabit ibn Qorra writes on Conics. The Three Brothers Banu Musa write on Geometry, and Astronomy. Among other works also attributed to them is one on the balance. Death of al-Kindi, philosopher and scientist.

• 880-909ADAl-Battani (Albategnius) calculates the length of the year and determines the precession of the equinoxes. Al-Razi (chemist and physicist) is the first scientist to make an accurate classification of chemical substances into mineral, vegetable, animal, and derivative. He also sub-classifies minerals into metals, spirits, salts, and stones. He also gives formulae for making metallic antimony, soap and many other substances. Al-Razi was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona and others. Most of the works of Al-Razi have been printed many times, in Venice in 1509, Paris in 1528 and 1548. His treatise on small pox was reprinted in 1745. Medical universities have relied primarily on his works for their courses.


Abu Kamil writes important works of Geometry and Algebra.Al-Misri writes on Geometry.

• 910ADAl-Nairizi writes on Geometry.Al-Faradi writes on Arithmetic.

• 940ADBirth of Abu'l Wafa. He worked at the observatory of Sharaf al-Daula. He made observations using a 20 ft quadrant and a 56 ft stone sextant. He wrote Theories of the Moon. He introduced in mathematics the Tangent ratio (opposite / adjacent sides of right triangle). He also developed spherical trigonometry.

• 945ADBirth in the town of Aurillac, in Auvergne (France) of Gerbert who later becomes Pope Sylvester II. He is the first European to introduce Islamic mathematics into Europe from Spain. He also introduces the abacus. He is seen as a magician and dies poisoned.

• 953ADJohn, a monk from Gorze, in Lorraine (Eastern France, on the German frontier) was sent by Emperor Otto I as ambassador to Muslim Cordova. Amidst a complex diplomatic process, he spent there three years. He met amongst others Bishop Recemundus, who was acquainted with Islamic learning. John of Gorze also brought back with him manuscripts which made Lorraine one of the first centres for the diffusion of Muslim science.


Al-Khazini writes on Geometry. Al-Khazini is also the author of Mizzan al-Hikma, one of the fundamental treatises on mechanics and physics of medieval times. It includes a theory of gravity; tables of densities, not only of solids but also of liquids. According to Al-Khazinini densities were also investigated by al-Biruni. Al-Khazini also describes the construction of a 24hr water clock designed for astronomical purposes.

• 961ADThis year appears the Calendar of Cordova. In this treatise, nearly nine centuries ahead of similar ones in Europe, can be found all science regarding soil use, irrigation, times for planting, harvests, actions against parasites and insects, farming administrative procedures at times of the year, and all details that regard farming in all its complexities.

• 977ADA hospital is founded in Baghdad. It employees 24 physicians, and includes a surgery and a department for eye diseases.

• 980ADBirth near Bukhara of Ibn Sina, who later writes The Canon of Medicine, in five volumes. The Latin translation of Ibn Sina was printed at Milan in 1473, at Padua (Italy) in 1476, and at Strasbourg (France) earlier. Abu'l Wafa writes important work on Trigonometry.

• 988AD• Beginning of Al-Azhar university.


Ibn Sina writes major book on Geometry; and another on arithmetic. Al-Majriti (from Madrid) writes on Geometry. He also wrote `some chapters indispensable for everyone who wishes to construct an astrolabe,' which includes a table of 21 stars entitled Table of the Places of the fixed stars.Hamid ibn Al-Khidr writes on Algebra, and on the Astrolabe. Ibn Al-Haytham writes on Geometry; and on algebra. Mansur ibn 'Ali writes on Trigonometry. Ibn Yunis writes on Astronomy. Al-Biruni writes a major work on mathematics.

• 1008AD The large astronomical tables are compiled by Ibn Yunus. These tables are accurate astronomical and mathematical tables based on 200 years of (naked eye) observations. Ibn Al-Haytham correctly explains how lenses work, and develops parabolic mirrors, similar to those used in today's reflecting telescopes.

