Karim Amrane - Effectively Managing Transition to Lower ... · market New Super-market Retrofit Remote Cond. Unit New Remote Cond. Unit Retrofit Stand-Alone MT

EffectivelyManagingtheTransitiontoLowerGWPRefrigerants

KarimAmrane,Ph.D.SeniorVicePresident

Air-Conditioning,Heating,andRefrigerationInstitute

12th IEAHeatPumpConference2017May15-18,2017,Rotterdam,Netherlands

1

BigChangesAreComing

Ø HighGWPRefrigerantswillbephaseddownonaglobalscale

Ø Drivers:– MontrealProtocolAmendment– U.S.EPASNAPProgram/ClimateActionPlan– F-gasregulationsinEurope– CaliforniaHFCproposals

Ø Thegoodnews:Ourindustrywillbeprepared

2

CFCs HCFCs HFCs

high chlorine

strong ozone depletion

strong global warming

•1974 – Molina-Rowland theory

•1987 – Montreal Protocol•1990 – CAA amendments•1996 – total phase-out of CFCs

lower chlorine

lower ozone depletion

lower global warming

•2010 - phase-out ofHCFC-22 from new equipment•2020 - total phase-outof HCFC-22

no chlorine

zero ozone depletion

lower global warming

• 2014 – F-Gas Europe• 2015 – EPA SNAP• 2016 – Montreal Protocol

HFC phasedown• 2016 – CARB • 2016 – ECCC Canada

1930s-1990s 1950s-2010s 1990s +

SO2 -NH31920s

toxicflammable

RefrigerantTransition

3

EuropeanF-GasRegulations:Phase-downsteps

Year Reduction by

2015 100%(Freeze)

2016-17 93%

2018-20 63%

2021-23 45%

2024-26 31%

2027-29 24%

2030 21%

93%

63%

45%

31%

24% 21%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

20152016 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030

4

F-GasRegulations- GWPlimitsØ 2020/2022 GWP2500and 150 Hermetically sealed systems

(Refrigeratorsand Freezers)Ø 2020 GWP2500 Stationary refrigeration equipmentØ 2022 GWP150and 1500 Largecommercial refrigeration systemsØ 2020 GWP150 Movable room a/cappliancesØ 2025 GWP750 Smallsplit a/csystems

11.Refrigeratorsandfreezers[…]forcommercialuse(hermeticallysealedsystems)

thatcontainHFCswithGWPof2500ormore 1January2020

thatcontainHFCswithGWPof150ormore 1January2022

11a.Stationaryrefrigerationequipment,thatcontains,orthatreliesuponforitsfunctioningHFCswithGWPof 2500ormoreexceptequipmentintendedforapplicationdesignedtocoolproductstotemperaturesbelow-50°C

1January2020

11b.Multipackcentralisedrefrigerationsystemsforcommercialusewithacapacityof40kWormorethatcontain,orthatrelyuponfortheirfunctioning,fluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithGWPof150ormore,exceptintheprimaryrefrigerantcircuitofcascadesystemswherefluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithaGWPoflessthan1500maybeused

1January2022

12. Movableroomair-conditioningappliances(hermeticallysealedequipmentwhichismovablebetweenroomsbytheenduser)thatcontainHFCswithGWPof150ormore

1January2020

12a.Singlesplitair-conditioningsystemscontaininglessthan3kgoffluorinatedgreenhousegases,thatcontain,orthatrelyuponfortheirfunctioning,fluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithGWPof750ormore

1 January2025

5

U.S.RegulatoryActivitiesonHFCs– EPASNAPØ PresidentObama’sClimateActionPlan

– EPAtouseSNAPprogramtoencourageuseofclimatefriendlyalternatives

Ø Severalrulesfinalizedin2015and2016Ø Newrefrigerantswereaddedas“acceptable”substitutes

– Highlyflammablerefrigerants(i.e.propane)subjecttouseconditions

Ø ListingstatusofseveralhighGWPrefrigerantswaschangedto“unacceptable”

6

EPASNAP2015FinalRule– CommercialRefrigerationPhase-OutCandidatesandDates

• RefertoTables4,5and6ofFinalRuleforcompletedetails• Source:RajanRajendranEmerson

Phase-OutRefrigerant

Super-marketNew

Super-marketRetrofit

RemoteCond.UnitNew

RemoteCond.Unit

Retrofit

Stand-Alone

MT<2,200BTU/hr. andnotcontainflooded

evap.New

MT≥2,200BTU/hr.withorwithoutfloodedevap.

