Justice Reinvestment in Arkansas - WordPress.com 17, 2016 · Justice Reinvestment in Arkansas ... Jessica Gonzales, Senior Research Associate Ben Shelor, Policy Analyst Dan Altman,

Justice Reinvestment in Arkansas��2nd Presentation to the Legislative Criminal Justice Oversight Task Force��February 17, 2016 ��Andy Barbee, Research Manager�Jessica Gonzales, Senior Research Associate�Ben Shelor, Policy Analyst�Dan Altman, Program Associate�

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TheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter 2

•  Na6onalnonprofit,nonpar6sanmembershipassocia6onofstategovernmentofficials

•  Engagesmembersofallthreebranchesofstategovernment•  Jus6ceCenterprovidesprac6cal,nonpar6sanadviceinformed

bythebestavailableevidence

3

Adata-drivenapproachtoreducecorrec1onsspendingandreinvestsavingsinstrategiesthatcandecreaserecidivismandincreasepublicsafetyTheJus6ceReinvestmentIni6a6veissupportedbyfundingfromtheU.S.DepartmentofJus6ce’sBureauofJus+ceAssistance(BJA)andThePewCharitableTrusts

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter

TheJRapproachinvolvestwophasesofassistance

TargetReinvestmentStrategies&MonitorKeyMeasures5

PhaseII

Developpolicyop+ons&es+mateimpacts

3Engagesystemstakeholders

2

ImplementNewPolicies4

Analyzedata1


PhaseI

Arkansas’scriminaljus6ceagencieshavebeenexcellentinprovidingdata

5

q  Shortageof“datastaff”

q  Delaysindeliverydueto“datacleaning”

q  Unavailabledatainsteadcollectedthroughsamplesandsurveys

q  Agenciesunaccustomedtosharingdatawithoutsidegroups

DataType Source Status–  CrimeandArrests ArkansasCrime

Informa6onCenterReceived,analyzing

–  Sentencing ArkansasSentencingCommission

Received,analyzing

–  Prison(Admissions,Releases,andPopula6onsnapshots)

ArkansasDepartmentofCorrec6on

Inprocess

–  Proba6onSupervision–  ParoleSupervision–  RiskAssessment

ArkansasCommunityCorrec6ons

Received,analyzing

–  ParoleDecision-Making ArkansasParoleBoard

Received,analyzing

–  Jail Coun6es S6llscoping

Roadblocksthatsome+mesarise


üü

Presenta6onoverview

SummaryofAnalysistoDate

6CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter

SentencingPolicyinArkansas

AnalysisofSentencingPrac6ces


SummaryofAnalysistoDate

q  Arkansashasthefastestgrowingprisonpopula6oninthecountry

q  Crimeisfallingfasterinsurroundingstates

q  Correc6onscoststhestatehalfabilliondollarsannually,andtheprojectedgrowthwillrequireanaddi6onal$1.3billion

q  Experiencesinotherstatesdemonstratetheabilitytoreducecrime,manageprisonpopula6onsandcosts,andreducerecidivism

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

AR

NE OK

WY

MN

ND

ME

WA

AZ

WI

NH

NM

MT

NC

MO

OR

IN

CA

VA

IA

OH TN

FL

UT CO

ID

TX

DE

KS

VT

MI

PA

SD

CT

WV

AL

IL

KY

MD

NV

GA

NY

HI

SC

MA

LA

RI

NJ

AK

MS

Arkansashasthefastestgrowingprisonpopula6on

Source:BJSPrisonersintheUnitedStates

PercentChangeinSentencedPrisonPopula6ons,2012–2014

Arkansas:22%increasebetween2012and2014

USAverage:0.2%increasebetween2012and2014


Crimeisfallingfasterinsurroundingstates

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter 9Source:FBIUniformCrimeReport

ChangeinViolentandPropertyCrimeRates,2004–2014

SurroundingStates-14%

SurroundingStates-27%

Arkansas-4%

Arkansas-17%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%Violent Property

