RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, Karnataka II.B.D.S
Degree Examination - JUNE 2013DENTAL MATERIALS(RS-3)QP CODE:
1185
LONG ESSAYS1. Classify dental cements. Add a note on the
composition, types, chemistry of setting reaction and uses of glass
ionomer cements.2. Classify denture base resins. Discuss their
properties, manipulation, advantages and disadvantages
SHORT ESSAYS3. Manipulation of agar impression material 4.
Expansion in gypsum products 5. Abrasives and polishing agents 6.
Write about materials used for dental implants 7. Phosphate bonded
investments 8. Write briefly about cavity varnishes 9. Porosity in
dental castings 10. Calcium hydroxide
SHORT ANSWERS11. Separating media 12. Delayed expansion 13.
Sandwich technique 14. Gold foil 15. Galvanism
ANSWERSLONG ESSAYS1. Classify dental cements. Add a note on the
composition, types, chemistry of setting reaction and uses of glass
ionomer cements.CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CEMENTSAccording to the
ReactionI. Acid base cements 1. Zinc oxide eugenol2. Zinc
polycarboxylate cement3. Zinc phosphate 4. Glass ionomer5. Resin
modified glass ionomer
II. Resin based cements1. Resin cements2. Compomers3.
Self-adhesive resin cements
According to Bonding mechanism
GLASSIONOMER CEMENTCompositionPowder It is an acid soluble
calcium fluoroalumino silicate glass ion leachable glass. Silica
(SiO2)- Does not take part in the reaction but increases hardness
& translucency Alumina (Al2O3)- Reacts with Polyacrylic acid to
give aluminium polyacrylate matrix Aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) -
Controls the setting time Aluminium fluoride (AlF3) - Act as flux
& reduces fusion temperature Calcium fluoride (CaF2) - Improves
the translucency Sodium fluoride - Provides strength &
mechanical properties & gives Anticariogenic property
Liquid An aqueous solution of polymers and copolymers of Acrylic
acid In most of the current cements, the acid in the form of a
co-polymer with itaconic, maleic or tricarboxylic acids Polyacrylic
acid Most important acid contributing to formation of the cement
matrix Water Reaction medium and essential part of the cement
structure Serves to hydrate the siliceous hydrogel and the metal
salts formed If water is lost from the cement by desiccation while
it is setting, the cement-forming reactions will stop Plays a role
in transporting calcium and aluminium ions to react with poly acids
Types1. Loosely bound water 2. Tightly bound water With the aging
of cement, the ratio of tightly bound to loosely bound water
increases Accompanied by an increase in strength, modulus of
elasticity and decrease in plasticity
Modifiers - viscosity, inhibits gelation, shelf life Itaconic
acid Promotes reactivity between the glass and the liquid Prevents
gelation of the liquid which can result from hydrogen bonding
between two polyacrylic acid chainsMaleic acid Causes the cement to
harden and lose its moisture sensitivity fasterTricarboxylic acid A
hardener that controls the pH of the set cement during setting
process, which in turn controls the rate of dissolution of the
glass. It facilitates extraction of ions from the glass. It
typically increases the working time and also aids in snap test
TypesClassification I1. Type I Luting cement2. Type II
Restorative cement3. Type III-Cavity liner ,cement base4. Type IV
Pit & fissure sealant5. Type V Orthodontic cement6. Type
VI-Core build up material7. Fuji VII-Glass ionomer stabilization
and protection (high fluoride non resin containing auto cure GIC)
8. Fuji VIII-Highly viscous GIC for ART (anterior)9. Fuji IX-Highly
viscous GIC for ART (posterior)10. Metal modified GIC 11. Resin
modified GIC Compomer dicure, tricure system
Classification II (Phillip's) 1. Type I Luting crown, bridges
& orthodontic brackets 2. Type IIa Esthetic restorative
cement3. Type IIb Reinforced restorative cement4. Type III Lining
cements, base
Setting Reaction Acid Base Reaction Between polyacrylic acid
& the aluminosilicate glass
Glass powder + Polyacrylic acid Ca & Al Polyacrylate gel +
Silica gel (poly salt gel)
Three stages1. Dissolution When the powder & liquid are
mixed, Surface of glass particles are attacked by acid. Then Ca,
Al, Na, & fluorine ions are leached into aqueous medium.2.
