KARYA TULIS AKHIR PENGARUH EKSTRAK BUAH TIN ...

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH EKSTRAK BUAH TIN (FICUS CARICA L.) TERHADAP

JUMLAH MONOSIT TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NORVEGICUS

STRAIN WISTAR) MODEL DIABETES MELITUS

Oleh:

Azkia Fachrina Hanifa

201510330311082

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2018

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH EKSTRAK BUAH T IN (FICUS CARICA L.) TERHADAP

JUMLAH MONOSIT TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NORVEGICUS

STRAIN WISTAR) MODEL DIABETES MELITUS

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh:

AZKIA FACHRINA HANIFA

201510330311082

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2018

i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN

Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian

untuk memenuhi persyaratan

Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Tanggal : 17 Oktober 2018

Pembimbing I

dr. Isbandiyah, Sp.PD

Pembimbing II

Mengetahui,

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Dekan,

Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD., FINASIM

xii

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ..................................................................................... i

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ........................................................................................ iii

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... iv

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................................... v

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ vii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ xii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...................................................................................... xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiv

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................. 4

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................... 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................. 4

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 6

2.1 Tin (Ficus carica L.) ............................................................................. 6

2.2 Aloksan ................................................................................................ 10

2.3 Diabetes Melitus .................................................................................. 12

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN ..................... 20

3.1. Kerangka Konsep Penelitian .............................................................. 20

3.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................................. 23

BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN .......................................................................... 24

4.1 Jenis Penelitian .................................................................................... 24

4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................... 24

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................... 24

4.3.1 Populasi ...................................................................................... 24

4.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................................ 24

4.3.3 Besar Sampel ............................................................................. 25

4.3.4 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ................................................. 26

4.3.5 Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................... 27

4.3.6 Definisi Operasional .................................................................. 27

4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................... 28

4.4.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .......................................................... 28

4.4.2 Alat dan Bahan Bedah Tikus ..................................................... 29

4.4.3 Alat dan Bahan Pengukuran Jumlah Monosit ............................ 29

4.5 Prosedur Penelitian .............................................................................. 29

4.5.1 Tahap Adaptasi .......................................................................... 29

4.5.2 Pembuatan Larutan Aloksan ...................................................... 30

4.5.3 Pembuatan Ekstrak Buah Tin ..................................................... 30

4.5.4 Penentuan Dosis Aloksan .......................................................... 30

4.5.5 Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Buah Tin ............................................ 31

4.5.6 Prosedur Pembuatan Tikus Diabetes Melitus ............................ 32

4.5.7 Prosedur Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Tin ...................................... 33

4.5.8 Tahap Pengamatan Hasil ............................................................ 33

4.5.9 Pengukuran Jumlah Monosit ...................................................... 35

4.6 Alur Penelitian ..................................................................................... 36

4.7 Analisis Data ....................................................................................... 37

BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN ............................................................................... 38

5.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................... 38

5.2 Analisis Data ....................................................................................... 39

5.2.1 Uji Normalitas ............................................................................ 39

5.2.2 Uji Homogenitas ........................................................................ 40

5.2.3 Uji One Way Anova ................................................................... 41

5.2.4 Uji Regresi Linear ...................................................................... 41

BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ....................................................................................... 42

BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 45

7.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................... 45

7.2 Saran ................................................................................................... 45

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 46

LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 55

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Halaman

Lampiran 1. Hasil Analisis Data Jumlah Monosit Tikus ......................... 55

Lampiran 2. Hasil Perhitungan Jumlah Monosit Tikus ............................. 57

Lampiran 3. Surat Metode Pembuatan Ekstrak ......................................... 58

Lampiran 4. Ethical Clearence ................................................................. 59

Lampiran 5. Surat Selesai Penelitian ......................................................... 60

Lampiran 6. Surat Lolos Kaji Ilmiah ........................................................ 61

Lampiran 7. Lembar Konsultasi Tugas Akhir ........................................... 62

Lampiran 8. Dokumentasi Penelitian ........................................................ 63

15

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

ADA, 2013, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Care, 36,

pp. 67-74 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 2 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23264425

Agung TA, 2009, Efek Diet Rumput Laut (Eucheuma sp.) Terhadap Jumlah Monosit

Tikus Wistar Yang Disuntik Aloksan, Skripsi, Universitas Diponegoro,

Semarang [online], (Diunduh tanggal 6 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://www.fk.undip.ac.id

Ajie RB, 2016, White Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus) Potential As Diabetes

