Kanpur - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

11/8/2014 Kanpur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur 1/29

Kanpur

Cawnpore

Clockwise from top right: Green Park Stadium; Civil Linesdistrict; Kanpur Police headquarters; Landmark Hotel; Memorial

Church; JK Temple

Nickname(s): "Leather City of India";[1] "Manchesterof the East"[2]

KanpurFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kanpur (/knpr/ pronunciation ; also known as Cawnpore) is the largest urbanagglomeration in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the second largest industrial cityin of the Hindi belt in North India and 10th biggest city in India. It is the administrativeheadquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division and is known as "LeatherCity" as it contains some of the largest and finest tanneries in the world. Kanpur is one ofNorth India's main commercial and industrial centres.

Kanpur is situated on the bank of the Ganges River and has been an important place inthe history of modern India. Kanpur was one of the main centres of the industrialrevolution in India. It was known as "Manchester of the East". Towards the end of the19th century, Sir John Burney Allens established a group of companies such as KanpurTextiles, Cawnpore Woollen Mills (Lal-imli), Flex Shoes Company, Elgin Mills andNorth Tannery under the banner of British India Corporation having headquarters atKanpur. In the beginning of the 20th century, Lala Kamlapat established a group ofcompanies such as; J.K. Cotton Mills and J.K. Iron etc. under the banner of J.K. Duringthe same period Sir J. P. Srivastava established New Victoria Mills.The Jaipuria familybought Swadeshi Cotton Mills from the Horsman family and in 1928 Sardar Inder Singhfounded India's First steel re-rolling mill at Singh Engineering which later became one ofIndia's biggest steel rolling mills. British Government also established a number offactories like; Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur (Now HAL), Ordnance Factory,Kanpur (Manufactured the Nirbheek Revolver) and Parachute Factory in 1886 tosupplement their defence requirements.[5] Today Kanpur comprises Ghari detergent, RedTape Shoes, Goldie spices, Duncans Industries, innumerous middle-scale industries,Hosiery business (which is the second largest in North India and world-famous leathertanneries, which are more than 350 in number.

It has an area of over 605 km2 with an approximate population of 2.5 million inhabitantsin its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a wardpopulation range of 19,000 to 26,000.[6] It is the 75th largest city in the world.[7]

Coordinates: 26.460738N 80.333405E



Coordinates: 26.460738N 80.333405E

Country IndiaState Uttar PradeshRegion Awadh

Lower DoabDistrict Kanpur Nagar District

Kanpur Dehat District

Government Mayor Shri Jagat Vir Singh Drona

Area City 2,509 km2 (969 sq mi)

Elevation 126 m (413 ft)

Population (2011)[4]

City 4,767,031 Rank 10th Density 1,366/km2 (3,540/sq mi) Metro

4,767,031

[3]

Others believe that the name is derived from Karnapur (meaning "town of Karna", oneof the heroes of the Mahabharata). Another theory is that it came from the nearby townof Makanpur, earlier known as Khairabad, where the Sufi saint of the Madariya Sufiorder, Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar, settled.[8]

Contents

1 Earlier history of the area2 Founding of the settlement3 Indian Rebellion of 18574 Culture5 Cuisine6 Geography7 Climate8 Surrounding areas9 Flora and fauna10 Demography11 Economy

11.1 Pollution12 City centre13 Major industries in Kanpur14 Major Business Clusters in Kanpur15 Property16 Metropolitan Area17 Kanpur Urban Area18 Civic administration19 The Special Zones

Kanpur



Languages Official English, Hindi, Urdu, Awadhi

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

PIN 208 0xx 209 2xx 209 3xx 209 4xx

Telephone code 0512Vehicleregistration

UP-77,UP-78

Coastline 0 kilometres (0 mi)

Sex ratio 0.842 /Literacy 84.14%Climate Cfa (Kppen)Precipitation 980 millimetres (39 in)Avg. annualtemperature

22.0 C (71.6 F)

Avg. summertemperature

48.7 C (119.7 F)

Avg. wintertemperature

7 C (45 F)

Website www.kanpurnagar.nic.in(http://www.kanpurnagar.nic.in)

20 Media21 Education22 Notable locations23 Parks24 Historical & Places of Attraction25 Water bodies26 Transport27 Roads28 See also29 Notes30 References31 External links

Earlier history of the area

Kanpur's development is unclear until the 13th century. Although no reference to Kanpuris found in written documents before this time, the history of two of its suburbs, Jajmauand Bithoor, can be traced back to pre-13th century times. Bithoor is located about20 km upstream from the city and is approximately 10 km from the IIT Kanpur campus.Jajmau is about 8 km east of the city and is nearly 20 km downstream from the IITCampus. According to Hindu mythology, just after creating the universe, Lord Brahma performed the Ashvamedha at Bithoor and establisheda lingam there. Another legendary site at Bithoor is the Valmiki Ashram, where the famous sage Valmiki is supposed to have written theSanskrit epic, the Ramayana. According to this epic, Queen Seeta, on being exiled by King Ramachandra of Ayodhya, spent her days inseclusion at the ashram bringing up her twin sons, Lava and Kush.

At Jajmau, there are remains of an ancient fort, now surviving as a huge mound. Recent excavations on this mound indicate that the site is veryold, perhaps dating back to the Vedic age. Popular legends state that the fort belonged to Yayati, a king of the ancient Chandravanshi race.

At Ghatampur (Bhitargaon), 45 km from kanpur central there is an ancient temple built in Gupta Era.



Kanpur Sangrahalaya

At Shivrajpur, 20 km from the Kanpur Central railway station, there is an ancient temple built by Chandel Raja Sati Prasad in memory of hisqueen. This temple is supposed to have been built in a night and is situated on the banks of the Ganges. This temple is famous for itsarchitectural work and carving designs.

