Katarina Strbac, Veljko Blagojevic, Branislav ... - BazHum MuzHP

Katarina Strbac, Veljko Blagojevic,Branislav Milosavljevic

Legislative framework of the privatesecurity sector in the Republic ofSerbiaSecurity Dimensions. International & National Studies nr 1 (13), 63-75

2015

63

legislative framework of tHe Private seCurity seCtor in the rePublic of Serbia

katarina ŠtrbaC, PhDMinistry of Defence of the Republic of Serbia, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

velJko blagoJeviC maBelgrade University, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

branislav milosavlJević maMegatrend University, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

ABSTRACT

Thelegislativeframeworkfortheprotectionofpersonsandpropertyintherepublicofserbiahasevolvedwithtimeandhasalwaysbeendeterminedbythecharacterofsocietalandeconomicrelationsinsociety.hence,historicallyspeaking,therehavebeenperiodswhenthesystemofprotectionofpersonsandpropertyremainedunregulated;what’smore,someoftheexistingformsofprotectionwerescrappedandhence,fromthelegalstandpoint,allcompaniesremainedunprotected.itisinterestingtonotethatthefirstprivatecompaniesinserbiawereengagedinactivitiesthatwouldtodaybebrandedasconsultingservices.

ARTICLE INFO

Article historyreceived:07.11.2014accepted16.02.2015

Keywordsprivatesecurity,law,protectionofpersons,property,business

SECURITY DIMENSIONSintErnationaL & nationaL studiEs

NO.13;2015(63–75)

A ReTROsPeCTiVe Of The PRiVATe seCuRiTy seCTOR in The RePuBliC Of seRBiATherootsofprivatesecurityinserbiagobacktothepostWWiperiod,whenthefirstprivatecompanieswereestablished inbelgrade.Thelatterdidn’thaveaconcessionofstateauthor-itiesforprovidingtheservicesofphysicalpro-tection and security of private and legal per-sons.Thefirstprivatesecurityinstitution(thencalled the police) was established in 1922inbelgrade,underthenameMikton.Thecom-panywasfoundedbyaformerpoliceemploy-ee. Mikton may be branded the first private

detective agency in serbia. in 1924, the firstprivatecompanyforphysicalsecuritywases-tablished,also inbelgrade.inadditiontopro-tection, itwasengaged in fire security, underthe name of Police and investigative bureau“security”.Thefirstcorporatesecuritycompa-nywas “kredit-inform,Trade intelligence andCollectioninstitute”,foundedin1928.Thecompanyprovidedintelligencetoclients

soas toavert risky investmentsand financialplacements.afterWW2, thelawon thePeo-ple’sPolicedefinedthePeople’sPoliceastheexecutiveauthorityof thestateadministrationinpeople’srepublicsandadministrativeterrito-

64

legislative framework of tHe Private seCurity seCtor in tHe rePubliC of serbiakatarina Štrbac et al.

rialunits, taskedwithmaintainingpublicorderand peace, state, social and private propertyandthesecurityofcitizens,aswellaswithhelp-ingtheauthoritiestoprotectthelegalsystem.Furthermore,theMinisterofinternalaffairswasauthorizedtoenactrulesprescribingtheforma-tionofspecialbranchesofthePeople’sPolicefortherealizationoftasksfromthecompetenceoftheFPrY.hence,the“industrial-institutionalPeople’sPolice1wasformedinindustrialcom-panies,institutesandinstitutions.The industrial-institutional People’s Police

wastaskedbylawtoprovidethefollowingser-vices: security of buildings, installations and assetsofcompanies,institutesandinstitutions;surveillanceofsuspectindividualsintheprem-isesandareasofcompanies,institutesandin-stitutions;preventionanddiscoveryofeconom-icsabotage;thecontrolofenforcementofpub-licorderregulations;controllingtheimmediatearea of companies, institutes and institutions;reporting the perpetrators of felonies and of-fenders to the competent authorities; controloffireregulationscomplianceandparticipationinfireextinguishingactivitiesandwhereappro-priateengagingingeneralpolicingactivitiesintheareasofcompanies,institutesorinstitution2.The industrial-institutional People’s Police

wasestablishedincompaniesandinstitutesofimportanceforthenationaleconomyandinin-stitutions of public relevance, based on deci-sionspassedbytheheadsofinternalaffairsde-partmentsandunderagreementsenteredintowith themanagement of the relevant compa-nies,institutesorinstitutions.suchagreementsdeterminedtheheadcountof theindustrial-in-stitutionalPeople’sPolice,supplyofprovisionsto the industrial-institutional People’s Police,itscompetencesandcoststobebornebytheabove-mentionedlegalentities.hence,theac-tivitiesofthePolicewereperformedunderthe

1 Law on the People’s Police„OfficialgazetteoftheFPrY“,no.101/46

2NikačŽ.,Pavlovićg.:Private Security Law,CriminalPoliceacademy,belgrade,2012,page92

controloftheseentities’managements,name-lytheinternalaffairsdepartmentsofmunicipalcommittees.One of the tasks of the industri-al-institutionalPeople’sPolicewastouncoverandaverteconomicsabotageincompanies,in-stitutesandinstitutesofgeneralimportance.in-ternalaffairsauthoritieshadtheirforwardbod-iestaskedwithidentifyingspies,saboteursanddiversionists, preventing robberies, fraud andother crimes. The industrial-institutional Peo-ple’sPolicealsooperatedinlinewithstrictle-galrequirementsastorecruitment,education,oath-taking,cessationofservice,criminal,dis-ciplinaryandotherresponsibility.however, on theeveof theadoptionof the

