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our constitutionAl right to counsel

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Amra cog ngl oOr cooal Rgh o col

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April 2009

This Report and the work o the National Right to Counsel Committee have been supported by generous

contributions rom the Open Society Institute and the Wallace Global Fund.

This Report is available at www.constitutionproject.org and www.nlada.org.
http://www.constitutionproject.org/http://www.nlada.org/http://www.nlada.org/http://www.constitutionproject.org/


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Copyright 2009 by the Constitution Project and the National Legal Aid & Defender Association. All rights reserved. No

part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders.

For information about this report, or any other work of the Constitution Project, please visit our website at

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The Constitution Project |iii

National Right to Counsel Committee

Honorary Co-Chairs

Walter F. Mondale

Senior Counsel, Dorsey & Whitney LLP;

Vice President o the United States, 19771981;

United States Senator (D-MN), 19641977;

ormer Minnesota Attorney General who organized the amicus brie

o 23 states in support o Clarence Earl Gideon in Gideon v. Wainwright

William S. Sessions

Partner, Holland & Knight LLP;

Director, Federal Bureau o Investigation, 19871993;

Judge, United States District Court or the Western District o Texas, 19741987, Chie Judge, 19801987;

United States Attorney, Western District o Texas, 19711974

Co-Chairs

Rhoda Billings

Proessor Emeritus, Wake Forest University School o Law;

Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court, 19851986, Chie Justice, 1986;

Judge, State District Court, 19681972

Robert M. A. Johnson

District Attorney, Anoka County, Minnesota;

ormer President, National District Attorneys Association;

ormer Chair, American Bar Association Section o Criminal Justice

Timothy K. Lewis

Co-Chair, Appellate Practice Group, Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP;

Judge, United States Court o Appeals or the Third Circuit, 19921999;

Judge, United States District Court or the Western District o Pennsylvania, 19911992;

ormer Assistant United States Attorney, Western District o Pennsylvania;

ormer Assistant District Attorney, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania


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Justice Denied: Americas Continuing Neglect o Our Constitutional Right to Counsel

iv | The Constitution Project

Members

Shawn Armbrust

Executive Director, Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project; as a

member o the Northwestern University Medill School o

Journalism was instrumental in achieving the 1999 death

row exoneration o Illinois inmate Anthony Porter

Jay W. Burnett

Former Judge, 351st Criminal District Court, Harris CountyTexas, appointed 1984; Judge, 183rd Criminal District

Court, Harris County, Texas, 19861998; Visiting Criminal

District Judge, 2nd Judicial Administrative Region o Texas,

19992000

Alan J. Crotzer

Probation and Community Intervention Ocer, Florida

Department o Juvenile Justice; wrongully convicted and

sentenced to 130 years in prison; served 24.5 years in prison;exonerated based on DNA evidence in 2006

Tony Fabelo

Director o Research, Justice Center o the Council o State

Governments; ormer Senior Associate, The JFA Institute;

ormer Executive Director, Texas Criminal Justice Policy

Council, 19912003

Norman S. FletcherO Counsel, Brinson, Askew, Berry, Seigler, Richardson &

Davis LLP; Justice, Supreme Court o Georgia, 19892005,

Chie Justice, 20012005

Monroe H. Freedman

Proessor o Law and ormer Dean, Hostra University School

o Law; nationally-acclaimed scholar o lawyers ethics

Susan HermanAssociate Proessor o Criminal Justice, Pace University;

ormer Executive Director, National Center or Victims o Crime

Bruce R. Jacob

Dean Emeritus and Proessor o Law, Stetson University

College o Law; ormer Assistant Attorney General or the

State o Florida, represented Florida in Gideon v. Wainwright

Abe Krash

Retired Partner, Arnold & Porter LLP; ormer Visiting Lecturer,

Yale Law School; Adjunct Proessor, Georgetown UniversityLaw Center; represented Clarence Earl Gideon in Gideon v.

Wainwright

Norman Lestein

Proessor o Law and Dean Emeritus, Indiana University

School o LawIndianapolis (served as one o the

Committees Reporters)

Charles J. Ogletree, Jr.Jesse Climenko Proessor o Law; Executive Director, Charles

Hamilton Houston Institute or Race and Justice, Harvard

Law School

Bryan A. Stevenson

Director, Equal Justice Initiative o Alabama; Proessor o

Clinical Law, New York University School o Law

Larry D. ThompsonSenior Vice President, Government Aairs, General Counsel

and Secretary, PepsiCo, Inc.; Deputy Attorney General o the

United States, 20012003; ormer United States Attorney,

Northern District o Georgia

Hubert Williams

President, Police Foundation; ormer New Jersey Police

Director; ormer Special Advisor to the Los Angeles Police

Commission


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National Right to Counsel Committee

The Constitution Project |v

Reporters

Norman Lestein

Proessor o Law and Dean Emeritus, Indiana University School o LawIndianapolis;

LL.B., 1961, University o Illinois College o Law; LL.M., 1964, Georgetown University Law Center.