Mellitus Treatment, J Majority, 4, pp. 69-72 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 16

November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://juke.kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/view/503

Alamgeer, Iman S, Asif H, et al, 2017, Evaluation of antihypertensive potential of

Ficus carica fruit, Pharmavuetical Biology, 55, pp. 1047-1052 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 19 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28187689

Al-Faribi MJ, 2013, Antibodi terhadap Advanced Glycation End Product, Cara

Mutakhir Pencegahan Komplikasi Diabetes Melitus, Rumah Sakit Syaiful

Anwar, 40, pp. 807-809 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 13 November 2017),

Tersedia dari: http://www.kalbemed.com/Portals/6/05_210Antibodi terhadap

Advanced Glycation End Product Cara Mutakhir Pencegahan Komplikasi

Diabetes Melitus.pdf

Arifin WN dan Zahiruddin WM, 2017, Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies

Using Resourche Equation Approach, Malays J Medical Science, 24(5), pp.

101-105 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 11 Mei 2018), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772820/

Aryani D, Mulyono B dan Sianipar O, 2014, Correlation Plasma Fibrinogen With

Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Artery in Diabetes Mellitus, Indonesian

Journal of Clinical Pathology And Medical Laboratory, 21, pp. 5-10 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 23 November 2017), Tersedia dari: https://e-

journal.unair.ac.id/IJCPML/article/view/769

Atmadja AS, Kusuma R, Dinata F, 2016, Pemeriksaan Laboratorium untuk

Membedakan Infeksi Bakteri dan Infeksi Virus, CDK-241, 43, pp. 457-461

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 20 September 2018), Tersedia dari:

http://www.kalbemed.com/Portals/6/21_241Analisis-

Pemeriksaan%20Laboratorium%20Membedakan%20Infeksi%20Bakteri%20d

an%20Infeksi%20Virus.pdf

16

Burhanudin M, 2015, Respons Fisiologis Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus

Berkenhout,1769) terhadap Kebisingan Intensitas Tinggi, Skripsi, Universitas

Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta [online], (Diunduh tanggal 8 Juli 2018), Tersedia

dari: file:///E:/FK/Future/TA/mONOSIT/tikus%20stres.pdf

Charan J dan ND Kantharia 2013 How to calculate sample size in animal studies?, In

: Prihanti GS, 2016, Pengantar Biostatistik, UMM Press, Malang.

Cherkasova OP, Selyatitskaya VG, Pal‟chikova NA, et al, 2014, Activity of 11β-

Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in the Adrenal Glands, Liver, and Kidneys of

Rats with Experimental Diabetes, Bulletin of Experimental Biology and

Medicine, 158, pp. 185-186 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 10 April 2018),

Tersedia dari: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25430643&hl=en-ID

Cho NH, Whiting D, Guariguata L, et al, 2013, International Diabetes Federation

Diabetes Atlas, 6th Edition [online], (Diunduh tanggal 9 Mei 2017), Tersedia

dari: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/

Dalimartha S dan Adrian F, 2011, Khasiat Buah & Sayur, Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 15 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3mJsCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&

source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Dewi SS, 2012, Effect Ethanol Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. To Blood Glucose,

Neutrofil Count, Glomerulus Fibronektin In Diabetes Mellitus Rat, Tesis,

Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang [online], (Diunduh tanggal 21 Oktober

2018), Tersedia dari: https://mbiomedik.undip.ac.id/

Djoka MCY, Setiawan M dan Hasanah A, 2012, Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Anggur

Merah (Vitis vinifera) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Tikus

Putih Strain Wistar Model Diabetikum, Jurnal Saintika Medika, 8, pp. 35-42

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 7 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/sainmed/article/view/4097

Dodie NJ, Tendean L dan Wantouw B, 2013, Pengaruh Lamanya Diabetes Melitus

Terhadap Terjadinya Disfungsi Ereksi, Jurnal e-Biomedik (eBM), 1, pp.