Correc6onscostsmorethanhalfabilliondollars,a68percentincreasesince2004

10

Correc6onsSpending,FY2004andFY2015

Source:ArkansasStateBudget2004,2015

$0

$100,000,000

$200,000,000

$300,000,000

$400,000,000

$500,000,000

$600,000,000

FY2004 FY2015

$250.2M

$54.1M$1.1M

$417.1M

$93.0M

$2.2M$305.4M $512.2M

ADC

ADC

ACC

ACCAPB

APB


15,564

14,825

18,81318,711

22,75925,448

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Withoutac6on,Arkansas’sprisonpopula6oncouldclimb35percent,andcostscouldrise$1.3billionover10years

HistoricalandProjectedPrisonPopula6on,FY2010–2025

Source:ADCemail,JFAAssociates,2015ArkansasPrisonProjec6onsandHistoricalCorrec6onsTrends,June2015


*Baselinescenarioassumesa1.2%increaseperyearinadmissions.

ADCCapacity=15,416

ProjectedHistorical

$1.3billioninaddi6onalspendinges6matedifprisonpopula6on

growsasprojected

Crimeandincarcera6onratesarebothdeclininginmostsurroundingstates

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter 12Source:FBIUniformCrimeReport,BJS,Prisonersreportshqp://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=40

ChangeinCrimeRatesandIncarcera6onRates,2004–2014

-15%

-29%

-21%

-15%

-24%-28% -27%

-32%

21%

-2%

0%

-11%

-2%

8%

0%

-16%

CrimeRate Incarcera6onRate

KS MS TXAR LA TNOKMO TX

Arkansas


Statesareusingjus6cereinvestmenttomanageprisongrowthandcosts,andreducerecidivism

KeyCriminalJus+ceIndicators

Texas(JRin2007)

NorthCarolina(JRin2011)

CrimeRate

RecidivismRate

PrisonPopula6on

KeyIndicatorTX NC AR

2007 2014 2011 2014 2011 2014CrimeRate 4,632 3,425 3,877 3,203 4,235 3,818

Incarcera6onRate 669 584 362 358 544 599

Researchcomparescost-effec6venessofthethreebigstrategiesstatesusetoimpactcriminalbehavior


DetercrimeIncreaselawenforcement’sabilitytousehot-spotstrategiesanddeployaddi6onalofficerstoincreasetheperceivedcertaintyofapprehension.

$$$$$$$

$$$$$ $$

ReducerecidivismHigh-qualitysupervision(risk,need,responsivity),consistentsanc6oning,andhigh-qualitytreatmentprogramstailoredtoneeds.

Prolongincapacita+onIncreaselengthofstaytoholdmoderate-tohigh-riskoffendersinprisonforanaddi6onal3months.

BenefittoCostRa+oBenefitsperdollarofcost.

Source:Aos,S.andDrake,E.“Prison,Police,andPrograms:Evidence-BasedOp6onsthatReduceCrimeandSaveMoney.”Olympia:WashingtonStateIns6tuteforPublicPolicy,2013.

$


SentencingPolicyinArkansas

q  ArkansaspolicymakersadoptedtheSentencingStandardsGridin1993toensuresanc6onsarepropor6onaltotheseverityoftheoffenseandtheindividual’scriminalhistory

q  Sentencestoprison“shouldbereserved”forthemostseriousoffensesandoffenders

q  40%ofArkansas’sgridallowsanytypeofsentence;morethanotherstateswithguidelines

Arkansasisoneof20stateswithsentencingguidelines


LA

UT

AR

MN

KS

TN

WI

NCDC

MD

OH

DE

MI

VA

MA

AK

AL

MO

PA

WA

OR

Source:StateSentencingGuidelines,ProfilesandConGnuum,Na6onalCenterforStateCourts,2008

HistoryofArkansasSentencingStandardsPolicy


Act532of1993establishedbothArkansas’sSentencingStandards(some6mesreferredtoasthesentencingguidelines)andtheArkansasSentencingCommission.

Theoffender’scriminalhistoryscoreiscalculatedbasedon:1.  Priorfelonies(.5pointforseriousnesslevels1–5,1pointforseriousnesslevels6–10)2.  Priormisdemeanors(ClassAonly,worth.25points)3.  Juvenilecriminalrecord(Nopointsforstatusoffenses,.25foreachadjudicaGon.