Proessor Lesteins prior positions include service as director o the Public Deender Service or the District o Columbia, as an

Assistant United States Attorney, and as a sta member in the Oce o the Deputy Attorney General o the U.S. Department

o Justice. His proessional activities include serving as Chair, American Bar Association (ABA) Section o Criminal Justice in

19861987; and as Reporter or the Second Edition o ABA Criminal Justice Standards Relating to The Prosecution Function, The

Deense Function, Providing Deense Services, and Pleas o Guilty. During 19971998, Proessor Lestein served as Chie Consultant

to a Subcommittee on Federal Death Penalty Cases o the Judicial Conerence o the United States, directing preparation o a

report on the cost and quality o deense representation in ederal death penalty prosecutions. His publications include Criminal

Deense Services or the Poor, published by the ABA in 1982, and co-authorship o Gideons Broken Promise: Americas Continuing

Quest or Equal Justice, published by the ABA in 2004. He also has served as a member o the ABAs Standing Committee on Legal

Aid and Indigent Deendants and or nine years chaired its Indigent Deense Advisory Group. In 2007, Proessor Lestein concluded

seventeen years as Chairman o the Indiana Public Deender Commission.

Robert L. Spangenberg

Research Proessor and Founder, The Spangenberg Project, Center or Justice, Law, and Society, George Mason University;

B.S., 1955, Boston University; J.D., 1961, Boston University School o Law.

Proessor Spangenberg specialized in civil legal services early in his career, developing the Boston Legal Assistance Project,

a neighborhood civil legal services program, which he headed or nine years. Ater a two-year oundation study o civil legal

services in Boston and a statewide study o indigent deense in Massachusetts, Proessor Spangenberg joined Abt Associates in

Cambridge, Massachusetts, where or nine years he conducted national and local studies o indigent deense systems across the

country. In 1985, he ounded The Spangenberg Group to continue the study o indigent deense nationwide. During his 23 years

as President o the organization, he visited all 50 states, testied beore legislative bodies about the justice system, and served

as an expert witness in court proceedings. The Spangenberg Group published hundreds o reports and studies pertaining to the

countrys system o justice in criminal and juvenile proceedings, and or more than 20 years, Proessor Spangenberg has served

as a consultant to the ABA Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Deendants. In February 2009, Proessor Spangenberg

joined George Mason University, where he will continue his work on indigent deense matters.


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Table o Contents

National Right to Counsel Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Hoorar co-char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

co-char. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mmbr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rporr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Executive Summary and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter The Right to Counsel:

What is the Legal Foundation, What is Required o Counsel, and Why Does it Matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. th u.s. coo ad h sprm cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

th Ladmark Do: Powellad Gideon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

epao o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tp o ca Rqrg col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

trarp, epr, ad Ohr Aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A Wha sag o h Prodg i col Rqrd? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

War o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

th co o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

B. sadard or Orgazg D sr ad cl Rprao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c. Prooal D o Lawr Rprg h idg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. i Aa o col: th Dl o corrg Mak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

e. coo o h io ad h impora o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter Indigent Deense Today: A Dire Need or Reorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. th nd or Rorm Dad Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

B. i Fdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

idg D Modl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sa ad co Fdg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gral ad spal Fd R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Fdg shorag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Ror iq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

c. th Brd o too Mh Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

e caload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

togh o crm Pol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70


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viii | The Constitution Project

collaral coq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

crmalzao o Mor O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

epao o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Doalzao Who comm sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

compl o h Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

spal cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Lak o Op Dor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

D. Ohr impdm o comp ad e D sr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Lak o idpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Fdg sor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

slo ad Agm o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Falr Prodg col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

no col ad La col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

iald War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Ab o Law-trad Jdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Lak o Prorma sadard, trag, ad Orgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Lak o epr, igaor, ad irprr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

iadqa cl coa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Lak o tholog ad Daa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

eroo o co o ir Rl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

ca Dla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Chapter How to Achieve Reorm:

The Use o Litigation to Promote Systemic Change in Indigent Deense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Lgal thor udrlg Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Lgao Arg Rgh o D Aor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Lgao Arg Dda Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

B. Lgao Opo: Wh ad How ca Ar Prd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prral Lgao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ca Arg h Rgh o All idg Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ca Arg h Rgh o a cla o Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

ca Arg h Rgh o a iddal Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Qma co . sa o Mpp (tapar Rgh ca). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Po-coo Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

c. Jdar Ahor o Prod Rl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

ihr Ahor o sa cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Ohr thor o sa cor Jrdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fdral cor Jrdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

D. Lo Lard rom Pror Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All or a Larg cla o idg Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Prral Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

eprd Praor srg Pro Boo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Faal sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appropra cor ad Jdal iro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mda ad Pbl sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Chapter How to Achieve Reorm:

The Use o Legislation and Commissions to Produce Meaningul Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Lgla Bakgrod o sa Orgh commo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Lgla trd h u o Orgh commo s 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

imp or Lgla Rorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Obal o Lgla Rorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bal Bw sa Orgh ad Loal corol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

B. sa Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

idpd ad srr o sa Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Appog Ahor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Mmbrhp crra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Ag Plam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

saor Dr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

commo sz ad Mmbrhp tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

erg Qal Rprao ad Rpobl o a Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

sop o Ahor ad i impa o idpd ad Qal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Fll Ahor Orgh commo ad sa Pbl Ddr Ag wh commo . . . . . . . . . . .66

sa Pbl Ddr Ag who a Orgh commo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

sa commo wh Paral Ahor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

sa commo wh Lmd sop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

K o a sl Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

c. sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Pro sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

crr sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter Recommendations and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. irodo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

