CO 2 Mixing Ratio Comparisons • Comparison of model using 3-hourly fluxes shows significant skill in simulating observed variability over range of time scales at altitudes of 30 to 396 m. Lack of vertical resolution limits ability to resolve very high values in shallow nighttime boundary layer at 11 m (not shown). • Monthly average fluxes (not shown) capture little of the sub-seasonal variability at this continental site in summer. Flux Mismatch • Examination of flux time series for 2000 shows model under-predicts CO2 surface uptake in spring and overestimates uptake in peak of growing season (Jul-Aug) at LEF but PAR and T differences are not apparently responsible. • Average flux comparison shows spring (summer) under- (over-) estimate of vegetation uptake appears to be systematic for this site. Note also that CASA is nearly balanced but observations indicate residual CO2 source to atmosphere. Comparisons vary at other sites, e.g., Harvard Forest relative behavior is nearly the converse of LEF. CO 2 Uptake • Comparison of CO2 mixing ratios at LEF shows mismatches corresponding to flux differences seen at left. This suggests that observed LEF local flux is representative of larger region and that model flux response needs adjustment regionally. CO 2 Surface Fluxes • Monthly global biosphere fluxes at 1x1º for 1998-2004 generated from CASA using monthly mean GEOS-4 analyzed meteorology (Tsfc, shortwave solar radiation, and precipitation) and monthly GIMMS NDVI. • 3-hourly fluxes produced using 3-h analyzed radiation and temperature in the method of Olsen and Randerson, JGR, [2004]: • Fossil Fuel emission fluxes mapped for 1998 at 1 x 1º from CDIAC country data. • Ocean fluxes based on http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/CO2/carbondioxide/air_sea_flux/fluxd ata.txt Abstract and Introduction Progress in better determining CO2 sources and sinks will almost certainly rely on utilization of more extensive and intensive CO2 and related observations including those from satellite remote sensing. Use of advanced data requires improved modeling and analysis capability. Under NASA Carbon Cycle Science support we seek to develop and integrate improved formulations for 1) atmospheric transport, 2) terrestrial uptake and release, 3) biomass and 4) fossil fuel burning, and 5) observational data analysis including inverse calculations. The transport modeling is based on meteorological data assimilation analysis from the Goddard Modeling and Assimilation Office. Use of assimilated met data enables model comparison to CO2 and other observations across a wide range of scales of variability. In this presentation we focus on the short end of the temporal variability spectrum: hourly to synoptic to seasonal. Using biospheric CO2 fluxes at 3- hourly temporal resolution from the CASA model, we examine the models’ ability to simulate CO2 variability in comparison to observations at different times, locations, and altitudes. The influence of key process representations is inferred. The high degree of fidelity in these simulations leads us to anticipate incorporation of real-time, highly resolved observations into a global multiscale carbon cycle analysis system that will begin to bridge the gap between top-down and bottom-up flux estimation, which is a primary focus of NACP. Wintertime CO 2 • Model continues to perform well into fall and winter season when respiration and fossil fuel fluxes dominate this site. Similar behavior is seen at ARM and other sites. Note that monthly-resolved fluxes perform just as well as hourly during this season. Frontal Passage • Model simulates passage of frontal systems, which separate airmasses of widely varying CO2 mixing ratio, in close correspondence to CMDL observations at Texas tower site (WKT). Synoptic wind fields show advection from regions of varying characteristic CO2 surface flux. Front is seen at all vertical levels on tower. Many such examples are found in the data from various sites. Progress in Modeling Global Atmospheric CO 2 Fluxes and Transport S. R. Kawa 1 , G. J. Collatz 1 , A. S. Denning 2 , D. J. Erickson 3 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 2 Colorado State University Department of Atmospheric Science 3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Toward Carbon Data Assimilation The results of these modeling studies will help to prepare for the use of satellite CO2 and other data in a multi-disciplinary carbon data assimilation system for analysis and prediction of carbon cycle changes and carbon/climate interactions. The high degree of fidelity in these simulations leads us to anticipate incorporation of real-time, highly resolved observations into a system that will reduce uncertainty in the terrestrial CO2 sink and lead toward credible, tested predictive models of climate and carbon needed for informed policy decisions. Analysis is ongoing. We welcome collaboration and comparison with data and other models on the NACP continental scales to better connect bottom-up and top-down process characterization globally and reduce uncertainty in global carbon source/sink inferences. Author Contact Information: S. R. Kawa ([email protected]), NASA GSFC, Code 613.3, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 Parameterized Chemistry/Transport Model (PCTM) • Meteorological fields from the Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), version GEOS-4. - 3-hour averages from analysis used in off-line transport - Flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport algorithm [Lin and Rood, Mon. Weather Rev., 1996] - Model Grid: 2º x 2.5º x 28 levels to 0.4 mbar, hybrid terrain-following coordinate - Parameterized convective and PBL diffusive transport in troposphere - Global fields output hourly, plus interpolation to selected site locations - Runs done for year 1998-2004 • Model evaluation using climatological CO2 fluxes in Kawa et al., JGR, [2004] and Bian et al., Tellus, [2006]. BOTTOM-UP CO 2 FLUXES ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 VARIABILITY K.5 CO 2 SYNOPTIC EVENTS Acknowledgements NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases Group S. Pawson, Z. Zhu (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) I. Baker, (Colorado State University) M. Butler (Penn State U) J. T. Randerson (University of California, Irvine) NASA Carbon Cycle Science CASA Flux Evaluation Time series comparison of flux model output and forcing data with flux tower data at CMDL WLEF site show general good agreement for seasonal to daily variations. TRANSPORT MODEL AND FLUXES 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1998 1999 2001 2002 0 20 40 60 80 1998 2002 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 RScale3hr = R R month " TScale3hr = Q10 Q10 month " GPP3hr = RScale3hr # (2 # NPPmonth) RH3hr = TScale3hr # (2 # NPPmonth) $ NEPmonth [ ] NEE3hr = RH3hr $ NPP3hr Net Ecosystem Exchange (g m -2 mon -1 ) July, 2002 R: 3 hourly surface incident shortwave radiation from met analysis T: 3 hourly 2-m air temperature from met analysis Q 10 =1.5 T"30 10 Daily Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Temperature 1998 1999 2000 2001 NEP PAR Temperature 2000.000 2000.083 2000.167 2000.250 2000.333 2000.417 2000.500 2000.584 2000.667 2000.750 2000.834 2000.917 2001.000 0 20 40 60 80 CASA Observations Observations= -69.5 gC/m2/yr CASA= -6.4 gC/m2/yr` 2000.000 2000.083 2000.167 2000.250 2000.333 2000.417 2000.500 2000.584 2000.667 2000.750 2000.834 2000.917 2001.000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Temperature NEP PAR J F M A M J J A S O N D (CASA) 396 m 30 m 30-d high pass filter applied CMDL CTM CASA 3-h —CMDL — CTM CASA 3-h