Certainseriousoffensesareworth1point)4.  Custodystatusatthe6meoftheoffense(1pointiftheoffenseoccurswhile

undersupervisionorpretrialrelease)

TheSentencingStandardsGridcontainspresump6vesentencesbasedon(a)theseriousnessoftheoffenseand(b)thecriminalhistoryoftheoffender.Offenseseriousnessislistedonthever6calaxis,whilecriminalhistoryislistedonthehorizontalaxis.

Source:Act532of1993.hqps://sentencing.umn.edu/sites/sentencing.umn.edu/files/session_law_establishing_arkansas_sentencing_commission_1993.pdf

Keyprovisionsofthe1993law


B)PurposeofSentencingStandards-Thoughvoluntary,thepurposeofestablishingraGonalandconsistentsentencingstandardsistoseektoensurethatsancGonsimposedfollowingconvicGonarepropor1onaltotheseriousnessoftheoffenseofconvic1onandtheextentoftheoffender'scriminalhistory.ThestandardsseektoensureequitablesancGonswhichprovidethatoffenderssimilarwithrespecttorelevantsentencingcriteriawillreceivesimilarsancGonsandoffenderssubstanGallydifferentwithrespecttorelevantsentencingcriteriawillreceivedifferentsancGons.Sentencingcriteriashouldbeneutralwithrespecttorace,gender,social,andeconomicstatus.

(C)AppropriateUseofSentencingSancGons-RaGonalandconsistentsentencingpolicyrequiresaconGnuumofsancGonswhichincreasesindirectproporGontotheseriousnessoftheoffenseandtheextentoftheoffender'scriminalhistory.CommitmenttotheArkansasDepartmentofCorrec1onisthemostseveresanc1onandduetothefinitecapacityofthedepartment’sfacili1es,itshouldbereservedforthoseconvictedofthemostseriousoffenses,thosewhohavelongercriminalhistories,andthosewhohaverepeatedlyfailedtocomplywithcondi1onsimposedunderlessrestric1vesanc1ons.ArkansaslawprovidesforsignificantintermediatepenalsancGonsinthecommunitywhichshouldbeuGlizedwhenappropriate.Restric1onsonanoffender'slibertyshouldonlybeasrestric1veasnecessarytofulfillthepurposesofsentencingcontainedinthispolicy.

Source:Act532of1993.hqps://sentencing.umn.edu/sites/sentencing.umn.edu/files/session_law_establishing_arkansas_sentencing_commission_1993.pdf

Propor+onality

Prisonreservedformostserious

Arkansashasavarietyofsentencingop6onsforthoseconvictedoffelonyoffenses


Convic+onforFelonyOffense

Fines,CommunityService,

DrugCourt

Proba6onCommunityCorrec6onsCenter(CCC)

Prison(ADC)SuspendedImposi6onofSentence(SIS)

o  SuspendedImposi+onofSentenceresultsinindirectsupervisionbyArkansasCommunityCorrec6ons.Mayincludeperiodofconfinementascondi6onofsentence.

o  Proba+onresultsindirectsupervisionbyArkansasCommunityCorrec6ons.Mayincludeperiodofconfinementascondi6onofsentence.

§  Upto12months

§  Offertreatmentandprogramming

§  Releasetoproba6onorSIS

§  EligibleforgoodGme*

§  ReleaseiscontrolledbyParoleBoard

§  Releasetoparoleortonosupervision

*Exclusionsarethoseconvictedfora2ndorsubsequentviolentorsexualfelonyoffense.

Incarcera+onAlterna+veSanc+ons(AS)

Arkansas’ssentencinggridplacesdefendantsinto1of60cellsbasedonoffenseseriousnessandpriorcriminalhistory


0 1 2 3 4 5+

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses

CriminalHistoryScore

Lesshistory

Morehistory

Source:ArkansasSentencingCommission

MostFrequentOffenseType

Murder–1stDegree

Rape

Baqery–1stDegree

Robbery

Burglary–Residen6al

FailuretoAppear

ThexofProp.$5,000-$24,999

Poss.ofCSSched.I,II–Meth/CocaineLessthan2grams

ThexofProp.$1,000-$4,999

ComputerFraud

TherearethreebasicareasinArkansas’ssentencinggridinthecontextof“prison”sentences


0 1 2 3 4 5+

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses


Lesshistory

Morehistory

Prison

Non-Prison

Source:ArkansasSentencingCommissionData,2014

SentencingKey:•  ADC=Prison•  CCC=Community

Correc6onsCenter•  AS=Alterna6ve

Sanc6ons(proba6on,SIS,fines,communityservice)