B. Rommdao ad commar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Wha sa shold Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

compla wh h coo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

idpd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

sa Who a Board or commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Qalfao, Prorma, ad spro o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


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The Constitution Project |xi

Preace

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xii | The Constitution Project

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Preace

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The Constitution Project |1

executive suMMARyAnD RecOMMenDAtiOns


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2 | The Constitution Project

Introduction

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Yet, today, in criminal and juvenile proceedings in state courts, sometimes counsel is notprovided at all, and it oten is supplied in ways that make a mockery o the great promiseo the Gideon decision and the Supreme Courts soaring rhetoric. Troughout the United

States, indigent deense systems are struggling. Due to unding shortalls, excessive casel-oads, and a host o other problems, many are truly ailing. Not only does this ailure deny

justice to the poor, it adds costs to the entire justice system. State and local governmentsare aced with increased jail expenses, retrials o cases, lawsuits, and a lack o public con-

dence in our justice systems. In the countrys current scal crisis, indigent deense undingmay be urther curtailed, and the risk o convicting innocent persons will be greater thanever. Although troubles in indigent deense have long existed, the call or reorm has neverbeen more urgent.

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Executive Summary and Recommendations


Chapter Summaries

Chapter 1The Right to Counsel: What is the Legal Foundation,

What Is Required o Counsel, and Why Does It Matter?

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Chapter 2Indigent Deense Today: A Dire Need or Reorm

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Chapter 3How to Achieve Reorm:

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Chapter 4How to Achieve Reorm:

The Use o Legislation and Commissions to Produce Meaningul Change

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Chapter 5Recommendations and Commentary

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I we are to keep democracy, there must be a commandment:

Tou shalt not ration justice.

Recommendations

What States Should Do

Compliance with the Constitution

Recommendation 1States should adhere to their obligation to guarantee air criminal and juvenile

proceedings in compliance with constitutional requirements. Accordingly, legislators should appropriate

adequate unds so that quality indigent deense services can be provided. Judges should ensure that all

waivers o counsel are voluntary, knowing, intelligent, and on the record, and that guilty pleas are not

accepted rom accused persons absent valid waivers o counsel. Prosecutors should not negotiate plea

agreements with accused persons absent valid waivers o counsel and should adhere to their duty to assure

that accused persons are advised o their right to a lawyer.

Independence

Recommendation 2States should establish a statewide, independent, non-partisan agency headed by

a Board or Commission responsible or all components o indigent deense services. The members o the

Board or Commission o the agency should be appointed by leaders o the executive, judicial, and legislative

branches o government, as well as by ocials o bar associations, and Board or Commission members

should bear no obligations to the persons, department o government, or bar associations responsible or

their appointments. All members o the Board or Commission should be committed to the delivery o quality

indigent deense services, and a majority o the members should have had prior experience in providing

indigent deense representation.


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Recommendation 3The Board or Commission should hire the agencys Executive Director or State Public

Deender, who should then be responsible or hiring the sta o the agency. The agency should act as an

advocate on behal o improvements in indigent criminal and juvenile deense representation and havethe authority to represent the interests o the agency beore the legislature pertaining to all such matters.

Substantial unding or the agency should be provided by the state rom general und revenues.

States Without a Board or Commission

Recommendation 4In states that do not have a statewide, independent, non-partisan agency respon-

sible or all components o indigent deense services, a statewide task orce or study commission should

be ormed to gather relevant data, assess its quality as measured by recognized national standards or the

delivery o such services, and make recommendations or systemic improvements. The members o the taskorce or study commission should be appointed by leaders o the executive, judicial, and legislative branches

o government, as well as by ocials o bar associations, and task orce or study commission members

should bear no obligations to the persons, departments o government, or bar associations responsible or

their appointments.

Qualifcations, Perormance, and Supervision o Counsel

Recommendation 5The Board or Commission should establish and enorce qualication and peror-

mance standards or deense attorneys in criminal and juvenile cases who represent persons unable to a-

ord counsel. The Board or Commission should ensure that all attorneys who provide deense representationare eectively supervised and remove those deense attorneys who ail to provide quality services.

Workload

Recommendation 6The Board or Commission should establish and enorce workload limits or deense

attorneys, which take into account their other responsibilities in addition to client representation, in order to

ensure that quality deense services are provided and ethical obligations are not violated.

CompensationRecommendation 7Fair compensation should be provided, as well as reasonable ees and overhead ex-

penses, to all publicly unded deenders and or attorneys who provide representation pursuant to contracts

and on a case-by-case basis. Public deenders should be employed ull time whenever practicable and salary

parity should be provided or deenders with equivalent prosecution attorneys when prosecutors are airly

compensated. Law student loan orgiveness programs should be established or both prosecutors and public

deenders.


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Adequate Support and Resources

Recommendation 8Sucient support services and resources should be provided to enable all deenseattorneys to deliver quality indigent deense representation, including access to independent experts,

investigators, social workers, paralegals, secretaries, technology, research capabilities, and training.

Eligibility and Prompt Assignment

Recommendation 9Prompt eligibility screening should be undertaken by individuals who are inde-

pendent o any deense agency, and deense lawyers should be provided as soon as easible ater accused

persons are arrested, detained, or request counsel.