Gelation During early stages of mixing Ca2+ ions released more
rapidly & cross-links the polyacrylic acid chains to form
calcium polyacrylate (initial set) & are being carvable like
amalgam & are highly susceptible to moisture contamination or
water sorption . Ca ions will be gradually replaced by Al ions over
the next 24 hours. A hard surface, more resistance to dissolution
is produced only after the aluminum polyacid (aluminum polyacrylate
) is formed 3. Hardening Can take as long as 7 days. Aluminum ions
provide the final strength to the matrix. Na & Fluorine ions do
not participate in the cross linking of the cement
Uses1. Anticariogenic property due to the release of fluoride
ions 2. Chemical adhesion to enamel & dentin3. Excellent
biocompatibility with the pulp4. Good initial esthetic5. Porcelain
like translucency, can be used for anterior 6. Pseudoplastic in
nature i.e. freshly mixed cement exhibit shear thinning 7.
Co-efficient of thermal expansion similar to that of tooth
structure 8. Good thermal insulator9. Easy to manipulate10.
Excellent flow characteristic of Type I GIC11. Favorable bioactive
property
2. Classify denture base resins. Discuss their properties,
manipulation, advantages and disadvantages
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTURE BASE RESINSA. According to the
Materials used 1. Metallic materials Cr-Ni, Gold alloys, Ti alloys,
18-8 stainless steel etc 2. Non-metallic materials Earlier:
Vulcanite, Bakelite, Polycarbonates, Nylon, Cellulose nitrite, PVC,
Polystyrene & Epoxy resin Present: PMMA unmodified, PMMA
modified with carbon fibres, nylon & butadiene styrene
rubber
B. According to the Fabrication technique 1. Compression
moulding 2. Injection moulding 3. Fluid pour & cure
technique
C. According to the Method of polymerization (curing)1. Thermal
energy 2. Chemical /auto-polymerization 3. Microwave energy4. Light
energy
PROPERTIESMethyl Methacrylate monomer It is clear, transparent,
volatile liquid at room temperature. It has a characteristic
sweetish odor The physical properties of monomer are Melting point:
480C Boiling point: 100.80C Density: 0.945gm/ ml at 200C Heat of
polymerization: 12.9 K cal / mol Volume shrinkage during
polymerization: 21%21%
Polymethylmethacrylate1. Taste and odor Completely polymerized
acrylic resin is tasteless and odorless
2. Esthetics It is a clear transparent resin, which can be
pigmented easily to duplicate oral tissues. It is also compatible
with dyed synthetic fillers. 3. Density Polymer has a density of
1.19 gm/cm3
4. Compressive and tensile strength These materials are
typically low in strength. However they have adequate compressive
and tensile strength for complete or partial denture
application
5. Transverse strength Under clinical conditions, heat cure
polymethyl methacrylate is stiff enough not to flex unduly during
function and recovers well from this degree of bending
6. Impact strength The impact strength of polyvinyl acrylic is
about twice that of poly (methyl methacrylate) Addition of
plasticizers may increase the impact of plastics
7. Hardness and abrasion resistance Heat cured acrylic resin:
18-20 KHN Self-cured resin: 16-18 KHN Cross-linked poly (methyl
methacrylate) is only slightly harder than regular poly (methyl
methacrylate). The incorporation of fillers may alter resistance to
abrasion but the hardness of plastic matrix remains unchanged.
8. Fatigue strength and fracture toughness Acrylic polymers show
sensitivity. Over stressing of dentures on deflasking must be
avoided. Otherwise a small crack may be produced which will later
propagate through the material. Similarly surface of a denture must
be smoothly polished. In an upper denture stress accumulation
during chewing may occur at a point between central incisors. Here
a notch to accommodate labial frenum frequently weakens the facial
flange. Fatigue or midline fracture may occur if the masticatory
forces are relatively large. Fatigue strength increases with a
higher molecular weight and an increase in the plasticizer
content.