ADC

ADC,CCC,orAS

CCCorAS

AS

SentencingOp6ons:

0 1 2 3 4 5+

10 360 384 432 528 660 780

9 240 312 396 480 600 720

8 120 168 264 360 432 600

7 42 54 84 120 160 300

6 24 42 66 108 156 240

5 36 54 72 120 180

4 18 30 54 72 96

3 18 30 42 60

2 18 24 42

1 9 24 30

Sentencinggridprescribesasinglelengthforprisontermsinsteadofarangelikeotherstategrids


OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses


Lesshistory

Morehistory

Sentencinggridstypicallyofferasentencelengthrangethat

reflectsmi6ga6ngoraggrava6ngcircumstancesin

individualcases.

Source:ArkansasSentencingCommission

Alsonoteworthyisthefactthatthesentencingstandardsdonotspeaktolengthof

proba6onforthe“non-prison”cells.

Sentencinggridislessprescrip6veaboutthetypeofsentence


0 1 2 3 4 5+

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses


Lesshistory

Morehistory

Mostotherstategridsaremoreprescrip6veaboutthetypeofsentenceimposed.

State Total#ofCells

#Cellsw/“All

Op+ons”

%ofAllCells

AR 60 24 40%

KS 126 10 8%

NC 60 17 28%

Source:ArkansasSentencingCommission;KansasSentencingCommission;andNorthCarolinaSentencingandPolicyAdvisoryCommission


AnalysisofSentencingPrac6ces

q  78percentofprisonsentences(and87percentofproba6onsentences)areforproperty,drug,orotheroffenses

q Morethantwo-thirdsoffelonysentencesinvolveindividualswithlimitedcriminalhistory(scoreof0or1)

q Moresentencesgotoprisonfrom“non-prison”area(atacostof$7.2million)thanfrom“prison-only”areaofsentencingstandardsgrid

Arkansas’ssentencingstandardsgridappliestoabout78percentoffelonycases


Standardsdonotapplyto:

–  Proba6onrevoca6ons–  Jurysentences–  Capitalmurder

4,132

14,760

0

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

20,000

2014

NotApplicable Applicable

FelonySentencesReportedtoASC,2014

78%ofallcases

TotalSentences:18,892


Prisonandproba6onaremostfrequentsentencesimposed,andbotharedrivenbydrugandpropertyoffenses


5,496

682

7,319

1,263

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2014


TotalSentences:14,760

FelonySentencesbyDisposi6onType,2014

Proba6on

Prison

UnderlyingMostSeriousOffenseType

Person Sex Property Drug Other

87%Drug/Property/Other

78%Drug/Property/Other

(37.2%ofallsentences)

(49.5%ofallsentences)

SIS/Other

CCC

Otherconsistsofoffensessuchaspossessionoffirearmbycertainpersons,failuretoappear(FTAonafelony),furnishingprohibitedar6cles,fleeing,andnon-support.

Morethantwo-thirdsofthosesentencedhadlimitedcriminalhistory(scoreof0or1)

FelonySentencesbyCriminalHistoryScore,2014

50%

21%14%

8% 4% 4%0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5+

Source:ArkansasSentencingCommissionData,2014CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenter 27

q  Shareofsentenceswithcriminalhistoryscoreof0or1was71%in2014.