New

LTNew

LTandMTRetrofit

R-404A/507A Jan1,2017

July20,2016

Jan1,2018

July20,2016 Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,

2020July20,2016

R-410A OK - OK - Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,2020 -

R-407A/C/F OK OK OK OK Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,2020 OK

HFC-134a OK OK OK OK Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 OK OK

Reference:FederalRegister/Vol.80,No.138/Monday,July20,2015/RulesandRegulations,42870-42959 7

EPAHFCRestrictions– September2016

PhaseoutRefrigerant

Chillers(new) ColdStorageWarehouse(new)

RetailFoodRefrigeration –

FoodProcessing&Dispensing(new)

R-134a Jan1,2024 OK OKR-404A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021

R-407A&B - Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021R-407C Jan1,2024 - Jan1,2021R-410A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021R-507A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021

RegulatoryOutlook- CaliforniaShort-LivedClimateReductionStrategyØ ProposedtoreduceHFCemissionsby40%by2030

– FirstpublishedinApril2016– ApprovedinMarch2017

Ø Strategy:– Includesincentiveprogramstodefraycostoflow-GWPtechnologies– Stressesimportanceofenergyefficiencyforlow-GWPrefrigerants– ProposesbanonsaleofhighGWPrefrigerants≥2,500and

Ø California-specificHFCphasedownnotnecessaryØ Regulationexpectedtostartinlate2017/early2018

StationaryRefrigerationorStationaryAir-ConditioningSector

RefrigerantsProhibitedinNewEquipmentwitha100-yearGWPValue:

ProposedStartDate

Non-residentialrefrigeration 150orgreater CARB tofurtherevaluateAir-conditioning(non-residentialandresidential)

750orgreater CARB tofurtherevaluate

MontrealProtocolDevelopments

Ø AgreementonHFCphasedownreachedinKigali,Rwanda– Reducesgreenhousegasemissionsby70Gigatons CO2eby2050– SeparatebaselinesandreductionschedulesforA2andA5countries– Willbeguidedbyatechnologyandeconomicreviewprocessevery5years– Providesfinancialassistancetodevelopingcountries– Willgointoeffectin2019– NeedsratificationbyU.S.Congress

PhaseDownScheduleA5Group1 A5Group2 A2

Baseline 2020-2022 2024-2026 2011-2013Formula AverageHFC

consumptionAverageHFCconsumption

AverageHFCconsumption

HCFC 65%baseline 65%baseline 15%baseline*Freeze 2024 2028 -1ststep 2029– 10% 2032– 10% 2019– 10%2ndstep 2035– 30% 2037– 20% 2024– 40%3rdstep 2040– 50% 2042– 30% 2029– 70%4thstep 2034– 80%Plateau 2045– 80% 2047– 85% 2036– 85%

*ForBelarus,RussianFederation,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan25%HCFCcomponentofbaselineanddifferentinitial

twosteps(1)5%reductionin2020and(2)35%reductionin2025

Notes:

1. Group1:Article5partiesnotpartofGroup22. Group2:GCC,India,Iran,Iraq,Pakistan3. Technologyreviewin2022andevery5years4. Technologyreview4-5yearsbefore2028toconsiderthecompliancedeferralof2yearsfromthefreezeof2028of

Article5Group2toaddressgrowthinrelevantsectorsabovecertainthreshold.

Low-GWPAREP

Ø Cooperativeresearch&testingprogramtoidentifysuitablealternativestohighGWPrefrigerants

Ø EvaluationofcandidatesstronglydesiredbyOEMsØ TheprogramisNOTtoprioritizerefrigerants,rathertestandpresentobjectiveresultsina

consistentmannerØ PhaseIwascompletedattheendof2013.