internalaffairsauthoritiesact in1951, the in-dustrial-institutional People’s Police was dis-bandedandasortofalegalvacuumemergedintermsofthecompetencesandpowersofse-curity services. the internal affairs authorities act3from1956specifiedthedutiesofthePeo-ple’sPolice,which,asopposedtothepreviousperiod,determinedatthelevelofgeneraltasks.hence, itwas tasked todirectlyprotectsocialandpersonalproperty,whiletheuseoffirearmsinperformingthesetaskswaslimitedtorepel-ling an attack on the protected facility and/orpropertyofsubstantialvalue.Withaimtoalignpractices,therulebookon

theserviceforthesecurityofPropertyofEco-nomic Organizations and institutions4 wasadopted in 1963, which established the jointcompetence, rights, obligationsandorganiza-tionalprinciplesof thesecurityserviceon theentireterritoryofthethenYugoslavia,whilesu-pervisionand the initiative for the introductionoftheservicewereinthecompetenceofinter-nalaffairsauthorities.Theamendmentstofed-eral,republicandprovincialregulationsin1967reduced the security services and bodies to

3Internal Affairs Authorities Act „Official gazette of theFPrY“,no.30/56.

4Rulebook on the Divisions for the Protection of Property of Economic Organizations and Institutions „OfficialgazetteoftheFPrY“,no.5/63

SECURITY DIMENSIONS 13

65

municipalsecretariats,underthedominant in-fluence of local authorities in terms of opera-tions,appointmentofmanagement,headcountandotherissues.Companieswerevestedwithregulating these matters by their regulations,whiletheservicesfortheprotectionofpeople,propertyandthebusinessofcompanieswereexemptedfromthecompetenceof internalaf-fairs bodies5.The period between 1973 and 1990 was

markedbytheintroductioninthesystemofthethenYugoslaviaoftheconceptoftheso-called“social self-Defence”6 with two laws regulat-ing thatarea: thelawon thebasisofsocialself-Defence7 and the law on thesystem ofsocialself-Defence8.Thelawonthebasisofsocial self-Defence was in effect until 1986,inaperioddominatedbytheconceptofsocialpropertyandhencetheentiresystemwassetupsoas toprotect that formofproperty.Thesaidlawregulatedtheorganization,rightsandobligationsof thesocialself-Defenceserviceandall companieshad tohaveonesuchde-partmentorganizedinternally;othercompanieswere obligated to have in place physical andtechnical security of facilities.The law on the system of social self-De-

fencefrom1986repelledthepreviouslawonthe basis of social self-Defence from 1973.Themostimportantnoveltiesconcernedtheim-plementationofphysicalandtechnicalsecurityby only those organizations that are registered for theperformanceof physical and technicalsecurity of facilities and assets. Furthermore,thelawwidenedthepowersofdirectphysicalsecuritydivisions,namelytherighttoestablish

5NikačŽ.,Pavlovićg.:Private Security Law,CriminalPoliceacademy,belgrade,2012,page93

6Moreextensivelyabouttheconceptsee:Nikač,Željko,The Concept of Community Policing and Initial Experiences in Serbia,CriminalPoliceacademy,belgrade,2012,page50–51.

7Law on the Basis of Social Self-Defense „Officialgazetteoftherepublicofserbia“,no.39/73.

8Law on the System of Social Self-Defense„Officialgazetteoftherepublicofserbia“,no.14/86.

theidentityofpersons,whilethepowertopassregulationsontheuseof firearmsbypersonsperforming the tasks of physical securitywasvestedwiththeinternalaffairsauthorityattheleveloftherepublic9.Finally, the law on thesocial self-Defence

systemceased to applywith the coming intoforceofthelawontheCessationoftheValidityofspecificlawsandotherregulations,whilelegislation that would comprehensively regu-late the area of people and property securitywasn’tadoptedformanyyearstocome10.serbiawasuntil recently theonlycountry in

southeast Europe that didn’t have a specificlawregulatingtheprivatesecuritysector.amidthe absence of a single law thatwould regu-late comprehensively andprecisely theentireprivatesecuritysector, theactivitiesofsecuri-tycompaniesweregovernedbyseveraldiffer-entlaws.Theprocedureandtherequirementsfor the registration of private security compa-nies are identical to those needed for register-inganyothereconomicentity,althoughprivatesecurityprovideveryspecificservicesthatalsoinvolvetheuseoffirearms.The services offered by the private security

sectorasawholemaybedividedinthreecat-egories:protectionofproperty,includingstaticsecurity,rapidresponseandsecurityofmoneytransportsandothervaluables;securityofpeo-pleandpersonalprotectionofViPsandprivateinvestigations, including locatingmissing per-sonsorassets.inthescopeofthesedomains,thequalityand rangeofservicesprovidedbycompaniesverymuchvary11. the activities of private security companies are regulated byseveral different lawsand inparticular by the

9boškovićM.;kekovićz.:securityofPersons,PropertyandbusinessofCompanies, higher school of internal affairs, belgrade,2000,page18-36.

10Law on the Cessation of the Validity of Specific Laws and other Regulations„Officialgazetteoftherepublicofser-bia“,no.18/93.

11Page,Michael;rynn,simon;Taylor,zack;Wood,David,salWandPrivatesecurityCompaniesinsouthEasternEurope:acauseoreffectofinsecurity?,op. cit.,p.89.