Parihar rulers of Kannauj may have ruled this place for a significant part of history long before the beginning of Mughal era. Some historicalaccounts suggest Pratihara emperor, Mihir Bhoja, has ruled in Kanpur since nearby Kannuaj was the capital of Parihar.[9]

Founding of the settlement

In 1207 AD, Raja Kanti Deo of Prayag (connected to the throne of Kannauj) established the villageKohna, which later came to be known as Kanpur. Kanpur continued its association with Kannaujduring the reigns of Harsha Vardhan, Mihir Bhoja, Jai Chand and early Muslim rulers through the SurDynasty. The first mention of Kanpur was made in 1579 during Sher Shah's regime. Up to the first halfof the 18th century, Kanpur was an insignificant village. Parihar rulers also ruled more than 200 yearsin Kanpur, as Kannauj was the capital of Parihar rulers & Kannauj is very near by located to Kanpur.

In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. From1773 to 1801, it was part of the Oudh kingdom and then came into the hands of the British. At thistime, the British realized the strategic importance of the site of Kanpur. European businessmen had, bythis time, started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection for their lives andproperty, the European business shifted the 'Awadh local forces' here in 1778. Kanpur passed intoBritish hands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh.

Kanpur later became one of the most important military stations of British India. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803. South of Parmatwere the British infantry lines and the parade grounds. Indian infantry occupied the space from the present Chunniganj to the Christ ChurchCollege. The Company Bagh was laid in 1847 and the construction of the Ganges Canal was completed in 1854.

The Kanpur Sangrahalaya/Kanpur Museum housing valuable artifacts from pre-colonial and colonial period, was established in 1999, in asection of KEM Hall, Phool Bagh Maidan.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

In the 19th century, Kanpur was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, (known inthe United Kingdom as the Indian Mutiny, known in India as the First War of Independence), 900 British were besieged in the fortificationsfor 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti



Up to 1,000 British troops, theirfamilies and loyal sepoys wereconfined in General Wheeler'sentrenchment in Kanpur for threeweeks in June 1857 where they werebesieged by the army of Marathaprince named Nana Sahib

Charge of the Highlanders led byGeneral Havelock, to relieve thebesieged British troops held by Indianfighters.

Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that soon afterwards,the departing British were shot at, by the rebel sepoys, and were either killed or captured. Some of theBritish officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, onpurpose to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for therebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahibof betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahibhad pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacrewas the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates.Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.

Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore andsent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebelsdecided to execute their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders, and butchers from thenearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on July18. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neillretook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those unfortunatecivilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Kanpur Massacre, as well assimilar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.[10]

The British dismantled the Bibighar and raised a memorial railing and a cross at the site of the well. In1862, they built a church called All Souls' Cathedral in memory of those killed; renamed the KanpurMemorial Church. This Church still stands at what was the northeast corner of Wheelersentrenchment. The marble gothic screen with the famous 'mournful seraph' was transferred to thechurchyard after independence in 1947, and in its place a bust of Tantya Tope installed at Nana RaoPark. The well is now bricked over, but the remains of a circular ridge and 'Boodha Bargad' (OldBanyan Tree) are still there. The "Boodha Bargad" is not there anymore. Only a stone describing theBoodha Bargad is there.

After 1857 it became an important centre of the leather and textile industries. The Government HarnessAnd Saddlery Factory was set up in 1860 to supply the army with leather products, followed by CooperAllen & Co in 1860. The first cotton textile mill, The Elgin Mills was started in 1862 and the MuirMills in 1880, and many others followed in the next 40 years such as Victoria Mills and Atherton West



1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat onthe banks of the Ganges River, whereon 27 June 1857 many British menlost their lives and the survivingwomen and children were takenprisoner during India's first war ofIndependence.

British Forces capture the rebel forcesin 1857 near Kanpur, India

& Co. made Cawnpore a major textile producer. The Elgin Mills of Cawnpore was famous for its Drill Khakhi during the early/mid TwentiethCentury. The Khaki cloth was famous for its colour and durability. The man behind this was theDyeing Master Gopal Sadashiv Gogate, who died on 17 December 1942.

The British India Corporation (BIC) was headquartered here and led the development of manyindustries.The Juggilal Kamlapat Singhania launched many factories between 1930 and 1970.Radheylaal Steel Rolling Mill Formed Up By Seth Radheylaal Vaishya Son Of Lala Pannalal atJuhi,Kanpur & The Jaipuria family contributed to the patriotic cause by building The Swadeshi CottonMills in response to charges that the foreign rulers were raiding India of its cotton only to sell it back toits residents. The first steel re-rolling mill of India was established at Singh Engineering which laterbecame one of India's largest steel re-rolling mills. Kanpur was known as the "Manchester Of India" inthe twentieth century. Kanpur was the largest trading and manufacturing centre in the United Provinces.

Kanpur is an important centre of India's leather and small arms industries. It has five Indian ordnanceFactories viz Ordnance Equipment Factory, Field Gun Factory, Ordnance Parachute Factory, SmallArms Factory, Ordnance Factory which manufacture products of the Indian Armed Forces.

Culture

Nestling on the banks of the River Ganges, Kanpur stands as one of North India's major industrialcentres with its own historical, religious and commercial importance. Believed to have been founded byking Hindu Singh of the erstwhile state of Sachendi, Kanpur was originally known as "Kanhpur".Historically, Jajmau on the eastern outskirts of present day Kanpur, is regarded as one of the mostarchaic townships of Kanpur district. Up to the first half of the 18th century, Kanpur continued tosurvive as an insignificant village. Its fate, however, took a new turn soon after. In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab Wazir of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. It was probably at thistime that strategic importance of the site of Kanpur was realised by the British. European businessmenhad by this time gradually started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection totheir lives and property, the "Awadh local forces" were shifted here in 1778. Kanpur passed into Britishhands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. This forms a turning point inthe history of Kanpur. Soon Kanpur became one of the most important military stations of BritishIndia. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803.Kanpur was founded by chandela king krishnadeo.