Moresentencesgotoprisonfrom“non-prison”gridcellsthanfrom“prison-only”gridcells


0 1 2 3 4 5+

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses


Lesshistory

Morehistory


1,036Sentences

7,363Sentences

6,358Sentences

7%ofallgridcases

Ø  892senttoprison(86%)

43%ofallgridcases

Ø  3,589senttoprison(56%)

50%ofallgridcases

Ø  1,015senttoprison(14%)

2014FelonySentences

Useofprisonforthoseintheleastseriousareaofgridiscos6ngArkansasmorethan$7millionannually


1,015

47.25months

7.9months

659

$7.2Million

SentencestoPrisonforthoseinNon-PrisonAreaofGrid

#sentencedin2014

Averagesentencelengthimposed

Prisonbedimpact

AnnualcostofincarceraGon(basedon$30/daycontractrateinsteadofcurrentADCoperaGonalcost/dayofalmost$63/day)

EsGmatedlengthofstayinprison(basedonassumpGonofearningmaximumgoodGmecredits)

Almosttwo-thirdsofgridcasesfallinareaofgridwiththeleastguidance


0 1 2 3 4 5+

10 23 7 7 1 3 1

9 60 18 16 6 0 4

8 180 67 65 29 10 28

7 360 150 118 60 42 19

6 1,100 540 406 247 106 118

5 602 349 230 129 57 58

4 1,107 390 263 139 64 51

3 3,221 1,198 827 445 196 196

2 720 299 197 106 47 55

1 16 2 1 0 1 0

OffenseSeriousness

Moreseriousoffenses

Lessseriousoffenses


Lesshistory

Morehistory

Totals

42

104

379

749

2,517

1,425

2,014

6,083

1,424

20

64%ofcasesin2014

2014FelonySentences


Ques6onsfortaskforce


v  Thesentencingstandardsintendedtoreserveprisonspaceforthemostseriousoffensesandoffenders.Inpolicy,thegriddoeslessthanotherstatestoguidethetypeofsentenceused.Inprac6ce,prisonisusedoxenforlessseriousoffensesoroffenders.

o  Shouldprisonsentencesbemorefocusedonviolentoffensesandpeoplewithmorecriminalhistory?

o  Shouldsentencingstandardsspeaktolengthofsupervisionandrevoca6onforthoseinnon-prisonareaofgrid?

Ques6onsfortaskforce


v  Over1,000sentencesin“non-prison”gridcellsendedupbeingsenttoprison.Why?

v  Thestandardsdonotguidethetypeofsentenceusedin40%ofgridcells(accoun6ngfor43%ofgridsentences).Proba6onandprisonsentencesareusedinroughlyequalmeasure.

o  Whatdetermineswhetherproba6on,prison,orCCCisusedandisappropriate?

o  Shouldthetaskforcetrytoexaminetherearrestratesforsimilaroffendersreceivingdifferentsentences?

Movingforward


Ø  Analysisofprison,proba+on,andparoledata–  Impactofsupervisionfailuresonprisonpressures

–  Abilityofsupervisionsystemtomaximizepublicsafetyoutcomesthroughpoliciesandprac6cesthateffec6velypromoterecidivismreduc6on

Ø  Analysisoflocaljailpressures–  Howdoesjailbacklogimpactabilitytoeffec6velysanc6on

supervisionviolatorsinaswixandsuremanner

Proposedproject6meline

34

TaskForceMee6ng1

DataAnalysis

TaskForceMee6ng3

TaskForceMee6ng2

TaskForceMee6ng6

PolicymakerandStakeholderEngagement

Ini6alAnalysis

ImpactAnalysis

DetailedDataAnalysis

StakeholderEngagementandPolicymakerBriefings PolicyOp6onDevelopment


TaskForceMee6ng5

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

TaskForceMee6ng4


ThankYouBenShelor,[email protected]

ThismaterialwaspreparedfortheStateofArkansas.Thepresenta6onwasdevelopedbymembersofTheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJus6ceCenterstaff.Becausepresenta6onsarenotsubjecttothesamerigorousreviewprocessasotherprintedmaterials,thestatementsmadereflecttheviewsoftheauthors,andshouldnotbeconsideredtheofficialposi6onoftheJus6ceCenter,themembersoftheCouncilofStateGovernments,orthefundingagencysuppor6ngthework.

C SG J U S T I C E C EN T E R . O RG / SUB S C R I B E

Justice Reinvestment in Arkansas - WordPress.com 17, 2016 · Justice Reinvestment in Arkansas ... Jessica Gonzales, Senior Research Associate Ben Shelor, Policy Analyst Dan Altman,

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