• 1050-1059AD The Muslims introduce the decimal system into Spain.

• 1067AD Nizam Al-Mulk establishes the first college of Islam in Baghdad (Al-madrasa Al-nizamiyya).

• 1070-1089ADAl-Zarqali suggests that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, preceding Kepler by centuries.

• 1085AD Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, from the Muslims. This is an important centre of Islamic learning, and will become the centre of translation of Muslim science into Latin in the following century.

The Golden Age• 1106AD Birth of Ibn Bajja (Avempace). He is a Hispano Muslim. His main works are on physics. He also constructed a planetary

system. He died in Fez in 1139. • 1100AD Abu'l-Salt (from Spain) writes on Geometry. He also wrote on mechanics. During his long stay in Egypt (1096-1112) he

tried to raise a ship sunk at Alexandria, but failed. • 1111AD Death of al -Ghazali. He wrotes many treatises, including a classification of the sciences; and on the education of the

child.. He also criticised speculative theology and philosophy, and the Shi'ite Isma'iliyya. He was seen as a renewer of the Sunni faith.

• 1111AD Adelard of Bath, the first English scientist, studied at Toledo, Tours, Laon, the East, and who travelled through Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and beyond. Inspired by Muslim learning, he writes Questiones Naturales. It is one of the first writings towards what is now called the Scientific Method. He summarizes knowledge gained from Muslim sources including Acoustics, Botany, Meteorology, and Optics. Roughly this time, he also writes Rules of the Abacus and Usage of the Astrolabium.

• 1126AD Adelard of Bath translates Al-Khowarizmi's Astronomical Tables. At roughly this time, he also translates Al- Khwarizmi's Liber ysagogarum alchorismi (about arithmetic) from Arabic to Latin.

• 1127AD Liber regalis (al-Kitab al-Maliki) by Ali Abbas al-Majusti is translated by Stephen of Antioch. This follows an earlier incomplete translation by Constantine the African.

• 1130AD Adelard of Bath made a translation of Maslama's edition of AL-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables in 1126. • 1140AD Decree by Roger II, Norman king, that medicine may only be practiced by physicians with a government license. This

follows a practice already established in the Muslim world centuries before.

The Golden Age• 1143AD Robert of Chester translates the Koran into Latin, apparently the first to ever do this.This translation, however, is riddled

with distortions. • 1145AD Robert of Chester also translates Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra into Latin. • 1150AD Jabir Ibn Aflah died; He worked at Seville. He wrote Kitab al-Haia; and criticised the Ptolemaic theory of the planets. He

held that Mercury and Venus must have a perceptible parallax; Venus may happen to be exactly on the line joining the sun and the earth. He also invented the astronomical instrument called the turquet.

• 1158AD The University of Bologna formally founded in Italy. Like subsequent universities set up in Europe, they are fundamentally inspired by Islamic learning and science.

• 1167-1168AD The University of Oxford is formally set up in England, although it had begun lectures as early as 1133. The influence of Daniel of Morley and Jewish scholars inspired by Islamic learning is crucial to its development.

• 1170'sAD Italian scholar Gerard of Cremona translates nearly a hundred works, including treatises by al-Kindi, Thabit ibn Qurra, Al-Razi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina.

• 1175AD Birth of Michael Scott, also known as "the Wizard Michael Scott". He studies at Oxford and Paris. He learns Arabic. He lives in the Muslim influenced island of Sicily under Frederick II. He makes translations of Al-Bitruji.

• 1180AD Daniel Morley (or Merlai, Merlac, Marlach) from England. He was very much influenced by Islamic science. He made studies at Oxford; Paris and Toledo. He is credited of initiating learning at the University of Oxford.

• 1189AD Herault, France, has a paper mill established, likely the first in Europe, other than Spain. • 1198AD The philosopher Ibn Rushd; Averroes dies in Marrakesh, Morocco.