Kanpur was a hotbed of change in the independence and literary movements during the first half of the 20th century. A popular shoppingcentre is named Navin Market, after the poet Bal Krishna Sharma aka "Navin". Later poets included Gopal Das "Niraj" who wrote songs forHindi films. Kanpur is also the birthplace of Shyamlal Gupta 'Parshad, composer of the famous ditty Vijayee Vishwa Tiranga Pyara. The



The Nana Sahib with his escort. Steelengraved print, published in Historyof the Indian Revolution (late 1950s).

The well outside Bibi Ghar

propagation and popularisation of Hindi also owes much to this city, with great Hindu literatteurs such as Acharya Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi,Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Pratap Narain Mishra and Acharya Gaya Prasad Shukla `Sanehi. The Agricultural University is named after therevolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad and the Medical College after Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi; both men spent much time in Kanpur. WhileChandrashekhar 'Azad' shot himself when surrounded by a huge posse of British soldiers at Alfred Park, Allahabad, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthiwas killed during the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1931 at Machli Bazar in Kanpur. About 25 km from Kanpur is Bithoor(Brahmavarta). Legendgoes that Sita, the wife of Lord Rama came to live at the ashram of sage Valmiki, after Rama expelledher from Ayodhya. It was here that she gave birth to the twins Lava (Ramayana) and Kusha(Ramayana), and disappeared back into the earth (from where she was born) when confronted by arepentant Rama. Bithoor is also the site of the fort to which Nana Sahib escaped following the Britishretaking of Kanpur. Today, Bithoor is a tourist spot on the banks of the River Ganges and Kanpur isexpanding very fast with new residential complexes sprouting up everywhere. Among festivals GangaMela is a unique festival that is celebrated in Kanpur, 5 days after the festival Holi. Colours are thrownand people greet each other before having a dip in the sacred Ganges. Music, dance and poem recitationare organised in the evening. The festival is celebrated in the memories of revolutionaries released byBritish government who were held prisoners during the 1857 revolution.

Cuisine

Awadhi thali (platter)with Naan bread, Daal,Raita, Shahi paneer,and Salad.

Some assorted halvaincluding sooji, chana,and gajar halva

Paratha served withtea.

puri withaccompaniments



Tantia Topee's leading his army fromBithoor

Chicken Dum Biryaniis one of the delicacyof Kanpur.

Navratan Korma

Persian dishesintroduced in Awadhregion.

Chicken Curry withChapati

Aloo Tikki Chaatserved with Chutney

Paan (or Betel)

The cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern India as well. The cuisine consists of bothvegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Kanpur has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques, and the cuisine of Kanpur bearssimilarities to those of Kashmir, Punjab and Hyderabad; and the city is famous for its Nawabi foods & Punjabi dishes.

The bawarchis of Awadh gave birth to the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous withKanpur today. Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like kebabs, kormas, biryani, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal,Taftan,roomali rotis and warqi parathas. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used likemutton, paneer, and rich spices including cardamom and saffron.

Geography



The city's coordinates are 26.4670 North and 80.3500 East. The Government of Uttar Pradesh has carved out the new district of KanpurDehat from the old Kanpur Rural district. Kanpur, along with Allahabad and Fatehpur, are part of the Lower Doab, which in antiquity wasknown as the Vatsa country. It is surrounded by two main rivers of India, the Ganges in the northeast and the Pandu River (Yamuna) in thesouth. The districts surrounding Kanpur are Hamirpur in the south and Unnao in the north-east. The arid region of Bundelkhand lies just southof Kanpur. Kanpur district along with Kanpur Dehat district lie between the fertile Doab region of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The riverYamuna marks the boundary between the Avadh and Bundelkhand regions. Kanpur City comes under the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Thereare facilities of clean drinking water. Water comes from Kanpur City by Ganges Barge and there are various pumping stations for providingwater to Farmers for crops. Kanpur is situated on the right side of river Ganges and left side is Shuklaganj which is in Unnao District but isalso the part of Kanpur.

Climate

Kanpur features an atypical version of a humid subtropical climate that resembles the climate of Delhi to some degree. Unlike many othercities with a humid subtropical climate, Kanpur features long and very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters, dust storms and amonsoon season. Kanpur lies in northern plains of India, which witness extremes of temperature. It can drop to a minimum of 0.0 C in thewinters while it goes up to 48 C in summers. Kanpur experiences severe fog in December and January, resulting in massive traffic and traveldelays. In summer excessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and Loo, traits more commonly seen in desert climates. Rains appearbetween July and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. Some rainfall is recorded during the harvest season of MarchApril.These extremes however, give the region an advantage of having three crops of versatile range of products. Best time to visit Kanpur is eitherOctoberNovember or FebruaryMarch.Snowfall has never occurred in the city. There are some times Hailstones accompanied with rain in thewinter season during the month of January but sometimes Hailstorms have also occurred in the months of March and April. In January2002,the city witnessed a heavy hailstorm which left the city streets white with ice pieces and recently in 2009 when the last hailstorm wasrecorded. Dust storms are frequent during the months of AprilJune.These dust storms are sometimes accompanied with light drizzles. Suchdusty winds raise the level of particulates in the atmosphere resulting in severe air pollution and increasing health hazards. Sometimes thespeed of winds exceeds to more than 100 km/hr in the outer areas of the city. Kanpur City lies on the right bank of the river Ganges, which iselevated very high from the river, which is the reason that the city never floods. Some of the rural outskirts of the city lie on the flood proneareas of the Ganges, and it often floods the villages on its banks during the monsoon season. The Left bank sandy areas on the banks of theGanges are cultivated to produce summer fruits like Watermelon. The dry and Hot Loo winds help the growth of watermelon which results inits great yield. The average rainfall recorded in the city is 885 mm.



