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Understanding
Karnali River Basin
Kabi Raj Khatiwada
The asymmetric, single-tower, cable-stayed bridge is the longest of its type in the world and represents a unique international collaboration, six years of hard work.
http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/yxxbk335/23757111.html
http://treasuresfromtheroad.com/karnali-river-too-slow-boat/
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https://www.flickr.com/photos/99425225@N00/albums/72157626624126842
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/09/pictures-food-crisis-hits-
nepal--20149492828515895.html
BLOG:
The Karnali Express:bumping on for 52 hours (Jumla to Surkhet)
By Dinesh Wagle
facebook/वल भ�राई/images
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Rara
-altitude of 2,990 m.a.s.l-water surface of 10.8 km2-Ramsar site-the biggest and deepest fresh water lake in the Nepal Himalayas
facebook/Jayan Manandhar/images
https://www.flickr.com/photos/heema rai
Khaptad
http://ghumante.com/magnificent-khaptad/
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• Change and dispossession in western Nepal
https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/08/22/change-and-dispossession-in-western-nepal/
• Food Crisis in Karnali : A Historical and Politico-economic Perspective by Jagannath Adhikari
https://www.amazon.com/Food-Crisis-Karnali-Politico-economic-Perspective/dp/B004NO84SO
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Karnali River BasinWestern part of Nepal Area: 45,269 sq. km.
Rocky bare land: 11.6 %
Forest land: 39 %
Coniferous forest: 32.13%
Grassland: 24.2%
Glacier: 2%
Agriculture: 19.3%Data source: GLOBCOVER
Data source: Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD)
(which includes the data from the SOTER )
7%
69%
2%
20%
2%
Dystric cambisols (bd)
Alkalino calcaric phaeozem (hcn)
Calcaro gleyric phaemzem (hcg)
Dystric lithosol (ld)
Orthic solonetz (so)
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• The annual average precipitation in the basin is only 1456.2 mm/year.
• 77% of rainfall occurs in monsoon whereas only 7% occurs in winter.
Fig: Average (1981-2012) monthly precipitation in
the basinFig: Spatial distribution of average (1981-
2012) annual precipitation (mm) in KRB
Sou
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: Kh
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Fig: Annual maximum minimum and average temperature of the basin
Fig: Temperature trend (̊C/year) in different seasons
J2000 Hydrological system
• The J2000 is a fully process-oriented distributed
hydrological model (Krause, 2002).
• Java-based modular oriented modelling
framework system JAMS (Jena Adaptable
Modelling System)
• Extended by incorporating a glacier sub-model to
account for snow and glacier process (Nepal, et al.
2014).
• Applied in the Himalayan region (Nepal et al. 2014
and Nepal 2016: Koshi, Tuitui, 2015: Marsyandi,
Shrestha, 2016: Indus)
Soil water module
RD1 (quick flow) surface runoff due to saturated access and infiltration
access runoff and sealed areas excess runoff.
RD2 (slow direct runoff) the lateral hypodermic runoff within soil zone.
RG1 (fast base flow runoff) runoff from the upper part of an aquifer,
which is more permeable due to weathering.
RG2 (slow base flow runoff) runoff at the lower zone of the aquifer.
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Topography
Soil-types
GISOverlay
HRU 1
HRU 4
HRU 2 HRU 3
HRU 5
HRU 6
Reach 1 Reach 3
Reach 2
Hydrological Response Unit (HRUs)
Land-use, land-
cover
Geology
6899 HRUs
Calibration
Year 1991-2000 2001-2007
Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E) 0.90 0.90
Log Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (LnE) 0.91 0.89
Coefficient of determination (r2) 0.90 0.91
Relative Volume Error (pbias) -7.9 -7.6
Validation
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Water balance
Precipitation
1340 mm
Evapotranspiration
443 mm (33%)
Surface runoff
308mm (35%)
Interflow
439mm (49%)
Base flow
136 mm (15%)
Ice Runoff
94 mm
Evapotranspiration in each month in the basin
Fig: Monthly AET and PET in the basin
Average annual (1991-2007) (mm)
PET- 955
ACT- 468
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Runoff components in each month in the basin
Snow-Glacier discharge in each season
Winter… 21.2%
Pre monsoon… 63.8%
Monsoon… 22.5%
Post monsoon… 15.2%
Runoff components
Overland flow (RD1): 35%
Interflow (RD2+RG1): 49%
Base flow (RG2): 15%
Contribution in total discharge
Snowmelt 12.8%
Glacial melt 12.6%
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
(mm
)
Baseflow
Snowmelt
glacial melt
Interflow
Discharge
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THANK YOU ☺
© kabiraj