1120-1125 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 12 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/ebiomedik/article/view/3582/3110

F.A El-Shobaki, A.M El-Bahay, R.S.A Esmail, et al, 2010, Effect of Figs Fruit (Ficus

carica L.) And its Leaves on Hyperglicemia in Alloxan Diabetic Rats, World

Journal of Diary & Food Sciences, 5, pp. 47-57 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 23

November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103317621

17

Fatimah RN, 2015, Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2, J MAJORIT, 4, pp. 93-101 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 8 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://juke.kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/viewFile/615/619

FatSacret, 2017, Kalori Gizi Umum Buah Ara [online], (Diunduh tanggal 15 Mei

2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.fatsecret.co.id/kalorigizi/umum/buahara?portionid=58526&porti

onamount=100,000

Fitri dan Wirawanni Y, 2012, Asupan Energi, Karbohidrat, Serat, Beban Glikemik,

Latihan Jasmani danKadar Gula Darahpada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2,

Media Medika Indonesia, 46, pp. 128-129 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 2

Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mmi/article/view/4273

Ghazi F, Rahmat A, Yassin Z, et al, 2012, Determination of total polyphenols and

nutritional composition of two different types of Ficus carica leaves cultivated

in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11, pp. 1061-1065 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 25 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2012.1061.1065

Hanafiah K, Elyani H dan Yahya A, 2015, Efek Dekokta Pelepah Daun Nipah (Nypa

fruticans Wurmb.) Terhadap Kadar TNF-α Serum Tikus Model Diabetes

Melitus Tipe-2, Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas, 3, pp. 58-67 [online], (Diunduh

tanggal 20 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://nanopdf.com/download/efek-dekokta-pelepah-daun-nipah-nypa-

fruticans-wurmb_pdf

Hartanti, 2013, Efek Kontrol Glikemik Teradap Penyakit Periodontal Penderita

Diabetes Mellitus, IDJ, 2, pp. 97-102 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 17

November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/di/article/download/582/729

Hoerudin, 2012, Indeks Glikemik Buah dan Implikasinya Dalam Pengendalian Kadar

Glukosa Darah, Buletin Teknologi Pascapanen Pertanian, 8, pp. 80-98

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 9 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/bpasca/article/view/5483

Huang WY, Fu Lin, YangLi C, et al, 2017, Quercetin, Hyperin, and Chlorogenic

Acid Improve Endothelial Function by Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, and

ACE Inhibitory Effects, Journal of Food Science, 00, pp. 1-8 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 17 September 2018), Tersedia dari:

https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13706

Ichsan SA, 2011, Aktivitas Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Suren (Toona Sinensis Merr.) Sebagai

Antioksidan Dan Antidiabetes Secara In Vitro, Departemen Biokimia Fakultas

Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor

18

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 14 Mei 2018), Tersedia dari:

http://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/64499/1/G11sai.pdf

Idris, Jafar NM dan Indriasari R, 2014, Pola Makan dengan Kadar Gula Darah

Pasien DM Tipe 2 (Diet and Blood Sugar Levels of Type 2 DM Patient),

Jurnal MKMI, pp. 211-218 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 20 November 2017),

Tersedia dari: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/212982-pola-

makan-dengan-kadar-gula-darah-pasie.pdf

Indah RN, 2015, The Effect of Eugenia polyantha Extract On LDL Cholesterol, J

MAJORITY, 4, pp. 85-92 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 11 November 2017),

Tersedia dari:

http://juke.kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/viewFile/614/618

Indrasari SD, 2013, Hubungan antara Diabetes Melitus dengan Penyakit

Periodontal, My „n Your Dentist Clinic, 40, pp. 868-869 [online], (Diunduh

tanggal 7 Juli 2018), Tersedia dari:

http://www.kalbemed.com/Portals/6/27_210Opini-

Hubungan%20antara%20Diabetes%20Melitus%20dengan%20Penyakit%20P

eriodontal.pdf

International Diabetes Federation, 2010, Panduan Untuk Manajemen Glukosa Pasca

Makan [online], (Diunduh tanggal 22 Mei 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://www.idf.org

Jia Z, Nallasamy P, Liu D, et al, 2014, Luteolin Protects Against Vascular

Inflammation in Mice and TNF-alpha- Induced Monocyte Adhesion to

Endhothelial Cells Via Suppressing IBα/NF-κB Signaling Pathway, The

Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, pp. 1-36 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 17

September 2018), Tersedia dari: https://doi.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.008

Joseph B dan Justin Raj, 2011, Pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of

Ficus Carica Linn –An overview, International Journal of PharmTech

Research, 3, pp. 8-12 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 11 November 2017),

Tersedia dari:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266271840_Pharmacognostic_and_

phytochemical_properties_of_Ficus_carica_Linn_-An_overview

Justino AB, Pereira MN, Peixoto LG, et al, 2017, Hepatoprotective Properties of a

Polyphenols-enriched Fraction From Annona Crassiflora Mart. Fruit Peel

Against Diabetes-Induced Oxidative And Nitrosative Stress, Journal of

Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 65, pp. 4428-4438 [online], (Diunduh

tanggal 7 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28514152

Kalaskar MG, Shah DR, Raja NM, et al, 2010, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical

Investigation of Ficus carica L, Ethnobotanicals Journal, 14, pp. 599-609

19

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 3 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1702&context=ebl

Kamaluddin RH, 2008, Efek Ekstrak Air Buah Tin (Ficus carica L.) Terhadap Kadar

Glukosa Darah Puasa Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar (Rattus novergicus L.)