Climate data for KanpurMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high C (F) 28(82)34

(93)41

(106)44

(111)46

(115)48

(118)41

(106)38

(100)38

(100)36

(97)32

(90)28

(82)48

(118)

Average high C (F) 18(64)24

(75)30

(86)38

(100)40

(104)42

(108)36

(97)34

(93)32

(90)30

(86)25

(77)20

(68)33

(91)

Average low C (F) 6(43)12

(54)14

(57)20

(68)22

(72)25

(77)26

(79)23

(73)22

(72)16

(61)12

(54)7

(45)15

(59)

Record low C (F) 3(27)6

(43)7

(45)15

(59)17

(63)20

(68)21

(70)18

(64)19

(66)15

(59)9

(48)0

(32)3

(27)

Precipitation mm (inches) 23(0.91)16

(0.63)9

(0.35)5

(0.2)6

(0.24)68

(2.68)208

(8.19)286

(11.26)202

(7.95)43

(1.69)7

(0.28)8

(0.31)881

(34.69)

Source: IMD[11]

Surrounding areas

Flora and fauna

Indian Peafowl

Indian Peacock

House Sparrow orGauraiyya

Indian Crow



Leapord at Kanpur Zoo

Chhajju at Kanpur Zoo

Chital Deer at KanpurZoo

Brahminy Mynah

Kanpur is home to many residential and migratory birds. Most of them can be spotted at Bithoor, IIT Kanpur campus and areas alongside theGanges Canal. In the IIT campus you can find a large number of peacocks and nilgai. The city has Asia's biggest (area wise) zoologicalgarden. Exotic species of flora are present at the CSA campus also.

The Kanpur zoo is famous for its cages designed to provide a natural habitat for the animals, and has a vast variety of animals. The watersupply system of the zoo is a work of art, by an artist and engineer in the Sinchai Department of that time, Murari Sharan Saxena. He was alsoknown for the design of gates of every Dam in whole Uttar Pradesh of that period. The Zoo is a part of a lush green area - The Allen ForestZoo, Nawabganj.

Demography



Religions in KanpurReligion PercentHindus 70%Muslims 20%Christians 6%Sikhs 1%Buddhists 1%Jains 1%Others 1%Distribution of religionsIncludes Parsis (



Kanpur Population Census Pop. %

1891 188,712 1901 197,170 4.5%1911 178,557 -9.4%1921 216,436 21.2%1931 243,755 12.6%1941 487,324 99.9%1951 638,734 31.1%1961 705,383 10.4%1971 1,275,242 80.8%1981 1,782,665 39.8%1991 1,874,409 5.1%2001 2,551,337 36.1%2011 2,767,031 8.5%

Source: Census of India[12]

Kanpur is situated on the banks of the river Ganges; the population was 2,551,337 as per the2001 census. In the last decade, the population rose rapidly. One of the factors for this kind ofgrowth can be a higher number of immigration to Kanpur City from other areas. Languages spoken in and aroundKanpur include Hindi, English, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi. Hinduism is the largest religion followed in the citywith one-fith of the citizens adhering to Islam as a religion. Muslims in the city include wealthy business people inthe well established tanning industry which accounts for India's 30% export. There is a majority population ofHindus which live in peace and friendship with their Muslims neighbours. The Sikh community consists ofimmigrants who were displaced due to the Partition of India in 1947. They have since well established business inthe city and reside in areas such as Govind Nagar, Gumti No.5, Jawahar Nagar, Ashok Nagar and 80 ft road.Christians are 3rd largest community in Kanpur with about 20,000 Christians as per year 2000.[14] Christ ChurchCollege, Kanpur Memorial Church, British India Corporation, St.Patrick's Church and school, St Mary's ConventHigh School, Huddard High School, Methodist Church in Civil Lines, Kanpur Museum, Cawnpore Kotwali,Cemetery near Court, Collector Mansion Methodist High School and many old buildings and bungalows in Cantt.and Civil Lines reflect British architecture. There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at M.G Road.[15]

Economy

Kanpur has a total GDP (PPP) of 23 billion US$ and it ranks as 9th among top 10 Industrial cities in India followedby Surat.

Kanpur is one of the biggest producers of leather production the world and they are exported in bulk. Apart fromthe leather and textile industries, the fertiliser, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pan masala, hosiery and engineeringindustries are also operating in the city. The private sector has also set up large units such as factories of the JK Industries group, Lohiamachines, Duncans, etc.

The only unit of the Indian Institute of Pulse Research (an institute of ICAR) and one of the three units of the National Sugar Institute issituated in Kanpur which reflects the strong agrarian nature of industries here.

Kanpur was also infamous to a certain extent for being home to largest tanneries in India and the subsequent pollution they caused thereof.These tanneries were the initial source of industrial base in Kanpur during the colonial period. However owing to poor pollution record, lack oftechnologies and emergence of other avenues of employment has led to a slow and gradual death to these units.

Kanpur has also begun to find favour among the outsourcing sector as a favoured location with several new startups setting up shop hereowing to cheaper costs and a readily available talent pool.



Kanpur has several locational advantages, i.e., location at a vantage point on four national highways, i.e., NH 2, NH-86, NH-91 and NH 25;raw material availability for many industries, viz. leather, food processing, plastics etc., proximity to large markets, availability of skilledmanpower due to various institutes located within Kanpur (viz. Indian Institute of Technology, Chandr Shekhar Azad Agricultural University,Central Pulse Research Institute, Leather Institute etc.) and existing traditional industrial base attracting skilled workers to the city.

One of the Software Technology Parks of India is also situated in Kanpur in Awadhpuri locality. Central Government has sanctioned Rs. 250crs to restart Lal Imli Mill in Kanpur which has been closed for a long time.

Business giants in the city include Kashi Jewellers, Laxman traders, Superhouse Group, Simran traders, Aone user, Mirza International, TheUniversal Book Stall, flex industries, Kesarvani, Bajrangbali, deals in handicraft materials, Pan Parag, super glue etc.