The Golden Age• 1200AD Around this time, Al-Bitruji who lived in Spain (most likely in Seville) wrote a mathematical theory of Astronomy. • 1202AD Leonardo Fibonacci (born in Pisa, Italy), who had been taught mathematics in Bejaia (Algeria), publishes "Liber abaci"

[Book of the Abacus"], the first European book to use "0" for Zero, and including his famous series 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55... known to us a Fibonacci's Sequence.

• 1217AD Michael Scott translates "Liber astronomiae" ["Book of Astronomy"] by al-Bitruji. • 1222AD Founding in Italy of the University of Padua, mainly dealing with medicine. Again Islamic influence is very strong. • 1224AD Founding in Italy of the University of Naples. • 1224AD The first Franciscans arrive at the University of Oxford, helping to spread Islamic learning acquired in Southern Europe. • 1229AD Founding in France of the University of Toulouse. • 1230AD Approximate date of founding, in Spain, of Salamanca University. • 1231AD Cambridge University is founded. • 1244AD Beginning of the University of Rome. • 1253AD Founding in Paris of the Sorbonne University • 1250sAD Ibn Bedr of Seville writes a collection of texts on Algebra. • 1250AD King Alfonso X of Castile orders the astronomical table compilation `The Alfonsine Tables,' based mostly on Islamic

learning, completed in 1272, and published in 1483. • 1253AD The Decimal System for numbers is introduced into England by Sacrobosco (John of Halifax).

The Golden Age• 1253AD The Decimal System for numbers is introduced into England by Sacrobosco (John of Halifax). • 1258AD Born around this year, died 1339, is Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi. He was best known for his Talkhis, a treatise on Arithmetic.

He also wrote about Algebra, the Astrolabe, Astronomy, Mensuration, and Proportion. • 1258AD The Mongols devastate Baghdad. The other centres of Islamic science had also just fallen (Cordova: 1236; Valencia: 1238,

and Seville: 1248). This is the beginning of the end for Muslim civilisation. • 1259AD Moses ben Tibbon (whose father and grandfather also did such translations) translated the Astronomy of Al-Bitruji [1200],

and probably also the Aritmetic of Al-Hassar, from Arabic to Hebrew. • 1259AD In Maragha, begins the building the Observatory of Nasir al-Din al Tusi. He will begin observations here, which will be

completed in 1272 and called Zij-i Ilkhani. • 1270AD "Perspectiva" ["Perspectives"] is published by Witelo (a German-Polish scholar). This treatise on optics, wholly based on Ibn

al-Haytham's earlier work rejects the Greek notion that rays travel from the eye to the thing seen. The work also covers geometrical optics, reflection, and refraction.

• 1279AD Al-Qalasadi, the last great Muslim mathematicians of Spain, is born near Granada. He writes about Arithmetic and original notions of Number Theory. He invented a new sign for radicals, and one for equality. He suggested a system of "ascending continued fractions."

• The Sicilian King, Charles of Anjou orders the translation of The "Liber continens" medical encyclopedia of Al-Razi. It is translated from Arabic to Latin by Moses Farachi.

• 1281AD "Nihayat al-idrak fi dirayat al-aflak", by Qutb al-Din al Shirazi, provides a non-Ptolemaic model of the Solar System, which uses uniform motions in a circle as much as possible. This is one of the sources of Copernicus subsequent theory.

What Next?

Scholars say science found such favor in medieval Islam for several reasons … another way to experience the unity of creation that was the central message of Islam

The New York Times, 30Oct2001How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science

By Dennis Overbye

What Next?

• Kembali ke Al-Quran – Ali ‘Imron:– 190. Sesungguhnya dalam penciptaan langit dan bumi, dan silih

bergantinya malam dan siang terdapat tanda-tanda bagi orang-orang yang berakal,

– 191. (yaitu) orang-orang yang mengingat Allah sambil berdiri atau duduk atau dalam keadaan berbaring dan mereka memikirkan tentang penciptaan langit dan bumi (seraya berkata): "Ya Tuhan kami, tiadalah Engkau menciptakan ini dengan sia-sia. Maha Suci Engkau, maka peliharalah kami dari siksa neraka.