66


law onarms andammunition12, the law onthePreventionofViolenceandMisconductonsportEvents13andthelawandDecreeontheClassification of activities14.

with the cessation of the validity the above-mentioned laws, after more than twodecadesserbiastilldoesn’thaveaspecificlawin this field.This hasnaturally led to amajorlegalgapanduncertaintyintheworkofprivatesecurity, particularly in applying certain pow-ers and each time a lawwas announced thehopewas thesematterswouldsoonberegu-lated inasatisfactorymanner.Themattersofprivate security have only been regulated re-centlywiththeadoptionofthelawonPrivatesecurityandthelawonDetectiveactivity.Wearefacingaperiodwhentheselawswillactu-allybeimplementedandthenecessarybylawsadoptedandwebelieveitwillcontributetotheperformanceof theseactivities ina legitimateandprofessionalway.

The CuRRenT lAW On PRiVATe seCuRiTy in The RePuBliC Of seRBiATheapplicableprovisionsintheareaofprivatesecurityintherepublicofserbiaarecontainedinthelawonPrivatesecurity.Theactivitypro-vided for by the said lawmay be performedby legal personsandentrepreneurs possess-ingtherequiredlicense,fortheexecutionofthefollowingtasks:1.riskassessmentinprovidingsecuritytoper-sons,propertyandbusiness;

2.Protectionofpeopleandpropertybyphysicalandtechnicalmeans,aswellasmaintainingorderonpublicgatherings,sporteventsandotherplacesofcitizens’assembly,inthepart

12Law on Arms and Ammunition„Officialgazetteofthers“,no.9/92,53/93,67/93,48/94,44/98,39/03,85/05,101/05,27/11.

13Law on Prevention of Violence and Misconduct on Sports Events „Official gazette of the rs“, no. 67/03, 101/05,90/07,72/09,111/09

14Law on the Classification of Activities(„Officialgazetteofthers“,no.104/09)andDecree on the Clasiffication of Activities („Officialgazetteofthers“,no.54/2010).

thatisnotinthecompetenceoftheMinistryofinternalaffairs;

3.Planning, design and control of the systemoftechnicalsecurity, installation,puttingintooperation,maintenanceandtrainingofusers;

4.security of money transports and insuredparcelsinthepartthatisnotinthecompe-tence of the Ministry of internal affairs15.the Ministry of internal affairs is authorized

toissuelicensestoprivatesecuritycompaniesin serbia. the licenses are issued in accordance withspecificcriteriaforeachoftheactivitiesthecompaniesareengagedin.hence,acompanymight have a license for all types of activitiesprovidedforbythelaw,butonlyforoneoftheforeseen activities, e.g. for the tasks of securing moneyand/orinsuredparceltransports.

the criteria for the issuance of license to le-gal persons, namely to entrepreneurs eligibleforeachsinglelicense,includethefollowing:

that they are registered in the Business reg-isterintherepublicofserbiaundertheappro-priateactivitycode;1.To have a job classification act, with a de-scriptionof jobsandauthorizedemployeesforeachworkplace.

2.Tohaveanactdescribinginmoredetailtheuniform worn by security workers and thesign and

3.To have a responsible person appointed,(whichmustfitthefollowingcriteria:tobeanadultcitizenoftherepublicofserbia,phys-icallyandmentallyfitforthejob,tohavetherequisite qualifications, to have passed therequired security checks by the competentstate authorities and to hold a license for the performanceofprivatesecurityservices);

4.Tohaveadequatepremises;5.Tohaveseparatepremisesforthestorageof arms and ammunitions, as prescribedbytheMinisterofinternalaffairsinaspe-cial ordinance.

15ibidem,article6.


67

The license for legalandnaturalpersons isvalid for fiveyearsandprovided therearenochanges to the criteria for issuance it is extend-edattherequestoftheholder.Forpreventionpurposesinthecaseofmisuseoftheworkofprivate security companies, an express banonmediationactivitiesincollectingclaimshasbeenprovidedforinarticle7ofthelaw.Privatesecuritycompaniesinserbiamayen-

gage in activities they are licensed for and sole-lyonthegroundsofawrittenagreement.Thelattermustincludethefollowingelements:sub-jectmatteroftheagreement,compliancewithcontractualobligations,powersoftheemploy-ees,thenumberofemployeesandrelatedworkplaces,thetypeandquantityofarmamentsandequipment,thetermoftheagreement,degreeof confidentiality and use of confidential infor-mation.Thecompetentpolicedirectoratemustbeinformedabouttheexistenceoftheagree-mentinlinewiththesaidlaw.Thepersondis-charging the duties related to facilities security mustbedressedinaccordancewiththeactofthe company that has been presented to thepolicedirectorate.The legislator in therepublicofserbiahas

provided that armed security of facilitiesmaybe performed in relation to facilities requiringmandatory security, banksandother financialorganizations operating with money and val-uables, facilitieswhereweapons, ammunitionanddangerousmaterialsarestored,aswellasinsimilarfacilities.according to this law, legal persons and

private security entrepreneurs may performordermaintenance functions at: public gath-erings, in accordance with regulations gov-erning public assemblies; sports events; aswellasinplacesandfacilitieswherecitizensgather for entertainment,music, cultural andother programs. The law stipulates that se-curityemployeesshallperformtheirdutiesun-armed; furthermore, foreachfull-timesecuri-tyemployee,theprivatesecurityentrepreneurmayoccasionallyand temporarilyemployan

extra ten (10) security personnelwith anor-der-maintenancelicense.

