Kalamazoo River Superfund Project · Kalamazoo River Superfund Project • OU1: Allied Paper Landfill ... − PCBs attached to small mobile particulates (colloids) may travel in groundwater.

Kalamazoo River Superfund Project

•OU1:AlliedPaperLandfill

•OU2:WillowBoulevard/ASiteLandfill

•OU3:KingHighwayLandfill

•OU4:12thStreetLandfill

•OU5:KalamazooRiverandPortageCreek

INQUIRY #:

YEAR:

3851702.1

1974

= 600'

INQUIRY #:

YEAR:

3851702.3

1960

= 750'

INQUIRY #:

YEAR:

3851702.2

1974

= 750'

OU1–Pre OU1–Post



INQUIRY #:

YEAR:

3851702.2

1974

= 750'

OU2–Pre OU2–InProgress

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Conceptual Site Model

ES122013120057GNV Allied_OU-1_GW_CSM_rev3.ai 2/12/2014 DCD

Conceptual Site ModelAllied Paper OU-1Kalamazoo River Superfund SiteKalamazoo, Michigan

Water Table

Water Table

Water Table

784

796

795

797798799

79279

4

790

788

786

BRYANTCLARIFIER

TREATMENTBUILDING

Portage Creek

Bryant HRDL/FRDLsSub Area

Former Bryant Mill Pond

Former Type IIILandfill Sub-Area

Monarch HRDLSub-Area

Western DisposalSub-Area

ResidentialSub-Area

Commercial PropertiesSub-Area

ResidualsResiduals

Contaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment

AND EROSION

GROUNDWATER SEEPS, RUNOFF

The primary exposure pathways at OU1 are associated with the following:

− Consumptionoffish.− Directcontactwithresiduals.− Inhalationofdustandvolatileemissionsfromfloodplainsoilsandconsolidatedresiduals.

− Ingestionofordirectcontactwithgroundwater.Transport mechanisms that may result in completed exposure pathways include:

− Colloidaltransportingroundwater.− Surfacewaterrunoff.− Winddispersionofexposedresiduals.− ErosionofcontaminatedmaterialstoPortageCreekandKalamazooRiverSystem.

PCB Detections in Groundwater at Allied Landfill

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MILLENNIUM HOLDINGS, LLCALLIED PAPER, INC. / PORTAGE CREEK /

KALAMAZOO RIVER SUPERFUND SITEALLIED PAPER, INC. OU

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PCB DETECTIONS IN GROUNDWATER2002 - 2003

•357groundwatersamplescollectedfrom1993through2003.

•2002and2003samplingeventbestrepresentscurrentconditionsafterTCRAwas performed.

− 57groundwaterlocationsweresampledforPCBsin2002/2003.

− 10ofthe57locationshadPCBdetections.

− 3ofthe10locationshadPCBconcentrationsaboveGSIcriteria.The3 exceedancesofGSIgroundwatercriteriaoccurredinwellsscreenedwithinorimmediatelyadjacenttotheresiduals.

•NocurrentevidenceofPCBsingroundwaterand/orimpactstoPortageCreekandfishinPortageCreek.

PCB Distribution in Subsurface

ES122013120057GNV Allied_OU-1_Wells_CSM_rev3.ai 1/30/2014 DCD

Soil Borings with PCB Concentrations Greater than 50 ppmAllied Paper OU-1Kalamazoo River Superfund SiteKalamazoo, Michigan

MW-8A WA-8

WA-6

MLSS-3MLSS-2

MLSS-1

MW-126B

MW-120B

MW-121B

MW-125B

BHDL-123

BHDL-22

WA-2

FLF-2FLF-1

DLHB-6MW-12R

0.3

9

31,100

5

1,100

195

260

174

480

51

0.4

800

120

300

0.04

0.2

0.08

60020.20.10.04

0.06

11

857 8

14029120.2

0.06

6509651270.04

0.4

630

69

2,5003301300.2

17

6

1202813100.5

1100.5

18896110

0.07

0.2

959723

20.08

0.05

2.42,000

8526024075

0.30.6

1201910

3

4309317

0.05

100

0.07

0.060.06

0.2

370

2203302200.08

BRYANTCLARIFIER

TREATMENTBUILDING

Portage Creek

Bryant HRDL/FRDLsSub-Area

Former Bryant Mill Pond

Former Type IIILandfill Sub-Area

Monarch HRDLSub-Area

Western DisposalSub-Area

ResidentialSub-Area

Commercial PropertiesSub-Area

Borings Locations withPCB Contaminations Greater than 50 ppm

Legend

Colors = Total PCB Concentrations (ppm)

White = No Data

Soil Boring,Typical Depth

GroundSurface

Subsurface

WA-8 Boring IDBoring Location

<1 ppm1 - 10 ppm10 - 50 ppm50 - 500 ppm>500 ppm

Nature of PCBs in the Environment

PCBs do not dissolve readily and typically stay bonded to particulates.