– 38refrigerantswereevaluatedinPhaseI– AHRIpublished40testreports

Ø PhaseIIstartedin2014,testingconcludedinDec.2015– 17newrefrigerants,highambienttesting– 34additionalreportswerepublished

Ø FinalreportsavailabletothepublicØ http://www.ahrinet.org/site/514/Resources/Research/AHRI-Low-GWP-Alternative-Refrigerants-

Evaluation

Low-GWPAREP

Ø ViablelowGWPalternativesexist

Ø Manypromisingrefrigerantsareclassified2LunderASHRAE34(mildlyflammable)

Ø ASHRAE15doesnotcurrentlydifferentiatebetween2and2Lrefrigerants

Ø IEC60335-2-40doesnotcurrentlyhaverequirementsfor2Lrefrigerants

RefrigerantSafetyClassification

A2Lsafetygroupclassificationusedbyseveralrefrigerantdesignationstandards:Ø ASHRAEStandard34Ø ISO817

from:ASHRAEStandard34-2010

IndustryisMovingForward

Ø OEMsstartingtoselectalternatives– Commercialrefrigeration:HCs,CO2,Cascadesystems– Chillers:HFO1233zd(E),HFO-1234ze(E)– Unitary:R32,R-452B(DR55)

Ø OEMsaredevelopingcomponentsandequipment

Ø However,regulatoryandsafetybarriersmustbeadaptedtoallowthesafeuseofequipmentusing2Land3refrigerants

ASHRAEStandard15RecentActivities

Ø Proposedrequirementsonequipmentusing2Lrefrigerants– Addendumd

• Addresses“high-probabilitysystems”inapplicationsforhumancomfort

• 2nd PublicReviewcompleted– Addendumh

• Addressesmachineryroomapplications• 1st PublicReviewcompleted

– Moreaddendaareexpectedlater• Willaddressapplicationsfor“industrialoccupanciesandrefrigeratedrooms”

Ø Re-write– ChangeindocumentstructureandorganizationØ Completionexpectedearlyin2018

ASHRAE15.2:SafetyStandardforAirconditioningandHeatPumpSystemsinResidentialApplications

Ø Proposedequipmentcoverage:– splitsystemAC&HPsandsinglepackageAC&HPs– wholehousedehumidifiers,wholehouse

dehumidifiers/ventilators,and– permanentlyconnectedheatpumpwaterheaters

Ø AdvisoryPublicationReview(APR)- June2017Ø PlanTwoPublicationPublicReviews(PPR)in2017Ø Standardtobeapprovedinearly2018

StateofStandardsandCodes– GlobalView

Ø IncreasingchargelimitsforflammablesisglobaltrendØ Expectsafetystandardsin2017/2018;codesfollowstandards

RefrigerantClassification Usage Restriction Application

ASHRAE34Refrigerant Designation & Safety ClassificationUL2182

ASHRAE15Safety Standards for Refrigeration Systems2015-2018

UL1995Heating and CoolingEquipment 2014-2015

UL471CommercialRefrigerators and Freezers 2015-2019

UL621Ice Cream Makers2015-2019

UL60335-2-40Heating and Cooling Equipment -2017

UL60335-2-89Commercial Refrigeration -2018

RefrigerantClassification Usage Restriction Application

ISO817Refrigerant Designation & Safety Classification (2013-2014)

ISO5149Safety and Environmental Requirements, Phase 1Phase 2 2014-2015

IEC60335-2-40Heating and Cooling equipment2015-2017

IEC60335-2-89Commercial Refrigeration2015-2019

IEC60335-2-24Refrigerating appliancesIce and Ice Cream Makers2015-2019

UnitedStates

Internationa

l

complete underrevision

Source:RajanRajendran- Emerson

CodeAdoptionProcessofNewRefrigerantsØ Codeadoptionprocessisslow

– Propersafetyclassification(ASHRAE34)– EPASNAPapproval– Meetrelevantsafetystandards– Meetrelevantbuildingcodes