Violentbehaviouronsportorpubliceventsinre-publicserbia

Furthermore, the law says that when a le-gal person and private security entrepreneur,while performing order maintenance servic-es at a public gathering, engagesmore thanthreesecuritypersonnel,theyshallmakease-curityplan,which theorganizerof thegather-ingmustfurnishtothepolicedirectorateseat-edintheterritorywherethepublicgatheringisscheduled and held. such plan must includeaschedulewiththenumberandlocationofse-curityguards,informationabouttheauthorizedpersonthatwillmanagethesecuritypersonnelduring thepublicgatheringand themeansofcommunicationwiththatperson.Whileonduty,thesecuritypersonnelmustwearuniformsandbeequippedwithstandardizedjacketsorvestswithreflectivebandsandtheinscription“stew-ard”or “security”. Thedraftlawalso forbidssecuritypersonnelonpublicgatheringstoman-agetrafficoutsideofthelimitsoftheprotectedarea and orders them to abide by the ordersoftheauthorizedpoliceofficers,inaccordancewiththesecurityplan.accordingtothelaw, legalpersonsandpri-

vatesecurityentrepreneursmayprovideescortservicesandsecurityoftransportofmoney,in-sured and other parcels only if they possessnolessthanonespecialtransportationvehicle,

68


whichmusthaveapermitforcharterroadtrans-portation;bemarkedinkeepingwiththeproperregulations; have constant two-way communi-cationwiththecontrolcentreandthepersonnelleavingthetransportationvehicleforthetakeo-ver/handoverofvaluables (gsMnetworkand/orradionetworkwithownfrequencyandtrans-mitters);tohaveagPsdeviceinstalledforsat-ellite navigation and remote monitoring fromits own control centre; have installed a panicbuttonwithautomatictracing;tohaveinstalleda system of electrochemical protection of themoney in transport (safe boxes for the trans-portationofsealedmoneybagsandalarmsforautomaticand/orremoteactivationofthesirenand coloured smoke cartridges in the case ofunauthorized access to the contents) or have armouredorspeciallyreinforcedbody,tiresandglass and a mechanical safe box for money,speciallyadaptedforinstallationinthevehicle;aswellashaveamobilesystemofvideosur-veillanceofthevehicle.Thecrewofthetrans-portationvehicleshallcompriseadriverandatleastoneescortandallmembersof thecrewmustbeemployedby thesamesecuritycom-pany.Furthermore,allmembersofthecrewandescortsmustbearmedwiththeprescribedtypeoffirearmsandequippedinaccordancewithoc-cupationalsafetyandhealthregulations.Thelawspecifiestheconditionsunderwhich

security of installationsmay be providedwitharmedpersonnel: in thecaseof facilitieswithmandatorysecurity;banksandother financialorganizations dealing with money and valua-bles - particularly post offices, savings banksand exchange offices; facilities storing weap-ons,explosive,radioactive,flammableandtox-icmaterialinsubstantialquantities;aswellasfacilities storing goods of substantial value.For the performance of physical securi-

ty activities, legal personsandprivate securi-ty entrepreneursmay possess semi-automat-ic weapons – a single-action semi-automatic9mm calibre pistol, able to fire a single bul-letforeverypulling.Furthermore,therearere-

strictions to thepurchaseofweapons: the le-gal person providing private security servicesmaynotpossessanumberoffirearmsgreaterthanonehalfofthenumberofsecurityperson-nel possessing a license for the performanceofspecialisttasksofarmedsecuritypersonnel.Weaponspurchasesaresubjecttoanapprovalby the Ministry.

Moreover, there is a restriction related to carryingarmsandammunitionstipulating thatsecurity personnel engaged in physical pro-tectionof people, propertyandbusinessmaycarry firearms only in the protected facility orareaandonthebasisofanapprovalissuedbytheMinistry, during the direct performance ofthese tasks. Exceptionally, security personnelmaycarryarmsoutsideoftheprotectedfacilityorarea:whentheyareperforming/securingthetransportation of money and insured parcels,onlyduringthetimeandalongthetransporta-tionroute;whentheyperformmoneytransporton foot, on route only; while providing physi-calprotectionofpeople;duringaninterventionwithintheinterventionteam;duringanemmer-gencywhileonduty.

the said restrictions to the carriage and use of firearmsare justifiedwhen considering theratioof thenumberofpolice forces to thatofsecuritypersonnel,asdepictedbelow.

COMPARATiVe AnAlysis Of PRiVATe seCuRiTy in sOuTheAsT euROPeThe private security sector in the Republic of CroatiaisregulatedbythelawonsecurityofPeopleandPropertyandDetectiveactivityandthelawonPrivatesecurity.Theinspector-


69

ate of the Ministry of internal affairs is in charge ofcompanyregistration,issuanceofoperatinglicensesandcontroloftheworkofthissector.• inorderforalegalpersontoberegisteredasasecurityservicescompany,itmust:

• beregisteredwiththeCommercialCourt;• registeraresponsiblepersoninthecompany;• establish the organization structure of the company;

• registeranarmoury;and• determinethedesignofemployeeuniforms,whichmustdifferfromthatofstateauthorities.applicantsforemploymentinthenon-state

securitysectorshallbesubjecttothefollow-ingrequirements:• they must have residence in the republicinCroatia,whichdoesnotmeanthepersonmustbeacitizenoftherepublicofCroatia;

• theymustpossesstheproperqualifications;• theymustbephysicallyandmentallyaptforwork;

• theymustnothaveacriminalrecord,nortobe under investigation and must not havebeen convicted for violent offences in the last threeyears;

• theymusthavepassedasecuritycheckofthecompetentsecurityagency;