In Kanpur, the banking services were availed by only 61 percent of the households (Census 2001). About 8 percent of the households did notpossess basic assets such as vehicles (bicycles, scooter, moped, car, jeep, etc.), televisions and radios. Katiyabaaz (Powerless), a 2014 Indiandocumentary film deals with the issue of power theft in the city of Kanpur.[16]

Pollution

In addition to the historical pollution from the tanneries[17] there are more modern problems, including air pollution[18] and contaminated watersupplies.[19][20]

City centre

The City Centre of Kanpur is along the Mall Road, which is known as the vein or life line of Kanpur. It adjoins the Civil Lines locality.Innumerous Banks like The Reserve Bank of India, SBI, Federal Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, Allahabad Bank, The GPO (General PostOffice), British India Corporation is headquartered here, BSNL Tower, UP Stock Exchange, Indian Merchants' Chamber of Uttar Pradesh, LICheadquarters, Green Park Stadium, Ursala Horseman District Hospital, Kanpur Judiciary, Cawnpore Kotwali, Parks like Moti Jheel and NanaRao Park & Phool Bagh, Z Square Shopping Mall, Som Dutt Plaza along with The Landmak Hotel, Navin Market and various other ShoppingCentres and Plazas are a feature of the City Centre. It is the major economic centre of Kanpur. The area is of 10 km sq approximately and has apopulation of around 200,000. The renovation of city centre is carried under by JNNURM and Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Recently,musical fountains and expanding of the Mall Road has taken place. Activities like protection of old buildings of the 19th and 20th centurieshave taken.



Major industries in Kanpur

There are numerous large, medium and small scale industries & manufacturing centres in Kanpur.

Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India, the largest in IndiaLohia Machinery LimitedBritish India CorporationRupani FootwearPanki Thermal Power StationHindustan Aeronautics Limited - HALJK Synthetics Ltd.Dainik JagranKothari Products Ltd.Mirza InternationalSuperhouse Ltd.Super Glue

Major Business Clusters in Kanpur

Cotton Hosiery Cluster About 476 small industrial units are working in this cluster. Cotton Hosiery industry provides employment to over10,000 people in the city and exports goods worth 6 crore annually.



Readymade Garments Cluster Industries associated in this cluster produce items like dyed stitching fleece, knitting sinker and other hosieryitems. The total exports from this relatively new business segment in Kanpur are to the tune of 50 crore.

Soap and Detergent Business Cluster The industrial units associated in this cluster produce detergent powder, liquid detergents and glass andfloor cleaners among other items. The turnover of this business cluster is around 600 crore annually though the items are consumed within thestate and neighbouring states.

Paint and Allied Industries Cluster This business cluster functions under the ambit of Paint and Allied Products Manufacturers Association.Around 50 units work in this business cluster within the city limits of Kanpur and produce products as enamel based paints, varnishes andthinners along with other allied products.

Harness and Saddlery Business Cluster The major products produced in this business cluster include saddlers, Harness and Saddleryproducts. Around 225 micro units are associated in this business and value of exports from this cluster has touched a high of Rs 375 crore lastyear.

Leather and Leather products Business Cluster Industries associated in leather business in Kanpur produce leather footwear, leathergarments and other leather goods. Around 1635 units in Kanpur produce leather goods and the turnover of the cluster was in the range of 292crore last year.

Steel furniture Business Cluster Around 685 industrial units are functioning in this business cluster. The industrial units associated with steelfurniture business in Kanpur provide employment to over 50,000 people and has been able to achieve a turnover of 181 crore last year.

Cold Storage Business Cluster The 100 units working in this cluster function under the ambit of Uttar Pradesh Cold Storage Association. Theturnover of this cluster was in range of 50 crore last year and the industrial units associated in this business provide employment to over 2000people.

Pharmaceutical Business Cluster Around 75 business units are functioning in this business clusters. These include major multinationals likeRanbaxy and Cipla besides local pharmaceutical units. The turnover of the cluster is in the tune of 70 crore and the industrial units provideemployment to over 2300 people.

Property



Sarvodaya NagarApartments

The Landmark, Kanpur

BSNL, Kanpur Office

Property is one of the growing sectors of the Kanpur's economy. Kanpur has one of the fastest growing property rates in almost all the areasdue to overpopulation.

Metropolitan Area

The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometer around KNNboundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up toAkbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, in the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and inextended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao MunicipalCommittee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area.[6] In 1997-98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area)and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.



Aerial view of Old Central BusinessDistrict near The Mall as viewedfrom The Landmark Hotel

Kanpur Municipal Corporation HQ

Kanpur City officialsDivisionalCommissioner Mukul Singhal

[21]

Mayor Captain JagatveerSingh Dron[22]

ChiefMetropolitanMagistrate

Peeyush Pandey[23]

MetropolitanMagistrate

Pradeep KumarJayant[23]

DistrictMagistrate AP Agarwal

[24]

Kanpur Urban Area

Important cities and towns of Kanpur Urban Area are:

North Kanpur - Bithoor, Mandhana, KalyanpurWest Kanpur - Rawatpur, Moti Jheel, PankiEast Kanpur - Jajmau, Chakeri, Rooma, Sarsaul, Daheli SujanpurSouth Kanpur - Govind Nagar, Ratan Lal Nagar, Kidwai Nagar, Naubasta, Saket Nagar, Barra,Yashoda Nagar, Gujaini, Dabouli, Hanspuram, Shyam Nagar, Jarauli, Damodar Nagar, KoylaNagar, Tatya Tope NagarCentral Kanpur - Civil Lines, Dev Nagar, Kanpur Cantonment, Nawabganj, Kanpur,Generalganj, Swaroop Nagar, Anwarganj, Gumti, Lajpat nagar, Jawahar Nagar, Chaman Ganj,Kanpur, Parade, Colonelganj, Becon Ganj, Patkapur, Iftikharabad, Bansmandi, Parmat, Gwaltoli,Vijay Nagar, Shastri NagarKanpur Rural - Bilhaur, Shivrajpur, Chobepur, Bithoor, Araul, Gatampur,Aseniyan(Nirmalgram),(shcandi),(bidhnu),(udaipur),(kishannagar)

Civic administration

Kanpur Municipal Corporation

This body is responsible for administration of Kanpur City area.