9. Modulus of elasticity Acrylic resins have sufficient
stiffness (modulus of elasticity 2400 MPa) for use in complete and
partial dentures. However when compared with metal denture bases it
is low.
10. Polymerization shrinkage When methyl methacrylate monomer is
polymerized to form polymethyl methacrylate the density of the mass
changes from 0.94 to 1.19g/cm3. This change in density results in
volumetric shrinkage of 21% when a conventional heat activates
resin is mixed at a suggested powder: liquid ratio about 1/3rd of
resultant mass is liquid. Consequently the volumetric shrinkage
exhibited by polymerized mass should be approximately 7% In
addition to volumetric shrinkage, linear shrinkage occurs. Greater
the linear shrinkage greater is the discrepancy observed in the
initial set of dentures. Based on a projected volumetric shrinkage
of 7% the linear shrinkage exhibited should be 2%. But the observed
linear shrinkage is less than 1% Processing shrinkage has been
measured as 0.26% for a representative chemically activated resin,
compared with 0.53% for representative heat activated resins
MANIPULATION Proportioning: P/L ratio 3:1 by volume or 2.5:1 by
weight: Mixing: Done with a stainless steel spatula. Allow the
monomer to react physically with polymer in a sealed jar to avoid
monomer evaporation. The mixture goes through the following
physical stages:1. Wet sandy stage A wet sand like structure is
formed. Little or no interaction occurs on the molecular level.
Polymer beads remain unaltered & the consistency of the mixture
is coarse or grainy
2. Sticky stage (stringiness) Material becomes tacky (sticky) as
the monomer attacks surface of individual polymer & absorbed
into the beads. Polymer chain starts to uncoil, thereby increasing
the viscosity.
3. Dough stage An increased number of polymer chains enter the
solution. Thus monomer dissolves polymer, forming homogeneous soft
dough like mass. This is non-sticky & mouldable This is the
correct stage for packing the material
4. Rubbery or elastic stage Monomer will dissipated by
evaporation & penetrate into remaining polymer bead. Mass
rebounds when compressed or stretched
5. Stiff stage If the mix is left too long it becomes too
rubbery & stiff. Can be due to continued evaporation of
unreacted monomer In both rubbery & stiff stage material cannot
be molded/ packed.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
SHORT ESSAYS3. Manipulation of agar impression material
Manipulation The temperature lag between the gelation temperature
and the liquefaction temperature of the gel makes it possible to
use agar as a dental impression material Once in the mouth, the
Material is cooled below mouth temperature to ensure gelation
Preparation and Conditioning The first step in material
preparation is to liquefy the hydrocolloid gel in boiling water The
material must be held at this temperature for a minimum of 10
minutes At high altitudes, the boiling point of water is too low to
liquefy the gel. Propylene glycol can be added to the water to
obtain a liquefaction temperature of 100C After the agar
hydrocolloid material has been liquefied, it may be stored in the
sol condition at 65C until it is needed for injection into the
cavity preparation or for filling a tray.
Tempering the material Since 55C is the maximum tolerable
temperature, a storage temperature of 65C would be too hot for the
oral tissues, especially for the bulk of the tray material.
Therefore, the material used to fill the tray must be tempered. The
tempering time is short (3 to 10 min), just sufficient to ensure
that all the material has reached a lower temperature (55C). In any
case, the loaded tray should never be left in this bath for more
than 10 minutes, because gelation may have proceeded too far,
thereby malting the material unusable. Tempering of tray material
also increases the viscosity so that it will not flow out of the
tray. The syringe material is never tempered, since it must be
maintained in a fluid state to enhance adaptation to the
tissues.