Yang Diinduksi Aloksan Monohidrat, Tesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung,

Bandung [online], (Diunduh tanggal 1 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=search&s=dc&dc=Daya&type=all&pa

ge=110

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2011, Pedoman Interpretasi Data Klinik,

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta [online], (Diunduh tanggal

6 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fauna_Herawati/publication/303523819

_Pedoman_Interpretasi_Data_Klinik/links/5746c1db08ae298602fa0bb4/Pedo

man-Interpretasi-Data-Klinik.pdf

Khasanah N, 2011, Kandungan Buah-buahan dalam Al-Qur’an: Buah Tin (Ficus

carica L.), Zaitun (Olea europea L.), Delima (Punica granatum L.), Anggur

(Vitis vinivera L.), dan Kurma (Phoenic dactylifera L.) Untuk Kesehata,.

Jurnal Phenomen, 1, pp. 5-29 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 1 Oktober 2017),

Tersedia dari:

http://akademik2.walisongo.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/Phenomenon/article/vie

w/442/404

Koolhaas JM, 2010, The laboratory rat, dalam: The UFAW Handbook on the Care

and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals Eighth Edition,

University of Groningen, pp. 311-326 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 4 Desember

2017), Tersedia dari: https://leseprobe.buch.de/images-adb/38/8f/388f2447-

4953-42ec-9cd4-c56b98bd28a1.pdf

Kowalski J, Samojedny A, Paul M, et al, 2005, Effect of kaempferol on the

production and gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in

J774.2 macrophages, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Science,

pp 107-112 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 22 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15849384

Lathifah NL, 2017, Hubungan Durasi Penyakit Dan Kadar Gula Darah Dengan

Keluhan Subyektif Penderita Diabetes Melitus, Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi,

5, pp. 231-239 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 25 September 2018), Tersedia dari:

file:///C:/Users/Windows%208.1/Downloads/4781-19432-2-PB.pdf

Maria A, 2009, Pengaruh Pemberian Seduhan Teh Hitam (Camellia sinensis) Dosis

Bertingkat terhadap Produksi NO Makrofag Mencit Balb/C yang Diinokulasi

Salmonella typhimurium, Skripsi, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 18 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://eprints.undip.ac.id/14226/1/AURELIA_MARIA.pdf

20

Munadi dan Ardinata D, 2008, Perubahan Kadar Glukosa Darah Penderita Diabetes

Melitus Tipe-2 yang Terkontrol Setelah Mengkonsumsi Kurma, Majalah

Kedokteran Nusantara, 41 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 14 November 2017),

Tersedia dari:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dedi_Ardinata/publication/45109007_Pe

rubahan_Kadar_Glukosa_Darah_Penderita_Diabetes_Melitus_Tipe-

2_yang_Terkontrol_Setelah_Mengkonsumsi_Kurma/links/0046351efa1c6bca

d1000000/Perubahan-Kadar-Glukosa-Darah-Penderita-Diabetes-Melitus-

Tipe-2-yang-Terkontrol-Setelah-Mengkonsumsi-Kurma.pdf

Notoatmodjo S, 2012, Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan, Rineka Cipta, pp. 56-58

Yogyakarta [online], (Diunduh tanggal 21 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://onesearch.id/Author/Home?author=Prof.+Dr.+Soekidjo+Notoatmodjo

Nugroho AE, 2012, Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Dari Kulit Buah Terbuang

Hingga Menjadi Kandidat Suatu Obat, Fakultas Farmasi UGM, Yogyakarta

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 23 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&cluster=12273321684

681190287

Nurani1 NN, Putriningsih PAS, Arjentinia IPGY, 2017, Gambaran Sel Darah Putih

Sapi Bali yang Terinfeksi Jamur Dermatofita Secara Alami, Buletin Veteriner

Udayana, 9, pp. 106-111 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 17 Oktober 2018),