Kanpur Development Authority

Kanpur Development Authority (KDA) is a board for development ofKanpur. The Secretary of Kanpur Development Authority is ShakuntlaGautam. Kanpur Development Authority is responsible forconstructing Governmental Building and flats in Kanpur.

Police



The Kanpur Metropolitan Police has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch andthe City Crime Record Bureau and runs 73 police stations, including two all-women police stations.

Electricity and Water Supply

Electricity in Kanpur is regulated through the Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESA), now called KESCO, [47] while water supply andsanitation facilities are provided by the Kanpur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (KWSSB). The city is facing problems due to erratic powersupply and spoilt roads due to laying down of new sewerage pipes. U.P.S.I.D.C (Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd.)Head Office is in Kanpur.

The Special Zones

The special zones of Kanpur are:[25]

State Government/Private SEZs notified/approved prior to SEZ Act 2005

Fazalganj Industrial Estate Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Acids, Chemicals and PetrochemicalBanthar Leather Technology Park UnnaoKanpur Metropolitan Region, Uttar Pradesh LeatherRuma Textile Park Kanpur, Uttar PradeshSoftware Technology Park (STPI) Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Media

Kanpur is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper which is the most read Hindi Newspaper in India. Other newspapers that are widely readinclude Amar Ujala, Aaj, Rashtriya Sahara, Hindustan. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, EconomicTimes, The Pioneer, etc. There is also the Hindi and English mixed Newspaper Tabloid I-NEXT.

There are currently five FM radio stations and one All India Radio Akashwani Station being broadcast in Kanpur. The 6 Radio Stations arefollowing:

BIG FM 92.7 at 92.7 MHzRed FM at 93.5 MHzRadio Mirchi at 98.3 MHz



UIET Kanpur is known for its lush-green campus

PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur,designed by Achyut Kanvinde

AIR FM Rainbow India at 100.1 MHzAIR Vividh Bharati at 103.7 MHzGyan Vani 106.4 MHz

Education

N.S.I. KANPUE Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Department of Food &Public Distribution Kanpur-208017 India

Kanpur has been a centre of education as many prominent universities and colleges are situated here.The world renowned institute in the field of science and technology IIT Kanpur, established in 1959, issituated on Grand Trunk Road. Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) is Kanpur's oldesttechnical institute situated in Nawabganj. The history of Harcourt Butler Technological Institute datesto the 1920s when there was a growing realization of the need for advancement in science andtechnology among the people of what was then called the United Provinces. Consequently, the IndianIndustrial Commission at its Nainital meeting proposed two institutions for engineering one atRoorkee and the other at Kanpur. To boost entrepreneurship, accelerate industrial development, tocreate a sound environment for contemporary applied research and to inculcate scientific and technicaltemper, an institute called `Government Research Institute, Cawnpore' was started in 1920. It washoused in two rooms of what was called Sher Wali Kothi. The old majestic building is still intact at thenorthwest corner of the Company Bagh crossing, Nawabganj. Dr. Annett was then the principal of theOpium Research Laboratory of which the new institute was an adjunct. Kanpur also boasts of GaneshShankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College ( GSVM Medical College ) which is one of the bestmedical colleges in the country. Chatrapati Shahau Ji Maharaj University formerly Kanpur Universityoffers courses in various departments at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels. STEP-HBTI(Leading management institute affiliated to GBTU)University Institute of Engineering and Technology,Kanpur University, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar PradeshTextile Technology Institute, Government Leather Institute formerly known as Government LeatherWorking School, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, National Sugar Institute, Institute of Productivity& Management, Government Polytechnic, Prof. H.N. Misra College of Education (formerly known asInternational Centre College of Education), Brahmanand Degree College, vssd Degree College, PPNDegree College, D.A-V. P.G. College, Halim Muslim Degree College, BNSD College, Christ Church College are some of the populareducational institutions of Kanpur city. There are more than 70 Agricultural, Degree, Engineering, Management and Medical colleges inKanpur. Also in the city we have Central India Regional Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Apart from these there arevarious renowned schools (pre-primary to class XII); Seth Anandram Jaipuria School is one of the best schools in India. Among the oldest are



International Centre, KanpurUniversity

CSA, Kanpur

the Methodist High School, operating since 1876, and Huddard High School, a private, CISCE-affiliated high school established in 1926.B.N.S.D. Inter College, Jawaharlal Nehru Inter College, Christ Church Inter College, D.A-V. Inter College and Government Inter College arethe repotted government intermediate colleges of the city.

IIT Kanpur, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, NationalSugar Institute, Kanpur University, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technologyare working tremendously in the field of research and development. A non-governmental association,Society for Tropical Plant Research (https://sites.google.com/site/tropicalplantresearch/) also servingthe scientific community through its international scientific journal - Tropical Plant Research(http://www.tropicalplantresearch.com/).