4. Expansion in gypsum products Normal Setting Expansion Dental
gypsum products when mixed with water and allowed to set in air
exhibit an expansion of their peripheral boundaries that are known
as "normal setting expansion." Under ordinary conditions, plasters
have 0.2% to 0.3% setting expansion, low- to moderate-strength
dental stone about 0.15% to 0.25%, and high-strength dental stone
only 0.08% to 0.10%. The setting expansion of
high-strength/high-expansion dental stone ranges from 0.10% to
0.20%. (AP-05) Mechanical mixing decreases setting expansion. A
vacuum-mixed high-strength stone expands less at 2 hours than when
mixed by hand. Power mixing appears to cause a greater initial
volumetric contraction than is observed for hand mixing. The W/P
ratio of the mix also has an effect, with an increase in the ratio
reducing the setting expansion. The addition by the manufacturer of
sodium chloride (NaCl) in a small concentration increases the
setting expansion of the mass and shortens the setting time. The
addition of 1% potassium sulfate, on the other hand, decreases the
setting time but has no effect on the setting expansion.
Hygroscopic Setting Expansion When additional water is brought
into contact with the setting material, an increased expansion is
observed. This latter expansion has been termed "hygroscopic
expansion." A typical, high-strength dental stone has a setting
expansion of about 0.08%. If during the setting process the mass is
immersed in water, it expands about 0.10%.
5. Abrasives and polishing agents Refer to Q. No. 11 of Year
June 2014
6. Write about materials used for dental implants 1. Metals
& Alloysi. Stainless Steel- Austenitic steel implants Most
commonly used materials The austenitic steel mainly contains 18% of
chromium; provides corrosion resistance, 8% of nickel; stabilizes
the austenitic structure, 80 percent iron and 0.05%-0.15% of
Carbon.ii. Cobalt-Chromium Molybdenum Alloys Used as cast and
casted in annealed conditions. Composition is Co Cr Mo alloys
Advantages1. These alloys possess an outstanding resistance to
corrosion and they have high modulus.2. Low cost and long - term
clinical success. Limitation: The cobalt alloys are least ductile
and bending must be avoided.iii. Titanium and titanium Alloys
Commercially pure titanium (Cp) is a very highly reactive metal. It
oxidizes (passivate) on contact with air or normal tissue fluids.
This reactivity is favorable to the implant devices because it
minimizes biocorrosion. Cp titanium is available in four different
grades such as Cp grade 1,Cp grade 2,Cp grade 3 and Cp grade 4.C p
titanium contains oxygen and minor amounts of impurities such as
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, etc.iv. Titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti
AI V alloys) Has modulus of elasticity is slightly greater than Cp
Ti
2. Ceramics Oxides ceramics were introduced for surgical implant
Two types of ceramic materials arei. Bioactive materials
Hydroxyapatite They are rich in calcium phosphate This is used as
an implant material for augmenting alveolar ridges & filling
bony defectsii. Bioglass A dense ceramic material made from calcium
oxide, sodium oxide, phosphorous pentoxide & silicon
dioxide
3. Polymers Have been fabricated in porous & solid forms for
tissue attachment & replacement augmentation & as coating
for force transfer to soft & hard tissues
7. Phosphate bonded investments Phosphate-bonded investments are
much stronger and withstand much higher temperatures than do gypsum
bonded investments Used for casting high fusing alloys, e.g. high
fussing noble metal alloys metal ceramic alloys, and base metal
alloys like nickel chromium and cobalt-chromium.
Classification (ADA specification No: 42) Type I: For inlays,
crowns and other fixed restorations. Type II: For partial dentures
and other cast removable restorations.
Composition 1. Refractory material (80%) Cristobalite or Quartz
or mixture of both withstand high temperature & gives large
setting expansion2. Binder Magnesium ammonium phosphate (NH4MgPO4)
increases strength, setting & thermal expansion3. Carbon Act as
reducing agent
Setting Reaction NH4 H2 PO4 + MgO + 5H2O NH4MgPO4.H2O The final
product is mono ammonium diacid phosphate or magnesium ammonium
phosphate
Advantages1. High strength after heating to withstand high
temperature. 2. Have sufficient green & fried strength 3. Can
with stand impact forces & pressure of centrifugal casting.4.