• theymust speak Croatian and write in thelatinalphabet.Theregulationsgoverningthepowersofse-

curity personnel have distinguished betweentwo types of personnel: security guards, asa lower-ranking employees and security of-ficers,ashigher-rankingemployees.Thatsta-tusdetermines thepowerssecuritypersonnelhave: issuingawarning;checking the identityofpersonsentering/leaving the facility; retain-ing the perpetrator of a criminal offense andwitnessesuntilthearrivalofthepolice;physicalchecksofpeople,vehiclesandobjectsat theentranceoftheprotectedfacility;useoftraineddogsforattackand/ordefinesiftheconditionsaremet for the use of force or firearms; useof force in the case of a clear illegitimate at-tackagainstthesecuritypersonnelorprotect-

ed persons or when the attack on protectedpropertyhastakenplace;useoffirearmsonlywhenthereisnootherwaytoprotectpersonsor facilities.all security personnel must havea license for carrying firearms in accordancewiththeFirearmsactandtheymaybearmedonlyinthefollowingcircumstances:iftheyaredefendingfinancialinstitutions;iftheyworkasbodyguards;iftheyareprotectingfacilitieswithradioactivewasteandotherharmfulsubstanc-es;iftheyareprotectingthetransportofmoneyand other valuables and if they are defending a national defence facility.Thelawrequires theemployeesof thenon-

state security sector to undergo training and passanexaminationinanauthorizedinstitution.Candidateswithsecondaryschoolqualificationsshallattendmandatory40-hourcoursesforse-curityguardsor80hoursforsecurityofficers.Noadditionaltrainingisprovidedfordetectivework,but merely passing an examination. however,former members of the police, military police,state security service, former court and prisonguards and court enforcement agents are ex-emptedfromtheexaminationiftheyhavethreeyearsofexperienceinsecurityjobs.Onthedayoftheaccessionoftherepublic

ofCroatiatotheEuropeanunion,legalpersonsandentrepreneursfromEumembercountriesand states signatories of theEEaagreementhavebeenenabledtoprovideprivatesecurityservices,subjecttopossessinganapprovalfortheperformanceofthesaidtasksissuedbythestatewheretheyareseated.

The private security sector in the Republic of Montenegrowasregulatedin2005,withtheadoptionofthelawontheProtectionofPeopleandProperty,governingthecriteriaandperfor-manceofactivitiesandtasksrelatedtothepro-tectionofpersons,propertyandgoodsthatareoutsideofthecompetenceofthestate,aswellas thepowersofpersonsperformingsecuritytasks,themandatoryorganizationofthesecu-rity service, organizations of the internal securi-ty services and oversight of the security activity.

70


accordingtotheaforementionedlaw,physicalandtechnicalprotectionservicesintherepub-licofMontenegromaybeperformedbycom-paniesandentrepreneurs.Theseservicesmaybeprovidedonlybasedonawrittenagreementbetweentheclientandtheentrepreneurprovid-ing internalphysicalsecurity for theprotectedfacility.(kesićz.2009:159-160)under the law on theProtection of People

andProperty, security personnel are prohibit-ed,during theperformanceof thesaidactivi-ties,tofollowthirdparties,performsurveillanceinpublicareas,withoutorwith theuseof re-cordingdevices,tocollectpersonaldatawith-outtheconsentof theperson,takemeasuresconstituting,intermsofcontent,policepowersandperformsecurityservicesinawaythatdis-turbsthirdparties.securityentitiesintherepublicofMontene-

gromayprocurefirearmsfortheperformanceoftheiractivitiesnotmorethanforhalfoftheirpersonnelemployedonphysicalsecurityjobs.Theyareallowedtopurchase7,62to9mmpis-tolsandrevolvers,aswellaslongfirearmswithrifled barrels and the necessary quantities ofammunitionforsuchfirearms.securityperson-nelshallwearuniformsthatmustnotbesimilarincolour,designandmarkingstotheuniformsofthepolice,armyorothercivilservants.Theyshall also wear badges to prove their status,whichbadge is issuedby thecompany regis-teredfortheprovisionofsecurityservices.se-curitypersonnelmayusefirearmsonlyincasesofself-defence.The said law stopped short of specifying if

thesecurityandprotectionofforeigndiplomaticandconsularofficesintherepublicofMonte-negromaybeentrustedtopersonsandentitiesoutsideofthecompetentstateinstitutions.itisindirectly regulatedbyarticle6of thelawontheProtectionofPersonsandProperty,underwhich“companiesandentrepreneursmaynotperformsecurityactivitiesfornationalorforeigndefence,securityorcounter-intelligenceservic-es”(TrivanD.andkrstićs,2009:184-185).

in the Republic of Macedonia the relation-ship between the state and the private secu-rity sector is regulated by the Personal and Property security activitiesact and the Fire-armsact. in that country, the private securitysector includes the provision of physical andtechnicalsecurityandfireprotectionservices”(OfficialgazetteoftherepublicofMacedoniano.07/05).Enforcement and compliance with regula-

tions in this field are controlled by the Minis-try of internalaffairs of therepublic ofMac-edonia and the security Chamber, which arealso competent for the registration of compa-niesandissuanceofworkpermits.Eligibleforobtainingaworkpermitinthenon-statesecu-rity sector are Macedonian nationals and resi-dents,whichmustnotbebannedfromemploy-mentbyacourtorderandmustpassastateexaminationbeforethesecurityChamber.ThesecurityChamberisaprofessionalassociationthatorganizesthestateexamination,regulatestheCodeofEthicsunderwhichallsecurityper-sonnelemployedincompaniesmembersoftheChambermusttakeanoath,issueslicensestoindividualsthathavepassedtheexam,issuesiDcardsandimprovestheprofessionalimageoftheprivatesecurityindustry.under the Firearmsact, pistols and revolv-

ersmaybeused,althoughtheuseofsemi-au-tomatic weapons is allowed in certain cases(e.g. when guarding facilities outside of pop-ulatedareas, suchasdams, transmittersandthe like).TheFirearmsact restricts thequan-tityofammunitionto50bulletsforeachweap-onstatedinthelicense.however,thePerson-alandPropertysecurityactivitiesactrequirestheweaponsusedforthispurposetoberegis-teredwiththeMinistryofinternalaffairs.afterundergoingtrainingintheuseoffirearms,se-curitypersonnelreceiveaspecialpermit fromthe Ministry of internal affairs and an id card from thesecurityChamber, therebyacquiringacomprehensiveapprovalandpermittocarryfirearms,butonlyduringworkinghours.