Tersedia dari:

https://pksb.unud.ac.id/img/admin/post_attc/4b0113db2ea5babcc8c02b1b1c25

e9d1.pdf

Nurtamin T, 2014, Potensi Curcumin Untuk Mencegah Aterosklerosis, Ikatan

Apoteker Indonesia, 41, pp. 633-635 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 3 Desember

2017), Tersedia dari:

http://www.kalbemed.com/Portals/6/32_219CPD_Potensi%20Curcumin%20u

ntuk%20Mencegah%20Aterosklerosis.pdf

Prameswari OM dan Widjanarko SB, 2014, Uji Efek Ekstrak Air Daun Pandan

Wangi Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Dan Histopatologi Tikus

Diabetes Mellitus, Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 2, pp. 16-27 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 1 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://jpa.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/33/40

Price SA dan Wlilson LM. 2005. Patofisiologi: Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses

Penyakit, Edisi 6 Volume 1, EGC, Jakarta [online], (Diunduh tanggal 16

Novemberr 2017), Tersedia dari: http://yair33.hol.es/patofisiologi-sylvia.pdf

Purnamasari E, Yerizel E dan Efrida, 2014, Pengaruh Pemberian Aspartam terhadap

Kadar Glukosa Darah Tikus Diabetes Melitus Diinduksi Aloksan, Jurnal

Kesehatan Andalas, 3, pp. 370-375 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 9 November

2017), Tersedia dari:

http://jurnal.fk.unand.ac.id/index.php/jka/article/view/134

21

Purwanto E, 2007, Korelasi Jumlah Netrofil, Limfosit, Dan Monosit Dengan Kadar

Albumin Urin Pada Pasien DM Tipe-2 Dengan Mikroalbuminuria, Jurnal

Biomedika, 1, pp. 7-17 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 19 November 2017),

Tersedia dari: https://doi.org/10.23917/biomedika.v1i1.287

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan, 2016, Penggunaan Dan

Penanganan Hewan Coba Rodensia Dalam Penelitian Sesuai Dengan

Kesejahteraan Hewan, Kementrian Pertanian [online], (Diunduh tanggal 8

Juli 2018), Tersedia dari:

http://peternakan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/fullteks/booklet/juknis-rodensia-

2107/isi-juknis-rodensia-2017.pdf

Puspati NKS, Anthara MS dan Dharmayudha AAGO, 2013, Pertambahan Bobot

Badan Tikus Diabetes Melitus Dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Naga

Daging Putih, Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 2(2), pp. 25-34 10 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 13 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/imv/article/view/5531

Rahimah DS dan Pujiastuti E, 2016, Prospek Bisnis Buah Tin, Trubus, Jakarta

[online], (Diunduh tanggal 15 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mhtHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=ekstr

ak+buah+tin&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ekstrak%20buah%2

0tin&f=false

Ratner RE, 2013, Updates on the Standards of Care in Diabetes, Diabetes Care

2013, 36, pp. 6-10 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 11 November 2017), Tersedia

dari: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537269/

Refli R. 2012, Potensi Ekstrak Daun Tin (Ficus carica L.) Sebagai Antioksidan dan

Aktivitas Habatannya Terhadap Proliferasi Sel Kanker HeLa, Institut

Pertanian Bogor, Bogor [online], (Diunduh tanggal 22 Oktober 2017),

Tersedia dari:

http://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/57783/3/G12rre.pdf

Rohilla A dan Sahjad A, 2012, Alloxan Induced Diabetes: Mechanisms and Effects,

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,

3(2), pp. 819-823 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 12 November 2017), Tersedia

dari:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fahimeh_Kazemi/post/What_are_the_dif

ferences_between_stz_and_aloxan_diabetogenic_agents_Which_one_is_best_

for_inducing_type_1_diabetes_in_mice/attachment/59d64e3179197b80779a7

960/AS:491740462358528@1494251470355/download/Alloxan+induced+dia

betes+mechanisms+and+effects.pdf

Rosalina R, 2009, Efek Rumput Laut (Eucheuma sp.) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa

Darah Dan Jumlah Monosit Pada Tikus Wistar Yang Diinduksi Aloksan,

Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang [online], (Diunduh tanggal 11 November

2017), Tersedia dari: http://eprints.undip.ac.id/7763/1/Resy_Rosalina.pdf

22

Sánchez RA, Rodríguez A, Ulloa AM, et al, 2016, [online] (Diunduh tanggal 10

November 2017) (-)-Epicatechin-Induced Recovery of Mitochondria From

Simulated Diabetes: Potential Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase,

Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research, 13(3), pp. 201 –210 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 16 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26993496

Shita ADP, 2015, Perubahan Level TNF-α dan IL-1 pada Kondisi Diabetes Mellitus,

Prosiding Dentistry Scientific Meeting II (DSM II) Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi

Universitas Jember, pp. 5-11 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 4 Oktober 2017),

Tersedia dari:

http://repository.unej.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/62879/Prosiding%20

Amandia%20Dewi%20Permana%20Shita.pdf;sequence=1

Slatnar A, Klancar U, Stampar F, et al, 2011, Effect of Drying of Figs (Ficus carica

L.) on the Contents of Sugars, Organic Acids, and Phenolic Compounds,

Journal of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 59, pp. 11696–11702 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 18 Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958361

Soegondo S, Soewondo P dan Subekti I, 2009, Penataklaksanaan Diabetes Melitus

Terpadu Edisi Kedua, Balai Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta [online], (Diunduh

tanggal 18 November2017), Tersedia dari: http://bpfkui.com/lihat_buku-170-

Penatalaksanaan%20Diabetes%20Melitus%20Terpadu%20Ed.2.html

Soewondo P, Ferrario A dan Tahapary DL. 2013. Challenges in Diabetes

Management in Indonesia: A litterature Review, Globalization and Health

2013, 9, pp. 1-17 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 10 November 2017), Tersedia

dari: https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-

8603-9-63

Sukmayadi AE, Sumiwi SA, Barliana MI, et al, 2014, Aktivitas Imunomodulator

Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis Linn.), Indonesian

Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 1, pp. 65-72 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 8 Juli 2018), Tersedia dari:

file:///C:/Users/Windows%208.1/Downloads/7515-12038-3-PB%20(2).pdf

Sun YM, Hyun JJ dan Hyung MK, 2017, Kaempferol Impedes IL-32 Induced

Monocyte Macrophage Differentiation, Chemico Biological Interaction, 274,

pp. 107-115 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 2 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://twin.sci-hub.bz/020dcf43270d7bbf56b24f7808eb1ef9/nam2017.pdf

Suyono, 2009, Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Edisi 3 Jilid 1, FK UI, Jakarta.

Tjendradjaja TM, 2011, Leukosit Sebagai Salah Satu Parameter Kesehatan Rusa

Timor (Cervus timorensis) Di Usaha Penangkaran Rusa Timor Kecamatan

Dawe Kabupaten Kudus, Bogor Agricultur [online], (Diunduh tanggal 10 Mei

23

2018), Tersedia dari:

http://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/52997/8/Cover.pdf

Ummah MJS, 2015, Efek Ekstrak Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum cassia) Terhadap

Kadar Glukosa Darah, Berat Badan, Dan Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Pada Tikus Yang Diinduksi Streptozotosin, , Skripsi, Universitas Syarif

Hidayatullah, Jakarta [online], (Diunduh tanggal 10 Mei 2018), Tersedia dari:

http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/38124/1/MIFTAHU

L%20JANNAH%20SALWAH%20UMMAH-FKIK.pdf

Wahyukundari MA dan Praharani D, 2016, Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Binahong

(Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) Terhadap Aktivitas Fagositosis Monosit,

Forum Komunikasi Ilmiah Nasional VI FKG UNEJ, pp. 416-425 [online],

(Diunduh tanggal 8 November 2017), Tersedia dari:

http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/79924

Winarsi H dan Purwanto A, 2010, Efek Suplementasi Ekstrak Protein Kecambah

Kedelai Terhadap Kadar IL-1BETA Penderita Diabetes Tipe-2, J.Teknol dan

Industri Pangan, 21, pp. 6-10 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 6 November 2017),

Tersedia dari: http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jtip/article/view/2423

Yang QS, He LP, Zhou XL, et al, 2015, Kaempferol Pretreatment Modulates

Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Following Hemorrhagic Shock in

Mice, Chinese Medicine, 10, pp. 2-7 [online], (Diunduh tanggal 7 November

2017), Tersedia dari:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4369346/pdf/13020_2015_Ar

ticle_35.pdf

Yuriska F dan Anindhita, 2009, Efek Aloksan Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Tikus

Wistar, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang [online], (Diunduh tanggal 15

Oktober 2017), Tersedia dari: http://eprints.undip.ac.id/7527/

24