High setting and thermal expansion to compensate for thermal
shrinkage of cast metal prosthesis or porcelain veneers during
cooling
Disadvantages1. Using casting temperature greater than 1375C
,results in mold breakdown & rougher surface of the casting2.
Because of high strength of phosphate bonded investment, it is very
difficult to remove the casting from the investment
8. Write briefly about cavity varnishes Varnish is an organic
gums or rosin suspended in organic solution like ether or
chloroform. When applied on the tooth surface the organic solvent
evaporates leaving behind a thin protective film. Provides a
barrier against passage of irritants from the restorative material
& reduces micro leakage. Supplied as liquid in dark colored
bottles
Composition Natural gums such as copal or rosins or synthetic
resins dissolved in an organic solvent, such as acetone, chloroform
or ether
Functions 1. Reduces the marginal leakage around silver
amalgam2. Protection against various restorative irritant
chemicals3. Blocks the penetration of corrosion products of amalgam
into the dentinal tubules4. In case of amalgam restoration, varnish
prevents the discoloration of tooth against migration of ions into
the dentin
Application Dipping a small cotton pellet (ball) held in pliers,
in to the varnish and then thoroughly painting all cavity walls.
Apply at least 2 thin layers of varnish. When first layer dries,
small pinholes usually develop. A second or third application fills
in voids & produces a continuous coating
Precaution Varnish is not indicated for adhesive materials, such
as GIC and resin based composite.
9. Porosity in dental castings Porosity may internal or
external. Porosities are classified as,I. Solidification defects1.
Localized shrinkage porosity 2. Microporosity
II. Trapped gases1. Pin hole porosity 2. Gas inclusions 3.
Subsurface porosity
III. Residual air
1. Localized shrinkage porosity During a correct cooling
sequence, the sprue should freeze last. This allows more molten
metal to flow into the casting (pattern area), to compensate for
the shrinkage of the casting as it solidifies. If the sprue
solidifies before the rest of the casting no more molten metal can
be supplied from the sprue into the pattern (casting). The
subsequent shrinkage produces voids or pits known as porosity.
Prevention Using sprue of correct thickness Attach sprue to
thickest portion of wax pattern Flaring the sprue at the point of
attachment or placing a reservoir close to the wax pattern
2. Suck back porosity If the temperature of the liquid entering
is very high, it raises the temperature of the mold opposite to the
sprue attachment Due to this hot spot , liquid solidify last near
it Since the sprue has already solidified, no more molten material
is available and the resulting solidification shrinkage localize
near the hot spot & causes a suck back porosity.
Prevention By reducing the temperature of liquid By reducing the
thickness of the sprue By flaring the point of sprue attachment (
90 angle)
3. Microporosity These are fine irregular voids formed
throughout the internal portion of the casting.
Causes Caused by casting the alloy at a temp lowered than
recommended By use of low temp investment mold Under such
condition, alloy solidify at a faster rate than the normal, thereby
causing micro porosities throughout the casting
Prevention By increasing the mold temperature
4. Pinhole porosity Many metals dissolve or occlude gases when
molten. Upon solidification the dissolved gases are expelled
causing tiny voids E.g. platinum and palladium absorb hydrogen.