71

in performing their tasks security personnelareallowed touse forceonly ifnecessary forperforming their duties and only after havingwarnedtheperson.Firearmsmaybeusedonlytheyobjectivelyarenotable tocall thepoliceorcontainasimultaneousattackinadifferentmanner.Theuseoffirearmsisprohibitedwherethelivesofothercitizensmightbethreatened,inthecaseofclearpresenceofpregnantwom-en and children, unless these persons havethreatenedwiththeuseofarmsthelivesofthesecuritypersonnelortheobjectofprotection.

The private security sector in the Republic of Albaniaremainsrelativelyunderdeveloped,whichispartlytheresultof legislationrestrict-ingthesizeofsecurityagencies,underwhichthenumberofemployeesthereofmaynotex-ceed5%ofthepoliceforceinaspecificdistrict.The rangeof servicesof theprivate securi-

tycompanies (PsCs) inalbania includesper-sonalsecurity,physicalandtechnicalsecurity,thesecurityofmoneytransportsandthetrans-port of insured parcels. Employees in privatesecurity agenciesmust bealbanian nationalsunder65yearsofage,withoutacriminalrecordandtheymustnothavebeendischargedfromthepoliceforbreakingthelaw.Candidatesforajobinprivatesecuritycompaniesmustunder-gomandatory15-daytrainingcarriedoutbythetechnical director of the PsC, fulfilling thereby the condition for taking a test organized by the police. upon obtaining a license, they under-goadditionala5-daytrainingcourseeachyear,withthegoaloflearningabouttherelevantleg-islationontheuseoffirearmsandequipment,provisionoffirstaid,fireprotectionandthedu-tiesandobligationsofmembersofPsC.activedutypoliceofficersareprohibitedfromworkingsimultaneouslyintheprivateandstatesector.the PsC is headed by the technical director, whichmusthavenolessthanfiveyearsofex-perienceinthepoliceorarmy.Thelicensetonon-statesecuritycompanies

is issued by the Ministry of Public order. de-pending on the volume and type of services

providedbytheagencies,thesameareclassi-fied in three categories:• categoryaincludescompaniescarryingoutthesecurityofprivateandpublicbuildings;

• category b includes companies providingphysicalsecurityservicesand

• Category C includes companies engagedin the security of transports of money andvaluables. agenciesholdinganalicensemaycarryout

security activities only in the district stated in thelicenses,whilecompaniesfromthecatego-riesbandCmayprovideservicesthroughoutthe country.Thelawdoesnotregulatetheuseandkeep-

ingofarmsandammunition.instead,thesameregulations apply to both themilitary and thepolice.Firearmsmaybeusedonlyexception-allyandfortheprotectionofone’sownlife,thelifeofothers,aswellaswith thegoalofpre-ventingdamagetopropertyorgoodsthatarebeingprotected.Theactivitiesofthenon-statesecurity sector are controlled by the gener-alstatePoliceDirectoratewiththeMinistryofPublicOrder.Operatinglicensesarereviewedannually. if non-compliance is established bythe inspectorate,suchasemployingunskilledpersonnel, wearing uniforms outside of work-ing hours or irregularities in the companies’documentation, the licensesarenotextended(TrivanD.andkrstićs,2009:180).

The Republic of slovenia has regulated dur-ingtheEuaccessionprocesstheissueoftherelationshipbetweenthestateandtheprivatesecuritysectorbypassing thePrivatesecuri-ty act and detective activities act. according to this legislation, the Ministry of internal affairs andtheParliament,aswellastheprofession-alassociationofnon-statesecuritycompanies,issue licenses for activities in this sector and controlthelatter.TheParliament,inagreementwiththeMinistryofinternalaffairs,issuesandrevokeslicensesforprivatesecurity;regulatesknowledge tests and determines the type oftests, oversees and controls the work of pri-

72


vate security personnel; enacts the code ofconduct, keeps the register of companies, in-dependent entrepreneurs and craftsmen thathavebeenissuedalicenseandkeepsaregis-terofpersonsprovidingtechnicalsecurityandprotectionservices;overseesthedevelopmentoftechnicalequipmentandmeasuresandpro-poseschangestoregulations;adoptsapatternof the iD badge and performs other activitiesdeterminedbythestatuteoftheParliamentorregulations by other state authorities.Theprocedure forobtaininga licensedistin-

guishespersonalandtechnicalcriteriathecan-didatesmustmeetwhensubmittinganapplica-tion. The personal criteria involve the citizen-shipof therepublicofslovenia; the requisitequalifications;physicalandmentalaptnessandlackofcriminalrecordofthecandidateintermsofcriminalactsprosecutedexofficioandviolentoffenses. in addition, the detective activities act stipulatesthatacandidateforprivatedetectiveactivitymustnothaveworkedthelasttwoyearsasanemployeeintheMinistryofinternalaffairsor security intelligence service. technical crite-riaaredetailedinaspecificregulationissuedbytheMinisterofinternalaffairs.Thecommissionissuingthelicensescomprisestworepresenta-tives of the Ministry of internal affairs and three representativesofParliament.The regulations in therepublic of slovenia