Reclassifcation

Recommendation 10In order to promote the air administration o justice, certain non-serious misde-

meanors should be reclassied, thereby reducing nancial and other pressures on a states indigent deense

system.

Data Collection

Recommendation 11Uniorm denitions o a case and a consistent uniorm case reporting system

should be established or all criminal and juvenile delinquency cases. This system should provide continuous

data that accurately contains the number o new appointments by case type, the number o dispositions bycase type, and the number o pending cases.

What the Federal Government Should Do

A National Center or Deense Services

Recommendation 12The ederal government should establish an independent, adequately unded

National Center or Deense Services to assist and strengthen the ability o state governments to providequality legal representation or persons unable to aord counsel in criminal cases and juvenile delinquency

proceedings.

Federal Research and Grant Parity

Recommendation 13Until a National Center or Deense Services is established, as called or in

Recommendation 12, the United States Department o Justice should use its grant and research capabilities

to collect, analyze, and publish nancial data and other inormation pertaining to indigent deense. Federal

nancial assistance through grants or other programs as provided in support o state and local prosecutors

should also be provided in support o indigent deense, and the level o ederal unding or prosecution anddeense should be substantially equal.


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What Individuals, Criminal Justice Agencies, and Bar Associations Should Do

Adherence to Ethical Standards

Recommendation 14Deense attorneys and deender programs should reuse to compromise their

ethical duties in the ace o political and systemic pressures that undermine the competence o their repre-

sentation provided to deendants and juveniles unable to aord counsel. Deense attorneys and deender

programs should, thereore, reuse to continue representation or accept new cases or representation when

aced with excessive workloads that will lead to a breach o their proessional obligations.

Recommendation 15Judges, prosecutors, and deense lawyers should abide by their proessional obliga-

tion to report to disciplinary agencies knowledge o serious ethical violations that impact indigent deense

representation when the inormation they possess is not condential. Appropriate remedial action shouldbe taken by persons with responsibility over those who commit such ethical violations.

Open File Discovery

Recommendation 16Prosecutors should adopt open le discovery policies in order to promote the air

administration o criminal and juvenile justice.

Education, Advocacy and Media Attention

Recommendation 17State and local bar associations should provide education about the proessionalobligations and standards governing the conduct o deense attorneys, prosecutors, and judges in order to

promote compliance with applicable rules. State and local bar associations, deense attorneys, prosecutors,

judges, and their proessional associations should support and advocate or reorm o indigent deense

services in compliance with the recommendations contained in this report.

Recommendation 18Criminal justice proessionals, state and local bar associations, and other organiza-

tions should encourage and acilitate sustained media attention on the injustices and societal costs entailed

by inadequate systems o indigent deense, as well as those systems that unction eectively.

Litigation

Recommendation 19When indigent deense systems require deense attorneys to represent more

clients than they can competently represent or otherwise ail to assure legal representation in compliance

with the Sixth Amendment, litigation to remedy such deciencies should be instituted.

Recommendation 20When seeking to achieve remedies that will avorably impact current and uture

indigent deendants, litigation should be instituted pretrial on behal o all or a large class o indigent

deendants.


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Recommendation 21Whenever possible, litigation should be brought by disinterested third parties,

such as private law rms or public interest legal organizations willing to serve as pro bono counsel, who

are experienced in litigating major, complex lawsuits and accustomed to gathering and presenting detailedactual inormation. Bar associations and other organizations should encourage law rms and public inter-

est legal organizations to undertake indigent deense litigation and should recognize in appropriate ways

the contributions o private counsel in seeking to improve the delivery o indigent deense services.

Recommendation 22Deense lawyers who provide representation in appellate and post-conviction

cases and organizations that advocate as amicus curiae should urge the United States Supreme Court and

state Supreme Courts to adopt a test or ineective assistance o counsel that is substantially consistent with

the ethical obligation o deense counsel to render competent and diligent representation.


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The U.S. Constitution and the Supreme CourtA.

The Landmark Decisions: Powelland Gideon

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w F A p lw l b l ppl lb j. SeeGeoffrey r. Stone, et a., Constitutiona a 70210(4 . 2001); Anthony Leis, Gideons rumet 9399 (1964).

3 Pwll v. Alb, 287 U.S. 45, 6061 (1932).4 SeeFl G. F Pk G. Jk, Public Deenders, Assigned Counsel, Retained Counsel:

Does the ype o Criminal Deense Counsel Matter?, 22 Rut. L. Re. 361, 362, . 11 (1991).5 T pl wl w l b w p

p l w lw b v l pp.

I k 200 bl ppl l pv l w bl p p. Id. 362.

6 Pwll v. Alb, 287 U.S. 45 (1932).
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Chapter The Right to Counsel


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p l, lb, pp w p lw. U.S. Const. . XIV, 1. F l l Powell, seeDl O. L,Without Fear or Favor: Judge James Edwin Horton and the rial o the Scottsboro Boys, 68 UMKC L.

Re. 549 (2000); Ml J. Kl, Te Racial Origins o Modern Criminal Procedure, 99 Mich.L. Re. 48, 6167 (2000).