Copper and silver dissolve oxygen
Prevention Liquid should not be kept for longer time before
casting & its temperature should not be low
5. Gas Inclusion porosities Are spherical voids & larger
than the pin whole type. Occurs due to entrapment of gases during
casting procedure Larger spherical porosity can be caused by
occluded gas from a poorly adjusted torch flame or use of mixing or
oxidizing zones rather than reducing zone of the flame
Prevention Minimized by melting gold alloy on a graphite
crucible & by correctly adjusting & positioning the torch
flame during melting
6. Sub surface porosity Occurs just below the surface of casting
Caused by simultaneous nucleation & release of gas bubbles in
the liquid Minimised by controlling the rate at which molten metal
enters the mold
7. Back pressure porosity/Entrapped air porosity As the liquid
enters the mold through the sprue, air trapped in the mold is
compressed at the extremities ,which exert a back pressure
preventing the alloy liquid to occupy this region
Causes This is caused by inadequate venting (air escape) of the
mould. Excess investment material over the wax pattern at the open
end of the casting ring
Prevention Using adequate casting force Use investment of
adequate porosity Place pattern not more than 6 to 8 mm away from
the end of the ring. Providing vents in large castings
10. Calcium hydroxide Refer to Q. No. 08 of Year December
2014
SHORT ANSWERS11. Separating media Functions1. To prevent the
diffusion of water molecules from the mold (gypsum) into the
unpolymerized packed dough 2. To prevent the diffusion of the
monomer from the unpolymerized packed dough in the mold material3.
To prevent direct contact between the denture base resin & the
mold surface
One of the first widely used material was tin foil, which was
found to be time consuming & inconvenient At present alginate
sol (cold mould seal) is found to be more effective All parts of
the gypsum cast in the flask should be painted by sodium alginate
(by camel hair brush) except the exposed surface of the teeth
12. Delayed expansion Synonym Secondary Expansion
Definition Zinc-containing amalgam, if contaminated by moisture
during trituration or condensation produce Delayed
MechanismZn+ moisture (H2O) ZnO + H2 Reaction takes place after
amalgam is inserted into the cavity. Hydrogen gas that is evolved
does not combine with amalgam but rather collects within the
restoration & exert large internal pressure, causing abnormal
expansion This may not appear within first 24 hr but may become
evident few days (3-5 days) after insertion of amalgam.
Clinical Significance Causes severe pain due to pressure on the
pulp Amalgam ditching - Fracture of thin cavity walls on biting
Increased marginal leakage around the restoration
Remedy Use of non Zn containing alloys (unicompositional) Cavity
restoration should be done in dry condition using rubber dams
13. Sandwich technique This technique , involves the bonding
between composite resin & GIC GIC act as enamel or dentin
bonding agent & composite resin as a restorative material
Steps1. Conditioning of dentin: Acid etching using 37% phosphoric
acid, makes the tooth surface rough 2. Application of bonding agent
(GIC) & is polymerized by light activation 3. Insertion of
composite resin into the cavity 4. Finally finishing of the
restoration
Indication Class II & class V composite restoration
14. Gold foil Oldest form of gold and is the most durable.
Standard No.4 gold foil is supplied in 4 x 4 inch (100 x 100 mm)
sheets that weigh 4 grains (0.259 gm) and are about 0.51 m thick.
The numbering system refers to the weight of a standard sheet and
reflects the thickness. Thus, No. 3 foil weighs 3 grains (0.194 g)
and is about 0.38 m thick. Gold foil is supplied in the following
forms, 1. Plain gold foil2. Corrugated gold foil3. Platinum gold
foil4. Laminated gold foil5. Gold foil cylinder
15. Galvanism The presence of metallic restorations in the mouth
may cause a phenomenon called galvanic action, or galvanism. This
results from a difference in potential between dissimilar fillings
in opposing or adjacent teeth. These fillings, in conjunction with
saliva or bone fluids such as electrolytes, make up an electric
cell. When two opposing fillings contact each other, the cell is
short-circuited, and if the flow of current occurs through the
pulp, the patient experiences pain and the more anodic restoration
may corrode. A single filling plus the saliva and bone fluid may
also constitute a cell of liquid junction type. The galvanic
currents developed from the contact of two metallic restorations
depend on their composition and surface area. An alloy of stainless
steel develops a higher current density than either gold or
cobalt-chromium alloys when in contact with an amalgam restoration.
As the size of the cathode (such as a gold alloy) increases
relative to that of the anode (such as an amalgam), the current
density may increase The larger cathode likewise can enhance the
corrosion of the smaller anode.
Remedy Avoid the use of dissimilar metal opposing restoration
Provide a good insulating base to protect pulp from galvanic
shock
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