prohibit private security entities from enteringintoagreementsonactivities fallingwithin thecompetenceofpoliceandjudiciaryauthorities,aswellasfromworkingfornationalorforeignintelligence or counter-intelligence services.Privatesecuritypersonnelmustnotusespecialoperativemethodsandmeanstheuseofwhichthelawauthorizes theMinistryof internalaf-fairs and the slovenian intelligence security agency.ifinthecourseoftheirworktheycomeinthepossessionofinformationaboutacrimeprosecutedexofficio,theyshallinformthecom-petentstateauthorityaboutsuchinformation.inslovenia,whileperformingtheirduties,se-

curitypersonnelareentitledto:warnaperson

to leave the secured area or facility towhichaccessisprohibited,ifthatpersonhasnoau-thorizationtostaythere;preventunauthorizedaccesstothesecuredpremises/facilities;retainapersoncaughtcommittingacrimeoroffensein the secured area or if there are grounds to believe thatpersonhascommittedacrimeoroffense until the arrival of the police; preventvehiclesorpersonswithluggagefromentering/leavingthepremisesifthelatterisrequiredbyvisiblydisplayedsecurityrulesandthepersonin case refuses to allow the check (TrivanD.andkrstićs,2009:169-171).intheEuropeanuniontheregulationsonthe

privatesecuritysectorarestillnotharmonized.Two organizations,uNi-Europe and theCon-federation of European security services16, whichareactiveintheEu,promoteminimumcriteriafortheoperationofprivatesecuritycom-paniesandtodatetheyhaveadoptedseveraljoint documents about certain aspects of thisactivity, such as licensing, training and rules of conductforprivatesecuritypersonnel,withthegoalofraisingthestandardsandprofessionalethics to a high level.

The international Code of Conduct for Pri-vate security service Providers is a docu-ment initiated by the swiss government, withseveralparticipantsinthedraftingthereof.TheCodeaimsatdefining international standardsfor private security companies, making over-sight of these companies more effective andboostingtheresponsibilitythereof.TheCodeisbasedonhumanrightsaspectsgovernedbyin-

16The Confederation of European Security Services –CoESS wasfoundedin1989byajointinitiativeofsever-alnationalorganizationsandprivatesecuritycompaniesfromEurope.Fromitsinception,CoESS has been a Eu-ropeanumbrellaorganizationofnationalprivatesecurityorganizations.itspurposeistoprotecttheindividualandcollective interests of such organizations on the continent throughtheirparticipationinwork,withtheaimofharmo-nizing national legislation, as well as the activity of themembers.Thisorganizationcurrentlycomprises34Euro-peanstates,ofwhich28Eumembersandsixnon-mem-bers: bosnia-herzegovina, serbia, Macedonia, Norway,switzerlandandTurkey.


73

ternational lawand international humanitarianlawandestablisheshumanrights-basedprinci-plesfortheresponsiblebehaviourofprivatese-curitycompanies.Thisincludestherulesabouttheuseofforce,prohibitionoftorture,traffick-ingandotherhumanrightsviolations,aswellasspecificobligationsrelated to themanage-mentofprivatesecurityagencies.OnaceremonyheldonNovember9,2010

ingeneva,theCodewassignedby58privatesecurity agencies from 15 countries, whichwowedtorespecthumanrightsandfulfiltheirdutiesinaccordancewithhumanrightsprinci-ples.Theyalsocommitted towork inaccord-ancewith theCode.TheCodewas then leftopen for signature and byaugust 1, 2012 itwas signedbya total of 464private securitycompaniesfrom60countries.

COnClusiOnThe last decade of the development and re-forms in thesecuritysector,aspartof there-formoftheoverallsystem,thesocial,politicalandeconomicorganizationof transitioncoun-tries,wasmarkedbytheemergenceofanim-portantsegmentinthesecuritysector–privatesecurity.asasignificantcontemporarysecuri-tydomainwithitscontradictions,dynamicsanddeterminism,privatesecurityhasalsoaffectedchangestotheconceptofsecurityandthese-curity sector.aroundtheworld,however,theprivatesecu-

rity sector undergoes a period of accelerateddevelopment;whenefficientlyregulatedandifthe services it providesaredelivered respon-siblyandprofessionally, itmayprovidea val-uablecontribution togeneralsecurity.howev-er, if there is no control or the activities of the private sector are poorly regulated, theymayposeauniqueproblemtothegovernmentsofdeveloped democracies,while in transition orpost-conflictsocietiestheymayhamperpeace,democracyandlong-termdevelopment.atfirstglance, the privatization of security seems tobeaclassicexampleoftheerosionofthesov-

ereignty of state power, since the monopolyon the use of legitimate force has long beenconsideredthemaincharacteristicfordefiningstate sovereignty. however, any concept de-picting the state renouncing its powers is toosimplistic.insteadofconstitutinganerosionofstate power, the privatization of security hasresulted in the emergence of a new networkofsecurityentities,where theauthorityof thestate and private actors has been allocatedthough newmanagement, coercion and con-trolling technologies.Privatization has hence led to several pro-