ASHRAEStandard34DesignationandSafety

Classification

EPASNAPApprovalSignificantNew

AlternativesPolicyProgram

SafetyStandards• RefrigerationSystems:

ASHRAEStandard15• Equipment:relevant

UL/EN/ISOStandards

ModelBuildingCodes

StateandLocalCodes

Incompliancewith Adoptedby

SafetyCodesmustbemodifiedtoeaserestrictionsonuseof2Land3refrigerants

2016 2018 2021 2022+

AHRIFlammableRefrigerantsSubcommittee(FRS)

Ø Surveyedrelevantcodesandstandardscommitteesandorganizationson:– Themainknowledgegapsfortheuseofflammablerefrigerants– Anystandingissuesandgapsthatrequireadditionalresearch– Currentandpastresearchactivitiesonflammablerefrigerants

Ø SevenhighpriorityprojectsandonelongtermprojectwereidentifiedØ Objective:

– Producepubliclyavailabletechnicalresultstosupportcodeandstandardactivitiesrelatedtotheuseofflammablerefrigerants

– Ensureatimelyupdateofrelevantsafetystandardsandbuildingcodes

Responsibilityforhighpriorityprojects

Ø AHRIConducting($1.0million)– (CARB$0.3million):– AHRTI-9007:BenchmarkingRiskbyRealLifeLeaksandIgnitionsTesting– AHRTI-9008:InvestigationofHotsurfaceIgnitionTemperature(HSIT)forA2L

Refrigerants– AHRTI-9009:LeakDetectionofA2LRefrigerantsinHVACREquipment

Ø ASHRAEconducting($1.2million):– ASHRAE-1806:FlammableRefrigerantsPost-IgnitionSimulationandRisk

AssessmentUpdate– ASHRAE-1807:GuidelinesforFlammableRefrigerantHandling,Transporting,

StoringandEquipmentServicing,InstallationandDismantling– ASHRAE-1808:ServicingandInstallingEquipmentusingFlammableRefrigerants:

AssessmentofField-madeMechanicalJointsØ DOEfunding($3.0million):

– ORNL:InvestigatetheproperbasisforsettingchargelimitsofA2L,A2,andA3forvarioustypesofproducts

– NIST:Modelingtoolsforlow-GWPrefrigerantblendsflammability

FutureWorkonFlammableRefrigerants

Ø A3Refrigerants- $0.3MillionfundingfromCARBØ Characterizerefrigerantleakscenarioswithactualequipmentin“on”and“off”

statesØ Realworldignitionsources

– Ignitionenergy– Quantity– Spatiallocationthroughouttheroom– Activationfrequency

EducationandTraining

Ø Educationandtrainingiscriticallyimportant– Mostlower-GWPalternativesareeitherflammableormildly

flammableØ Thereareseriouspotentialsafetyandefficiencyissueswithimproperinstallation

andmaintenanceØ ThewholepurposeofphasingdownHFCsisenvironmentalprotectionØ But,inadditiontodirectemissionoftherefrigerants,improperinstallationand

lackofmaintenancecanresultina

30percentlossofefficiency

EducationandTraining

Ø GlobalRefrigerantManagementInitiative– LaunchedinSeptember2014byAHRI,theAlliancefor

ResponsibleAtmosphericPolicy,andABRAVA(Brazil)– Promotesrecycling,recovery,reclaimingandendoflifedestruction

ofrefrigerantsØ ParticipationbyTradeassociationsinAustralia,Canada,

China,Colombia,theEU,Japan,Mexico,andKoreaØ UNEP-AHRIRefrigerantDriver’sLicense

– Aimstoensuresafemanagementofrefrigerants,especiallyinArticle5nations

– Createsaglobalnetworktosupportsafehandling– Developbestpractices– Developtrainingandcertificationfortechniciansonpropermanagement,servicing,andend-of-

lifepractices

Thankyouforyourattention!