− PCBsbindstronglytoorganicmaterial.

− Residualsaregreyclayandfibrouswoodmaterial,highinorganicscontent.

− 65ofthe66soilorsedimentsampleswithPCBconcentrations>10mg/kgcontained residuals.

PCB mobility also affected by soil density, particle size distribution, moisture content, and soil permeability.

− PCBsattachedtosmallmobileparticulates(colloids)maytravelingroundwater.

− ResidualsatAlliedLandfillsimilartoclaysandallowlittlewaterflowthroughthem.

Bound toOrganic Material

(immobile)

Dissolved inGroundwater

(mobile)

Bound toColloids

(mobile in GW)PCBs Colloid

Soil Particle

Remedial Action Objectives (RAO)

RAOsaregoalsforprotectinghumanhealthandthe environment.

RAO 1 – MitigatethepotentialforhumanandecologicalexposuretomaterialsatOU1containingCOCconcentrationsthatexceedapplicablerisk-basedcleanupcriteria.

RAO 2 – MitigatethepotentialforCOC-containingmaterialstomigrate,byerosionorsurfacewaterrunoff,intoPortageCreekorontoadjacentproperties.

RAO 3 – PreventcontaminatedwastematerialattheOU1 landfillfromimpactinggroundwaterandsurface water.

NCP CriteriaInevaluatingthecleanupalternativesatallSuperfundsites,EPAusesaspecificsetofninecriteria(calledtheNCPCriteria)thataskthefollowingquestionsabouteachalternative:

Threshold Criteria –mustbemetforanalternativetobeeligible.1. Overall protection of human health and the environment.Isitprotective?

How areriskseliminated,reduced,orcontrolled?2. Compliance with ARARs. Doesitmeetenvironmentallawsorprovidegroundsfor

a waiver?

Balancing Criteria –determinesrelativestrengthsandweaknessesamongthecriteriathatmeetthreshold.

3. Long-term effectiveness and permanence.Doesitprovidereliableprotectionover time?

4. Reduction of toxicity, mobility, or volume through treatment. Doesituseatreatmenttechnology?Thisispreferred,ifpossible.

5. Short-term effectiveness.Willtheremedybeimplementedfastenoughtoaddressshort-termrisks,andwilltherebeadverseeffects(humanhealthorenvironmental)duringconstruction/implementation?

6. Implementability. Howdifficultwillitbetoimplement(e.g.availabilityofmaterialsorcoordinationofFederal,State,andlocalagencies)?

7. Cost effectiveness. Whataretheestimatedcapitalandoperationandmaintenancecostsincomparisontoother,equally-protectivealternatives?

Modifying Criteria–implementedonceallpubliccommentsareevaluated.TheymaypromptmodificationstothepreferredalternativetoachievetheendresultofapreferredalternativeforcleanupinwhichEPAandthecommunitycanbeconfident.

8. State acceptance. DoestheStateagreewith,oppose,orhavenocommentonit?9. Community acceptance.Doesthecommunitysupport,havereservationsabout,or

opposeit?

The Superfund Process

• Operation and maintenance with any alternative where wastes remain onsite.

• Performed every 5 years with any alternative where wastes remain onsite.

• EPA releases Proposed Plan identifying the preferred alternative for the site.

• EPA issues a Public Notice.

• Public Comment period on the Proposed Plan.

RI/FS

ProposedPlan

Record ofDecision

RemedialDesign

Ranking

RemedialAction

O&M

5-YearReview

• Remedial Investigation determines the nature and extent of contamination at the site.

• Feasibility Study identifies technologies capable of treating the contamination, and evaluates the cost and performance of alternatives that could be used to clean up the site.

• Explains which cleanup alternative was selected for the site.

• Contains Responsiveness Summary to public comments on the Proposed Plan.

• Engineering evaluations performed to design a safe and protective remedy.

• Plans and specifications are developed for construction.

• Prioritization Panel reviews and compares all of the Superfund projects that are construction ready (i.e., have designs completed) and require Federal funding.

• Process is used to distribute Superfund funding to start or continue construction at selected sites.

• Construction of the alternative selected in the ROD.

• Length of the remedial action can be affected by the amount of funding available each year.

Alternative 1 – No Further Action

BRYANT MILLPROPERTY

FORMERFILTER PLANT

LYONDELL

CORK STREET

•EvaluationofthisalternativeisrequiredundertheNationalContingencyPlan.

− Notprotectiveofhumanhealthandenvironment.DoesnotachieveRAOs.

− DoesnotcomplywithARARs.

•Noremovalorconsolidationofwastes.

•Nomaintenanceofexistingcap.

•Cost:$120,000.