10 Id. 6869.


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pl 31 l Sp C Gideon v. Wainwright. W pp Gideon ll p-

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11 G v. Ww, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). D 25 bw Powell Gideon, C l w j --l : J v. Zb, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) B v. B, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), overruled byG v. Ww, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). IZerbst, C l l l Sx A w w l l l b b kw, ll, vl wv l. I Betts, SpC l Sx A ppl . T C pp l l , l l w p p p p F A. Id. 472.

12 Gideon, 33638. See also,Anthony Leis, Gideons rumet (1964); Gideons rumpet(CBSlv b, Apl 30, 1980).

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W lq, J Blk xpl:

T w l b l l l , b . F v b, l lw v l p pl bv l b pl bl w v ql b lw. T bl l b lz p w w lw .

T bv w C w pp w G

w bk Fl w l. T G l, ll w pp p v l p vl v l. A l, lwkllll xp wk w, - w w w lkl l lp. H l ll G , w l bk- pv v ,b w ll l. T j lbl q G ll .

B G w w l Fl lw pbl b x v- , Gideon pp SxA l ppl w l l . Lk Powellp w Gideon l, Sp Cl Gideon ppl ll l jvl p, j l, C w b p j w qll pp lv.

l Sx A l l. Id. 342.

16 Id. 344.17 Id. 345.18 SeeAnthony Leis, Gideons rumet 23450 (1964). T pp p

G w W. F P C, Fl, w w pp b pG p q. p bl v ll bk- kw ll ppl, vw w, . I ,

w p pk p w S w G, H Ck. B w G l w w Sp C. Ill, w ACLU M p . T G, b b w b v ll -. T j k w w wl lk v lw, Gq .


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Expansion o the Right to Counsel

I 1963, wk Gideon , q w lv.F w w l x b l. F xpl, l ppl p jvl lq p? W pv l v xp, p, k ll ? A

w l b pv? U w , , p w ? A, pp p ll, w pbl p w wl w bq w l lv v b ?

Types o Cases Requiring Counsel

T x j xp l 1967 w SpC In re Gault , w l w ppl jvllq p. C Powell Gideon, C l l b lq bj l lb p-bl l p. T jvl l p w pbl lw, k kll q , p

19 P Sp C l Gideon, pv l -pl . F xpl, l 1854, I Sp C ppvpp l w bl: B v bB [ ] w b b , wll l . I b , vlz , , zp jp l lb, l b b l b w p pl . N C l b p, p l, l. T p, , w, w wll b l , C, pbl. Wbb v. B, 6 I. 11, 13 (1854). I 1881, Nw

Yk Cl P Lw w pv l w bk w w , , p b lw w b pp.

SeeMichae McConie and Chester L. Mirsy, Jury rias and Pea Bargaining: Arue History, 36, . 20 (2005). Mv, pbl U S wbl 1914 L Al. Seewb L Al Pbl D O, availableatp://www.p..l../.l . Nvl, b l Sp C Gideon, l l pp -pl , v q.B A C A Cvl Lb U, G v. Ww, 371 U.S. 335 (1963).T x w l ll w pv -pl l p p Gideon wll , b ll 1963, pv Gideon bq Sp C v q. F l l A l S p Gideon , seeN,AnHistorical Argument or the Right to Counsel During Police Interrogations, 73 Yae L. J. 1000, 101834(1964); Fll, Te Right to Counsel Under State Law, 1955 Wis. L. Re. 281 (1951); W. H. Beaney,

he Right to Counse in American Courts 824, 80100 (1955); James J. omoc, heRight to the Assistance of Counse 113 (2002).

20 In reGl, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
http://www.pd.co.la.ca.us/history.htmlhttp://www.pd.co.la.ca.us/history.html


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l p, w pp b . T l q l v p

p .

T, 1972, Argersinger v. Hamlin, Sx A w vk, l xp l.A w w l wp. D ll p, w v

jl. Epz l lb p l v l, Sp C v. A C xpl, b kw ll wv [ l], p b p

, w l p, , l, l w pb l l.

I 2002,Argersingerw ppl w , w b l, v p jl , pl pb, l p-b vk p p. IAlabama v. Shelton, SpC l Sx A pp l, l

Argersinger, ppl Sl . W l p p l pv p lb, b p l w l

p . A C xpl, w p v, pb vl b lp w w v pv pp v ll p.

B p F A p ql p l, l l b q ppll . I 1963, Douglas v. Caliornia, p Gideon , Sp C l b

21 Id. 36.22 A v. Hl, 407 U.S. 25 (1972).23 Id. 37. FllwArgersinger, Sp C pz l p w

l. I S v. Ill, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), C l Sx A vl w pbl p b l .[W] blv l p Argersinger l p pl - k p l wp l p l l pp l.Id. 373.

24 Alb v. Sl, 535 U.S. 654 (2002).

25 Id. 658.26 Id. 662.27 Dl v. Cl, 372 U.S. 353 (1963).


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, p ll p pv llp, w q lw pp , wll

l .

Transcripts, Experts, and Other Assistance

T Sp C z, v b Gideon, pv pv v ql . T DouglasHalbert p ppl Grin v.Illinois, 1956 Sp C w C l p ql p l p b

xp q ppl b ppll . A C Grin xpl, [] b ql jw k l p . D b q ppll vw w v b p.

