Katsushita Hokusai painted the Tsunami wave off Kanagawa ... teoricas/Tema 03... · Tremor de Terra e Tsunami ... Richter Approximate Magnitude Approximate TNT for Seismic Energy

Katsushita Hokusai painted the Tsunami wave off Kanagawa in 1829-1833

Tremor de Terra e Tsunami – Japão 11 de Março de 2011

Imagens : http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsanim/world/

A superfície da Terra compreende sete placas maiores e algumasplacas menores e, com o tempo, todas elas variam de dimensão eforma.

As velocidades símicas observadas na crosta e na cunha de manto,acima de placas mergulhantes, são reduzidas, tal como se mostraaqui para o Arco do Japão. As duas zonas de baixa velocidade nacrosta estão correlacionadas com vulcanismo activo no arco, eprovavelmente correspondem a sistemas de injecção de magma.

Zonas mais profundas com velocidade sísmica reduzida (> 30km)podem representar rochas ultramáficas parcialmente fundidas,como consequência da transferência de voláteis da placadescendente, que reduz os pontos de fusão das rochas das cunhasde manto..

Púrpura – zonas de subduçãoVerde – falhas transformantes

Richter

Approximate Magnitude

Approximate TNT for

Seismic Energy YieldJoule equivalent Example

0.0 15.0 g (0.529 oz) 63.1 kJ

0.5 84.4 g (2.98 oz) 355 kJ Large hand grenade

1.0 474 g (1.05 lb) 2.00 MJ Construction site blast

1.5 2.67 kg (5.88 lb) 11.2 MJ World War II conventional bombs

2.0 15.0 kg (33.1 lb) 63.1 MJ Late World War II conventional bombs

2.5 84.4 kg (186 lb) 355 MJ World War II blockbuster bomb

3.0 474 kg (1.05×103 lb) 2.00 GJ Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb

3.5 2.67 metric tons 11.2 GJ Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 1986

4.0 15.0 metric tons 63.1 GJ Small atomic bomb

4.5 84.4 metric tons 355 GJ

5.0 474 metric tons 2.00 TJ

Seismic yield of Nagasaki atomic bomb (Total

yield including air yield 21 kT, 88 TJ)

Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008

2010 Central Canada earthquake[10][11]

5.5 2.67 kilotons 11.2 TJ

Little Skull Mtn. earthquake (Nevada, USA),

1992

Alum Rock earthquake (California, USA),

2007

2008 Chino Hills earthquake (Los Angeles,

USA)

6.0 15.0 kilotons 63.1 TJDouble Spring Flat earthquake (Nevada,

USA), 1994

6.3 42.3 kilotons 178 TJ Christchurch (New Zealand), 2011

6.5 84.4 kilotons 355 TJ

Caracas (Venezuela), 1967

Rhodes (Greece), 2008

Eureka Earthquake (Humboldt County,

California, USA), 2010

Southeast of Taiwan (270 km)]]

6.6 119 kilotons 501 TJSan Fernando earthquake (California, USA),

1971

6.7 168 kilotons 708 TJNorthridge earthquake (California, USA),

1994

6.8 238 kilotons 1.00 PJ Gisborne earthquake (Gisborne, NZ), 2007

6.9 336 kilotons 1.41 PJ

San Francisco Bay Area earthquake

(California, USA), 1989

Pichilemu earthquake (Cardenal Caro

Province, O'Higgins Region, Chile), 2010

7.0 474 kilotons 2.00 PJJava earthquake (Indonesia), 2009

2010 Haiti earthquake

7.1 670 kilotons 2.82 PJ1944 San Juan earthquake

2010 Canterbury earthquake (New Zealand)

7.2 938 kilotons 3.98 PJ1977 Vrancea earthquake (Romania)

2010 Baja California earthquake

7.5 2.67 megatons 11.2 PJKashmir earthquake (Pakistan), 2005

Antofagasta earthquake (Chile), 2007

ESCALA DE RICHTER