Notable locations

"IIT Kanpur panaroma from Hall 7"

Parks

Green Park Stadium, also known as Modi Stadium, an International cricket stadiumMoti JheelNanarao ParkBuddha ParkJapanese GardenMahatma Gandhi Park, also known as Katehri Bagh, CantonmentKidwai Nagar ParkPhool BaghBrajendra Swaroop Park



Chhatrapati Shahu Ji MaharajUniversity, Kanpur

Foreigners cycling near Lower GangaCanal

Bhagwan Parashuram ParkPalika StadiumTulsi UpawanKeshav Vatika(A small park in Keshavpuram area)

Historical & Places of Attraction

Allen Forest ZooGora Kabristan, a graveyardRadha-Krishna Mandir, or J K Temple, a temple constructed of white marble dedicated toKrishnaPanki Mandir, a historical temple of Lord Hanuman.Kherepati Temple, a well known temple of Lord Vishnu and Sheshnag.Anandeshwar Temple, situated on the banks of the Ganges at ParmatISKON Temple, BithurLav Kush Barrage, a barrage (weir) on the Ganges, also known as Ganges Barrage.Kanpur Memorial ChurchSt. Patrick churchGandhi HallKanpur Sangrahalaya, a museumJajmau TilaBhitargaon TempleSarsaiyya GhatMassacre GhatNanarao Fort, BithurSiddha Nath Ghat, JajmauBaradevi TempleBoodha Bargad (Old Banyan) tree, a tree on which 144 Indians were hanged in the later part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857



Rhinoceros at the zoo

JK Temple in artificial lights

Methodist Church, Civil LinesSiddhidham Ashram, Bithoor

Water bodies

Moti JheelGangesJungle Water World, Bithoor

Transport

Kanpur Mahanagar Bus Seva

The Central Government providing the Kanpur city administration with 300 buses under JNNURM.Central Government will bear 50% cost while State Government and Nagar Nigam will bear 20% and30% cost respectively.

Suburban bus service

The suburban bus service is run by Kanpur upnagariya parivahan sewa. Its fleet is around 120 buses.These buses cater the need of suburban towns and tehsils in Kanpur and neighbouring districts.Suburban services is from Shahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station and Rawatpur. Towns connected byShahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station are Unnao, Fatehpur, Akbarpur, Jajmau, Chakeri, Sarsaul,Maharajpur. Towns connected by Bithoor are Bilhaur, Mandhana, Chobepur, Shivrajpur, nayi jail. It isa division of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation.

Inter-state bus service

One of Kanpur's major bus terminals is Shahid Major Salman Khan bus station at Jhakarkatti. Another important bus station is at Rawatpur.Earlier, another bus terminal operated at Govind Puri, directly in front of the main railway station, but this has now been reestablished as a citybus station. The move was taken to remove congestion in front of the railway station. Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service is a very importantservice for commuters. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by bus service are Jaipur, New Delhi, Gwalior, Bharatpur, Singrauli,Faridabad, Gurgaon Sagar and Dausa.



Massacre Ghat

Kanpur Metro

Line 1: Central-Kalyanpur - Bithoor

Legend

Kanpur CentralKanpur AnwarganjRawatpurKalyanpurMandhanaBithoor

Kanpur Central (CNB)

Railways

Served by Indian Railways, Kanpur is connected by trains to almost every part of India like Delhi,Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Raipur, Indore, Bhopal, Farrukhabad,Jabalpur, Jamshedpur, Srinagar, Jaipur, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Jhansi, Khajuraho, Jalgaon, Durg, Pune,Surat, Lucknow, Nagpur and Coimbatore.

Kanpur has ten railway stations within its city limits: Kanpur Central, Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri(Kanpur South), Panki, Chakeri, Rawatpur, Kalyanpur (Kalyanpur), Kanpur Bridge Left Bank,Bhimsen Jn. and Rooma. There was one more station called "Purana Kanpur" from which the first trainran in Northern India in 1859 - however now it is defunct.

Kanpur Central is the main railway station of Kanpur and is the largest railway station ofNorth Central Railways. Kanpur Central lies as one of the most important railway stationson Delhi-Howrah Trunk Line of Indian Railways. The first Rajdhani Express of India ranvia this railway station.

Air travel

Kanpur Airport has scheduled commercial flights to Delhi. The nearest InternationalAirport is the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport at Lucknow, which is around75 km from Kanpur.

Roads

The city has had chronic problems with maintaining local roads.[20] There are several importantNational Highways that pass through Kanpur.



Air India (Regional) landing atKanpur Airport

Upstream view of Ganges fromKanpur railway bridge

NH No Route TotalLength

NH 2 Delhi Mathura Agra Kanpur Allahabad Varanasi Mohania Barhi Palsit Dankuni (nearKolkata) 2542

NH 25 Lucknow Kanpur Jhansi 352NH 86 Kanpur Hamirpur Mahoba Chhatarpur Sagar Bhopal Indore 674NH 91 Ghaziabad Aligarh Etah Kannauj Kanpur 405NH 157(Proposed) Kanpur Raebareli Sultanpur Shahganj Azamgarh Gaura Barhaj Siwan Muzaffarpur 581

The Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman KhanBus Station". It is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station" enquiry number: 0512 2328381. Itprovides buses to important cities of India. The other bus stations are:[26]

Chunniganj DepotKidwai Nagar (Juhi) DepotKanpur Central MS DepotAkbarpur DepotBagvantnagar DepotVikas Nagar RML DepotAzad Nagar AC Bus DepotFazalganj Bus DepotUnnao Depot

Ring road

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aimto prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles tobypass the city, will be developed on a "Built, Operate and Transfer" (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways DevelopmentProgramme (NHDP).[27]



Downstream view of Ganges fromKanpur railway bridge

See also

Kanpur Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)Kanpur Dehat (Lok Sabha constituency)Renamed places in KanpurSecond Battle of CawnporeList of twin towns and sister cities in India

Notes

1. ^ "Kanpur India - Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur City, Kanpur Guide, Kanpur Location"(http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/kanpur/index.html). Iloveindia.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19.

2. ^ "Nick Name of Indian Places" (http://www.facts-about-india.com/nick-name-indian-places.php). Facts-about-india.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19.

3. ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1lakh and above" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf) (PDF). Office of theRegistrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

4. ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf) (PDF). Office of the RegistrarGeneral & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

5. ^ "About us & Kanpur City" (http://www.excisekanpur.nic.in/about.html). Excisekanpur.nic.in. 1963-01-07.Retrieved 2013-12-24.