T ppl Grin w ppl b C 1985 Ake v.Oklahoma q pv p w k pl w wll b l.TAke b vk b l q

k , b xp -xp, pv ,b lp v l ll p.

415 (1981); Sp Blw S S. v. Skwz, 373 M. 728 (1977); M.G.L. .19A 20; M.G.L . 19C 7.

32 T p pbl bl p- ll j pv ll p l jvl p bl .

33 G v. Ill, 351 U.S. 12 (1956).34 Id. 19.35 Ak v. Okl, 470 U.S. 68 (1985).36 SeeM v. S, 390 M. 343 (M. 2005) ( v xAkes -

p xp); See, e.g., D v. Rb, 963 F.2 308, 313 (10 C. 1992) (b-p xp); S v. L, 934 F.2 631, 633 (5 C. 1991) (bll xp); Ll v.

A, 835 F.2 1240 (8 C. 1987) (p xp); B v. S, 265 G. 265 (G. 1995)(xl); Cw v. S, 257 G. 681 (G. 1987) (l, pl, v xp);T v. S, 255 G. 434 (G. 1986) ( ); Ppl v. Lw, 163 Ill. 2 187 (Ill.1994) (p p xp);J v. S, 613 N.E.2 15, 21 (I. 1993) (blp xp); S v. Ck, 412 N.W.2 589, 593 (Iw 1987) (xp w x); H v. S, 635 S.2 894 (M. 1994) (pl xp); S v. H, 927S.W.2 411, 419 (M. C. App. 1996) (DNA xp); Ppl v. , 209 A.D.2 354 (N.Y. App.Dv. 1994) (vp xp); S v. M, 82 O S. 3 144, (O 1998) (-pxp ll).
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At What Stage o the Proceedings Is Counsel Required?

T Powell, Gideon, Gault, Argersinger l -l l l. T w l . p b l l , b lw bl p l pv v p. I, xpl, p b j l , l k l b pp v .

I Powell 1932, Sp C z p -l p pl p : [D] pp l

p p , , l b l, w l, - v pp w vll p, v l l .

Al Sp C p x b w -l b , ll, b wll b l l. A C xpl, l b Sx F A l

p l lp lw jl p- v b w b w l , pl, , , . I 2008, C bj, l l l l pp w l lb bj l w p w p. T l w w C pvl , .., l p,

37 Powell, 287 U.S. 578.38 Bw v. Wll, 430 U.S. 387, 398 (1977) (citingKb v. Ill, 406 U.S. 682, 689 (1972)).39 R v. Gllp C, 128 S. C. 2578 (2008). I Rothgery, Sp C

ll l pp w l w lw b . A C xpl: O , - l l p pp l l p- p; w k l w w l p.T, l b pp w bl llw qp l b l, wll l l. O l w.

W l w w v l b w vwl j Aj p: l l pp b jl -, w l lb bj , k v jl p Sx A l.Id. 259192.
http://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?tf=-1&rs=WLW7.09&referencepositiontype=S&serialnum=1972127138&sv=Split&fn=_top&findtype=Y&tc=-1&referenceposition=1882&db=708&vr=2.0&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wlhttp://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?tf=-1&rs=WLW7.09&referencepositiontype=S&serialnum=1972127138&sv=Split&fn=_top&findtype=Y&tc=-1&referenceposition=1882&db=708&vr=2.0&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl


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l l, , w l b l.

T, C l l pl - w b lkl pp; p- lp w xb

w; - p x b; w pl l l . T -, wll , pbl l pvll p j v jlp.

Waiver o the Right to Counsel

A lq l b p b l. I v p , Sp C pll w q vl wv l. B wJohnson v. Zerbst 1938,

wl l w wv l l l w p l w ll p, Sp C xpl:

[C] l v bl pp wv -l l . A wv l llq b kw pvl. T - w b ll wv l p, , p pl - , l bk, xp, . T l b

40 U S v. W, 388 U.S. 218, 226 (1967).41 Cl v. Alb, 399 U.S. 1, 811 (1970).42 U S v. W, 388 U.S. 218.43 Ell v. S, 451 U.S. 454 (1981).44 See, e.g., Iw v. v, 541 U.S. 77 (2004). S v b l b l

, l v v v jl p. See, e.g., U S v. A, 413U.S. 300 (1973) ( w w p- pp ); Glb v. Cl, 388 U.S. 263 (1967) (p- k w xpl l w l ).

45 F pbl p, see supra 32.46 Al l ppl p w l

p v jl p, l pp pl F A pvl l-. Dl l Sx A vl. SeeEw v. Ill, 451 U.S. 477, 482(1981); M v. Az, 384 U.S. 436, 470 (1966).


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Wl l lw- v l, Sp

C 1975, vl, l Faretta v. Caliornia l p w l. Hwv, b p , l l k l v l-p, wll bl kw w w w p.

The Cost o the Right to Counsel

T w , -, Sp C q lw b pv p SxA v j l jvl lq b ll kw wv l. I l l b pv v jl p lw v xp pp v l. B Sp C llv b, C lvl ll b l l.k , C l, b p ederalC

53 F v. Cl, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).54 T Faretta w b p l Sx A, w pk

l, pl b bl b . A Ck, [] l p , w, vl l A. Id. 820. T C l w p z vl, p wll blv lw v . Id. 834. A Faretta, C z j pp b l v v bj, w l-p. SeeMKkl v. W, 465U.S. 168 (1984).