cesses,which,ononehand,pointtothepow-erlessness of the state to guarantee certain val-uesasdesiredand requestedby thecitizensand other hand, to select the activities (tasks) itmay leave to theprivatesectorwithout fearitwilllosethemonopolyoverthem.Therefore,the state decides when and which securityservices it will leave to private entrepreneurstosell themasgoodstothosethatcanaffordthem.Thismeansfewercosts tobebornebythe state. Meanwhile, it goes without sayingthatthestatemustprovideacertainlevelofse-curitytoeachcitizen.however,thecitizensof-ten, for subjective or objective reasons, seek forahigherlevelofprotectionthanprovidedbythestateasastandard.Therefore,theprivatesecuritysectorisnotacompetitortothestateanditssecurityapparatus,butquiteonthecon-trary,areflectionoftheneedsofsociety,privatecapitalandallcitizenstohavegeneralsecuri-tyraisedatahigher level, incooperationwithstate institutions and in the general interest. hence, the fateofprivatesecuritycompaniesistoremainpartofthesecurityenvironmentinthe foreseeable future,which also entails theneed for better control by national or even in-ternationalinstruments.From thescientificpointof view,oneof the

problemsemerginginrelationtotheprivatese-curity sector is determining its contribution todecreasingthecrimerate.Whilemuchresearchhas been done on the topic, certain authors

74


have highlighted their symbolic importance infostering the sense of security of citizens. on theotherhand, there isabundant informationandestimationsabouttheeffectivenessoftheworkofprivatesecuritythatshouldseeminglynotleaveusdisinterested.Nevertheless,suchestimations are solely based on applying themethodofcorrelationwhere,byputtingforwardtheratioofthenumberofprivatesecuritysectorpersonneltothedynamicsofcrimeinaspecificareatrytoestablishthecausalrelationshipbe-tweenthetwophenomena,neglectingthefactthat the lattermaywell be connectedwithoutbeingmutuallyconditionedononeanother.itispreciselywhywebelievethatreferringtosuchscientifically unfounded facts, according to which increasedpresenceof securityperson-nel is themost importantcontributor toa fall-ingcrimerateinaspecifiedarea,isultimatelyscientificallyunacceptable.inordertoeliminatesuchdilemmasothermethodsshouldbeusedtoexplainthecausesofacertainphenomenon.sumofcriminalactsinrepublicserbia

Due to the relatively recent adoption of thelawonPrivatesecurityintherepublicofser-biaanyinitialevaluationisprematureandtimeisneededtoappraisetheeffectivenessthere-of.Weexpectthatthecrimeratewillgodownand that especially security on public gather-ings to increase. we believe that the first re-sultswill beencouragingand that regulationsin this fieldwill become reality inourcountry,just like they have in the region and beyond. Wewant toemphasize this ispartofserbia’s

Euaccessionprocess in thefollowingperiod,whichhasbeenhighlightedasoneofthehigh-estnationalpriorities.

RefeRenCes:1.bošković M.; keković z.: Security of Per-

sons, Property and Business of Companies, higher school of internal affairs, Belgrade, 2000.

2.internalaffairsauthoritiesact „Official ga-zetteoftheFPrY“,no.30/56.

3.lawonarmsandammunition „Officialga-zette of the rs“, no. 9/92, 53/93, 67/93,48/94,44/98,39/03,85/05,101/05,27/11.

4.lawonPreventionofViolenceandMiscon-ductonsportsEvents„Officialgazetteofthers“,no.67/03,101/05,90/07,72/09,111/09

5.law on the basis of social self-Defense„Officialgazetteof therepublicofserbia“,no.39/73.

6.lawontheCessationoftheValidityofspe-cificlawsandotherregulations„Officialga-zetteoftherepublicofserbia“,no.18/93.

7.lawontheClassificationofactivities(„Offi-cialgazetteofthers“,no.104/09)andDe-cree on the Clasiffication of activities („offi-cialgazetteofthers“,no.54/2010).

8.lawonthePeople’sPolice„OfficialgazetteoftheFPrY“,no.101/46

9.law on thesystem of social self-Defense„Officialgazetteof therepublicofserbia“,no.14/86.

10.NikačŽ.,Pavlovićg.:Private Security Law, CriminalPoliceacademy,belgrade,2012.

11.Nikač,Ž.,The Concept of Community Po-licing and Initial Experiences in Serbia,Crim-inalPoliceacademy,belgrade,2012.

12.Page,M.,rynn, s.,Taylor, z.,Wood,D.,SALW and Private Security Companies in South Eastern Europe: A cause or effect of insecurity?

13.rulebook on the divisions for the Pro-tection of Property of Economic Organiza-tionsandinstitutions„OfficialgazetteoftheFPrY“,no.5/63.


75

AuThORs

katarina strbac-PhDfromsecurity,defenceandprotection.Currentlyisemployedasaheadofdivisionfor security integrations and strategic analysis in the institute for strategic research, in the Ministry of de-fenceoftherepublicofserbia.shepublishednumerousarticlesathomeandabroad.sheisanexpertforemergencies,Euandinternationalsecurity.

Branislav Milosavljevic-masterfromsecurity,defenceandprotection.Currentlyisemployedasare-searcherintheinstituteforstrategicresearchintheMinistryofDefenceoftherepublicofserbia.hepublishednumerousarticlesathomeandabroad.heisdoctoralcandidateatbelgradeuniversity.heisanexpertforsecurityanalysis.

Veljko Blagojevic-masterfrominternationallaw.CurrentlyisemployedasaresearcherintheinstituteforstrategicresearchintheMinistryofDefenceoftherepublicofserbia.hepublishednumerousarticlesathomeandabroad.heisdoctoralcandidateatMegatrenduniversity.heisanexpertfornationalandinternationallaw.

Katarina Strbac, Veljko Blagojevic, Branislav ... - BazHum MuzHP

Documents