6. ^ a b http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf7. ^ "Largest cities in the world and their mayors - 1 to 150" (http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-

cities-mayors-1.html). City Mayors. 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-12-19.8. ^ Suvorova, Anna Aronovna (2004). Muslim saints of South Asia: the eleventh to fifteenth centuries- Volume

14 of RoutledgeCurzon Sf series (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MXIrbg5yU84C&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=Badiuddin+Zinda+Shah+Madar&source=bl&ots=OZntBYmS_v&sig=0NTvq2NfmrmrKO0ipIS_hg-



YmS_v&sig=0NTvq2NfmrmrKO0ipIS_hg-TZYg&hl=en&ei=DzCQSue_LpTG6QOPisXZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 0-415-31764-9.

9. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar. A history of India (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA163&dq=gurjara+pratihara&ei=hpIPS_fhOqDAzQT85pXrDA#v=onepage&q=gurjara%20pratihara%20kanauj&f=false) (4, illustrated ed.). Routledge, 2004. pp. 432 pages. ISBN 0-415-32920-5, ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0. "In 9th century the Pratiharas kings, Bhoja (836-885) and Mahendrapala(885-910), proved to be more powerful than their contemporaries of the other two dynasties whom theydefeated several times. Kannauj then emerged as the main focus of power in India."

10. ^ Dalrymple, W. 2007. The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York11. ^ "Kanpur" (http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/kanpur.htm). IMD. Retrieved 25 March 2010.12. ^ "Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM"

(http://www.rcueslko.org/jnnurm/Kanpur/3%20Chapter%203%20-%20Demography.pdf). JNNURM -Demography. pp. 313. Retrieved 2008-12-29.

13. ^ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf). ProvisionalPopulation Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-07.

14. ^ "Crusade Watch, Religious Conversion Watch, Evangelism watch - India - city wise Christian population"(http://www.crusadewatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=568&Itemid=27).Crusadewatch.org. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-24.

15. ^ http://zoroastrians.net/2014/02/05/appeal-cawnpore-parsee-anjuman-kanpur/16. ^ " 'Katiyabaaz': A documentary maker challenges mainstream space"

(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms). The Times of India. Aug 23, 2014. Retrieved2014-08-30.

17. ^ Shukla, Neha (2 July 2014). "Untreated factory waste poisoning Ganga; Kanpur STPs not upgraded tohandle tannery discharge" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Untreated-factory-waste-poisoning-Ganga-Kanpur-STPs-not-upgraded-to-handle-tannery-discharge/articleshow/37632507.cms). TheTimes of India. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/6REyYbvNh) from the original on 21 July 2014.

18. ^ "Kanpur tops air pollution chart" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Kanpur-tops-air-pollution-chart/articleshow/7315560.cms). The Times of India. 19 January 2011. Archived(http://www.webcitation.org/6RExh0482) from the original on 21 July 2014.



References

Singh, Harihar (1972). Kanpur: a study in urban geography. Indrasini Devi.Free Trade Unions, International Confederation for (1989). "7. Kanpur - The Experience in Textile Industry"(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=UQtAbcCsh-gC&pg=PA39&dq=Kanpur&lr=&cd=15#v=onepage&q=Kanpur&f=false).Employment and structural change in Indian industries: a trade union viewpoint, Vol. 1. International Labour Organization. ISBN 92-2-

19. ^ "Contaminated water a curse for people" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Contaminated-water-a-curse-for-people/articleshow/19904126.cms). The Times of India. 6 May 2013. Archived(http://www.webcitation.org/6REystVpu) from the original on 21 July 2014.

20. ^ a b Potholed roads, eight to ten hours long power cut, overflowing drains and contaminated drinkingwater tell the tale of the Industrial town, which is fast turning into a big slum. Siddiqui, Faiz Rahman (29April 2014). " 'Outsider' Joshi takes on 'local' Jaiswal" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Outsider-Joshi-takes-on-local-Jaiswal/articleshow/34371469.cms). The Times of India. Archived(http://www.webcitation.org/6RExN9yav) from the original on 21 July 2014.

21. ^ "70 IAS officers transferred in Uttar Pradesh" (http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-70-ias-officers-transferred-in-uttar-pradesh-3109031.html). daily.bhaskar.com. 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2013-09-21.

22. ^ "S.K. Nataraj elected Mayor of Kanpur"(http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/24/stories/2010042461670100.htm). The Hindu. 2010-04-24. Retrieved2010-05-05.

23. ^ a b "Court dismisses complaint against Mulayam"(http://m.timesofindia.com/PDATOI/articleshow/12459463.cms). The Times of India. 2012-03-29.Retrieved 2010-05-05.

24. ^ "AP Agarwal is new Kanpur DM" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/kanpur/31214469_1_kanpur-dm-district-magistrate-commissioner). The Times of India. 2012-03-20.Retrieved 2012-03-20.

25. ^ http://kmc.up.nic.in/#26. ^ "UPSRTC" (http://www.upsrtc.com/amenities.htm). UPSRTC. Retrieved 2012-12-19.27. ^ "Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-

outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/). Indianepress.com. Retrieved 2011-01-20.



Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Kanpur.

106709-2.Singh, Surendra Nath (1990). Planning & development of an industrial town: a study of Kanpur (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lmfb38bD-wgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kanpur&lr=&cd=11#v=onepage&q&f=false). Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-241-9.Silas, Sandeep (2005). "44. Manchester of the East: Kanpur" (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&pg=PT151&dq=moti+jheel+kanpur&cd=8#v=onepage&q=moti%20jheel%20kanpur&f=false). Discover India byRail. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 81-207-2939-0.

External links

Kanpur city portal (http://www.kmc.up.nic.in/)Kanpur Dehat portal (http://www.kanpurdehat.nic.in/)

Kanpur travel guide from WikivoyageKanpur City Local Business Directory (http://kanpurdeals.com)Kanpur City Latest Updates (http://kanpurcity.co.in)

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