55

F v. Cl, 422 U.S. 835 (citingA v. U S ex rel. MC, 317 U.S. 269,279 (1942)). B, C z l-p ppl. SeeMz v. C Appl Cl, 528 U.S. 152 (2000).

56 Hwv, C x l ll k w lw l b xl lpl. See e.g., R v. M, 417 U.S. 600 (1974)( l ppl ppl b x bq ppl ppl vw U S Sp C);M v. G, 492 U.S. 1 (1989) ( l x p-vp pl ); Plv v. Fl, 481 U.S. 551 (1987) ( l x p-v p -pl ). N l l bj . See inra 23, S v. Ill. A l v w k w w wll v l x. T bj wl v l p.See inra 13149 p x. (A p p w pp l p b pv.)


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Sx A l pv, , -, p p / ll v.

S, w Sp C b ll p ? I Gideon, xp v w ll.Hwv, Argersinger, w q l b pv v w p, J Pwll, C p, vlbl , pbl. I , J Pwll lb, [] l -pl j l wl q ll v p-pp bl , v b wll . Q

pbl 1972, J Pwll , p l z A ppl p B, A ll xp l 2 . A p l xp bw El Wl w , p p b, U S l wll b pv l pp.

57 T p N L, In Search o Gideons Promise: Lessons rom Englandand the Need or Federal Help, 55 Hastings L. J. 835, 843 (2004) [ L, Lessons romEngland].

58 A v. Hl, 407 U.S. 59. A b p v

v ll p ll p. T p, b, b, ppl , . T Sp C l b q p p v

w l w q w p l l bl p . Fll v. O, 417 U.S. 40 (1974). T ABA b (p q b ) l bq, w b ( p pv p) l b p. ABA Standards for Crimina Justice: ProidingDefense Serices 5-7.2 (3 .) (1992) [ ABA Proiding Defense Serices]. See also bj wb Nl A Cl D Lw, availableatp://www.l./pbl./pl/A0408p50?p

59

Argersinger, 407 U.S. 61 . 30.60 Id. SeeCppll & Gl, Legal Aid: Modern Temes and Variations, 24 Stan. L. Re. 347 (1972).61 L, Lessons rom England, supra 57, 92224. T

bw ll xp l El U S ll p bw w w ll wEl p U S (.., pl ll p l pv El) v . Sll, l l, p p b, El xp x 50 , D Clb, l v. Mv, El v pl, w l xpv p w p pv U S. Nvl, 20012002, , U S, lv p $11.72 p p, w $26.67 p p w p El 20022003. [] [ ] bv xpl, , wl El p p xp l ll b U S. I, l xpl p


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Standards or Organizing DeenseB.

Services and Client RepresentationFllw Gideon Sp C x l, w vbl b lw v wl l w pv l

wl . vlp, l z v p b v p lw. T A B A Nl Ll A D A l z v pbl -

. Al z v pv l, -bp b z vl pl w z vl wll.

I 1992, A B A ABA S Cl J Pv D Sv. T , pbl 106-p bkl, v ll p l l pbl p, p , l p, v, pbl p,lbl v, wv l. O p q

pl p , ABA ll lw b pll [] b bj jl pv l x lw pv p.

I 2002, A B A pbl ABA Ppl PblD Dlv S. T pp w l -z v k l bl l pbl

68 T blk-l (w ) available atp://www.b./j/

/v_blk.l. T w ppv b ABA H Dl 1980 1969. T p l-vl wkl w l j . W l vl w , C

J W B b pj l pv pbbl l k l l j v p b A llp l . Seep://www.b./j//.l

69 ABA Proiding Defense Serices, supra 58, 5-1.3().70 ABA en Princies of a Puic Defense Deiery System (2002), available atp://www.

b./llv/wl/l//pplbkl.p[en ABA Princies]. T ppl b l wk pp b J R. N,D M S Appll D O, S Wll, D D Ll Sv Nl Ll A D A (NLADA). SeeABAen Princies, Akwl. I pv v jvl , Nl Jvl D C Nl Ll A D A v en Core Princies for Proiding Quaity Deinuency Reresentation hrough
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-lw ll. B ppl v w p pbl v b ll b

Nl R Cl C l w ,w p blw:

T pbl , l l, , p 1. l, p.

W l l , pbl lv 2. b v pp pv b.

Cl lbl l 3.

pp, bl l , , q l.

D l pv l p w w4. w l.

D l wkl ll p ql5.p.

D l bl, , xp plx 6..

T l p l l pl .7.

T p bw l p w p -8. l l ql p jl .

D l pv w q ll9..

D l pv ll vw ql -10. ll lll p .

T p l w lw p l- w pbl 1994 b Nl Ll A D A.

Puic Defense Deiery Systems (2 . Jl 2008) [ en Core Princies], avail-able atp://www.j./p/10_C_Ppl_2008.p.

71 T Ppl w pl vl l, plk, p w w w, pv x, pbl lv . T Ppl l pv v, , ql, l, - ll p l w bl . T xv ABA pl l

w v w ABA Standards for Crimina Justice,Providing Deense Services(3 . 1992). ABA en Princies, supra 70, I.