– 192. Ya Tuhan kami, sesungguhnya barangsiapa yang Engkau masukkan ke dalam neraka, maka sungguh telah Engkau hinakan ia, dan tidak ada bagi orang-orang yang zalim seorang penolongpun.

What Next?

• Kembali ke Al-Quran – Ali ‘Imron:– 193. Ya Tuhan kami, sesungguhnya kami mendengar (seruan)

yang menyeru kepada iman (yaitu): "Berimanlah kamu kepada Tuhan-mu", maka kamipun beriman. Ya Tuhan kami ampunilah bagi kami dosa-dosa kami dan hapuskanlah dari kami kesalahan-kesalahan kami, dan wafatkanlah kami beserta orang-orang yang berbakti.

– 194. Ya Tuhan kami, berilah kami apa yang telah Engkau janjikan kepada kami dengan perantaraan rasul-rasul Engkau. Dan janganlah Engkau hinakan kami di hari kiamat. Sesungguhnya Engkau tidak menyalahi janji.“

What Next?

• Kembali ke Al-Quran – Ali ‘Imron:– 195. Maka Tuhan mereka memperkenankan permohonannya

(dengan berfirman), "Sesungguhnya Aku tidak menyia-nyiakan amal orang-orang yang beramal di antara kamu, baik laki-laki atau perempuan, (karena) sebagian kamu adalah turunan dari sebagian yang lain. Maka orang-orang yang berhijrah, yang diusir dari kampung halamannya, yang disakiti pada jalan-Ku, yang berperang dan yang dibunuh, pastilah akan Ku-hapuskan kesalahan-kesalahan mereka dan pastilah Aku masukkan mereka ke dalam surga yang mengalir sungai-sungai di bawahnya sebagai pahala di sisi Allah. Dan Allah pada sisi-Nya pahala yang baik."

Islam & Teknolgi Masa Kini• Personal: Al Baraday (IAEA), Abdussalaam

(Nobel Iptek), Habibie (Dirgantara)• Pakistan & Iran: Teknologi Nuklir• Indonesia:

– PLTN – Strategis! – PTDI – Strategis!– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle …. (mampu!)– Alutsista – Strategis! (PT. Dahana, PT. BBI,

Texmaco)– Berdiri di atas kekuatan sendiri (Ekonomi,

Pertanian, Telekomunikasi dan Informasi, Pertambangan, dlsb, … terakhir .. Politik)

Catatan Akhir

Dr. Yusuf Qardhowi:– Fardhu kifayah … kaum muslimin bisa

menekuni ilmu yang membuat dunia mereka tegak dan kokoh … agama mereka menjadi sebuah kebanggaan … umat menjadi pemimpin … mereka selalu siap untuk menghadapi counterpart-nya dan menggetarkan mereka dengan persiapan-persiapan yang dilakukan.

– Kaum muslimin mampu membentengi dirinya, mempertahankan tanah airnya, menjaga kehormatan dirinya.

Catatan Akhir

Dr. Yusuf Qardhowi: Al-Shohwah Al-Islamiyah– Membicarakan kemuliaan masa lalu adalah

baik, selama mendorong kita untuk terus berpacu dalam koridor kemuliaan itu. Kita harus memiliki peran dalam menciptakan kemuliaan dan tidak hanya mengumbar kata membicarakannya.

Catatan Akhir

Dr. Yusuf Qardhowi: Al-Shohwah Al-Islamiyah– … menyanyikan kemuliaan masa lalu di bidang

ilmu pengetahuan, kebudayaan, dan peradaban yang pernah dicapai oleh para pendahulu. … tidak akan bisa mendatangkan manfaat bagi masa kini, kalau kita tidak bisa meneruskan kejayaan itu dalam dunia nyata sekarang.

– … yang membuat kita eksis hanya perbuatan kita hari ini, bukan prestasi yang pernah dicapai oleh nenek moyang di masa lalu

Kaum Muslimin Dan Teknologi Masa Lalu & Kini

Documents