Edge of Water or Drainage ChannelRoad/TrailApproximate Property Line f rom County Tax MapSurv ey ed Property BoundaryPrev iously Remediated Area

ALC

OTT

STR

EET

CLAY SEAM

PAVED LOT

PAVED LOT

PAVED LOT

BRYANTHRDL/FRDLs

(capped area)

FORMER TYPE III LANDFILL*

(consolidate perimeter materials under cap)

RESIDENTIALPROPERTIES

GOODWILLPROPERTY

ALCOTT STREET DAM

FORMERBRYANT MILL

POND

SHEETPILE WALL

BUILDING

LYONDELLPROPERTY

PANELYTEMARSH

WESTERNDISPOSAL AREA*(consolidate perimeter materials under cap)

PANELYTEPROPERTY CORK STREET

EAST BANK

MONARCHHRDL*

FORMERRACEWAYCHANNEL

CONSUMERSPOWER

PROPERTY

Select Removal and Onsite Consolidation

Install/Maintain Impermeable Engineered Barrier

Building/Paved Area

LEGEND

* Limits of consolidation, cover, and removal areas to be determined during remedy design phase.

– Use Institutional Controls

CO

RK

STR

EET

PORTAGE CREEK

BRYANT MILLPROPERTY

FORMERFILTER PLANT

CORK STREET

LYONDELL

BRYANT MILLPROPERTY

FORMERFILTER PLANT

Select Removal and Onsite Consolidation

Alternative 2 – Options Consolidation & Engineered CapAlternative 2A• Excavatesoilsabovecleanup

criteriaoutsidefuturecaplimitsandplaceundertwoengineeredcaps,oneonMonarchandoneontheFormerOperations Areas.

• Estimated39,000truckloads.• Includeslong-

termgroundwatermonitoring network.

• ConstructionDuration:2 years.• Cost:$43Million.

Alternative 2B• Excavatesoilabovecleanup

criteriaoutsidefuturecaplimitsandplaceunderanengineered cap.

• MaterialfromMonarchismovedtoFormerOperationsArea.

• Smallercappedareaformaintenanceandrestricteduse.

• Estimated49,000truckloads.• Includeslong-termgroundwater

monitoringnetwork.• ConstructionDuration:2 years.

• Cost:$41million.

Alternative 2C• Alternative2Bplusoffsiteincinerationof15,000cubicyardswithPCBs>500 ppm.• Increasedriskduetooffsitetransportforincineration.• Estimated50,000truckloads.• ConstructionDuration:2years.• Cost:$62million.

Alternative 3 – Offsite Disposal

•Excavate1.6millioncubicyardsofwastematerialandsoilabovesitecleanupcriteria.

•Offsitetransportationanddisposal.

•Backfilltheexcavationtoabovethewatertable.

•Estimated150,000trucktripsoranaverageof115trucksperday.

•ConstructionDuration:5years.

•Cost:$189million.

BRYANT MILLPROPERTY

FORMERFILTER PLANT

LYONDELL

CORK STREET

Total Removal and Disposal Offsite (with or without stabilization)

Alternative 4 – Construction of Fully Encapsulating Landfill

•Excavate1.6millioncubicyardsofsoilabovecleanupcriteria.

•Import800,000cubicyardsofcleansoiltoraisebottomelevationabovewatertableandconstructbottomliner.

•1.1millioncubicyardsplacedinlandfillconstructedonsiteand500,000cubicyardsofmaterialsoffsitefordisposalduetolimitedcapacity.

•Estimated116,000trucktripsoranaverageof90trucksperday.

•Includeslong-termgroundwatermonitoringnetwork.

•ConstructionDuration:10years.

•Cost:$136million.

FORMERFILTER PLANT

LYONDELL

Select Removal with Onsite Consolidation and Offsite Disposal (as required due to volume)

CORK STREET

BRYANT MILLPROPERTY

Landfill Cap Construction Details

Key Feasibility Study Assumptions

•Clean up criteria will be dependant on land use and vary throughout the site.

− ResidentialSoilCriteria:1mg/kg− Non-ResidentialSoilCriteria:10mg/kg− SedimentCriteria:0.33mg/kg− Visuallyidentifiedresidualswillberemovedandfollowedbyanalyticaltestingtodetermineextents.

− ActualcriteriawillbeestablishedintheRecordofDecision.

•Design investigation is required to refine quantities and extents of contamination.

•Sources for imported soils are assumed to be within 40 miles of the site.

•Disposal facilities are assumed as follows:− <40milesforsoils<50mg/kg(Alternatives3and4)− 150milesforsoils>50mg/kg(Alternative3)− 1,200milesforsoils>500mg/kg(Alternative2C)

•Construction is assumed to be limited to Monday through Friday, from 7:00 am to 6:00 pm.

•Construction is generally expected to be performed between the months of April and November.

Kalamazoo River Superfund Project · Kalamazoo River Superfund Project • OU1: Allied Paper Landfill ... − PCBs attached to small mobile particulates (colloids) may travel in groundwater.

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