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T NLADA P Gl Cl D Rp w 146-p bkl, blk-l v

lw p l , v b v. T, l l w - l l vw, pl l , v,l pl , pl , l pp, l l, , w l. Al l NLADA , bj l w ABA S Cl J D F. Sp p pl p,kw ABA Gl App P Cl D Pl C, l v b ppv, l l

jvl .

I l k bv, w v l w p l v b b - p, , b , l v j vl, p v vl. I, p v l p v,pll pl p, pll .

72 Performance Guideines for Crimina Def. Reresentation (4 P) (Nl LlA D A 2006) [ NLADA Performance Guideines].

73 ABA Standards for Crimina Justice: Defense Function (3 . 1993) [ABA Defense Function]. T blk-l (w ) available atp://www.b./j//_.l.

74 ABA Guideines for the Aointment and Performance of Def. Counse in DeathPenaty Cases (v. 2003), available atp://www.b./pl///2003Gl.p.

75 See, e.g.,Juenie Justice Standards (ABA & I. Jl A. 1981). See also en CorePrincies, supra 70.

76

See, e.g., Standards for Puic Defense Serices (W D A 1989)(p b W S B A J 1990), available atp://www..///w---pbl--v/; W. Rv. C 10.101.030 (2005), Mass. Gen. Las . 211 9 (1996); Performance Standards and ComaintProcedures (C Pbl Cl Sv), available atp://www.pbll./pv_l_l/pv_l_l_p/p/p_4_/l/-l___p___(l_lvl).p. I vl , l p pp b v . SeeStandards for Indigent Defense Serices in Non-Caita Cases(I Pbl D C 1995), available atp://www..v/j/p///---p.p. F xpl , seeS Wll Dv Cll, Te Implementation and Impact o Indigent Deense Standards

(2003), available atp://www.j.v/pl1/j//205023.p.77 See, e.g., Ind. R. Crim. Proc. 24 ( xp ql pp

l pl ); enn. Sureme Ct. R. 13 (xp ql
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Proessional Duty o Lawyers Representing the IndigentC.

Wl l ll p vl, p l q .F xpl, NLADA PGl Cl D Rp l b , l b p -pl.Hwv, w w p ll vlp vp l pl w p .

B v w p lw U S, l ll w

p l, bj pv l pl. I , l w ppv b ,vll vw, l bll l b b ABA Ml Rl Pl C. I ll , v,l pl w l pl l pl, p, p, v b.

I , p v l, lw q -p p, l ll w ABA

l pl , lk I); La. Sureme Ct. R. XXXI (xpql pp l b pl ppll ); Ga. Suerior Ct. R.29.8 (l ql pp l, pl-p, w l b b lvl xp p, w l xp v w pbl). All, b v p l pl p. A xpl, seeGuideines andStandards for eas Caita Counse (S C Ll Sv P Cl M 2006), available atp://www.xb./pl.?S=x_B_

Jl1&pl=/CM/CDpl.&CID=16076 .78 U j p pl b p l

w ppp. I w w NLADA blv pl bll l pv ql p, Guidelines w l ll. NLADA Performance Guideines, supra 72, x.

79 But seeI M Rvw I C Rp I D Cl Jvl Dlq C, ADK N. 411 (I b Nv SpC J 4, 2008), available atp://www.vp.///

ADK411O.p.80 E [l] v lw . I ,

v pl v lw. Mortimer D. Schart, et a.,Proems in Lega Ethics 40 (6 . 2003).

81 See supra 67, ABA Mode Rues. T w l l -l ABA Ml Rl Cl, M, Nw Yk. SeeCa. Rues of

Prof Conduct (1992); Me Bar Rues (2007); NY State Bar Association Layers Code ofProf Resonsiiity (2002).

82 SeeProems in Lega Ethics, supra 80, 42.
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Ml Rl q ll kwl, kll, ppbl p. I ,

l pl q xpl: A lw wkl b ll b l pl. Hwv, p w, lw v j p p pw pv p

w l ql pp .

B l bl, 2006, ABA SC E Pl Rpbl -l p l w bl pbl lw -

w wk.

A xpl b ABA , l p pv xp lw w p p w . Al, vb lw, pv, p v pbl l . T vl lw k ppp p k wwl b p v w l . Spv p l , , vl l p b pv p xvb . T p p p

l w b p b .

Dp ll p q p p b pv wkl b ll, v U S v ll pl l p l -ql. Dpl 50 ll p -

83 ABA Mode Rues, supra 67, R. 1.1 (2007).84 SeeABA Mode Rues, supra 67, R. 1.3 . 2. T blk l Rl 1.3 q

lw w bl l pp p l.85 See inra 95124 p x, Cp 2.86 ABA C. E Pl Rpbl, Fl Op. 06-441 (2006), available at

p://www.b./p/06_441.p [ ABA Fl Op. 06-441].87 Id.88 Id.89 Rl 5.1 pv lw w v l , l w

l pbl, v pl wk pbl ll -p ll k bl lw p Rl Pl C. Id.

90 Id. T p N L G V, Restraining ExcessiveDeender Caseloads: Te ABA Ethics Committee Requires Action, 30 he Chamion 10 (Nl A.C. D Lw, Db 2006).
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