July 2004 Chemistry: the science that deals with the composition, structure and behavior of matter. It is also concerned with the energy and the energy.

July 2004

Chemistry: the science that deals with the composition, structure and behavior of matter. It is also concerned with the energy and the energy changes associated with matter.

• Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies.

• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. It is a function of the amount of atoms in a substance.

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Matter

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ACCORDING TO ITS STATE

Solid, liquid and gas.

STATES OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTER

Variable shape and volume that fill container.

Random particle movement.

Large intermolecular distances.

Variable shape: It adopts the shape of the container.

Definite volume.

Random particle movement within fixed volume.

Particles are closer than in the gas state.

Definite shape and volume.

Restricted particle movement to fixed positions: vibration.

Short intermolecular distances.

Crystalline and amorphous structures.

Plasma – at extreme temperatures like those of the sun, high-energy collisions between atoms may strip off electrons, creating plasma, in which positive nuclei move about in a sea of electrons.

Stars are composed of a dense hydrogen- and helium-rich plasma mixture.

Properties of Matter

Physical properties: properties which can be observed without changing the composition of matter.

Physical Change

Solid iodine is heated and it sublimes, that is it changes from a solid to a gas state directly.

CHANGES IN THE STATES OF MATTERMELTING -The process of a solid transforming to a liquid FREEZING - The process of converting a liquid into a solid. CONDENSATION - the gas being converted to a liquid. EVAPORATION - the liquid being converted to a gas.

Freezing

Melting

Condensation

Melting Evaporation

Chemical properties: describe the ability of a substance to form a new substance. They are only observed when the substance undergoes a change in composition.

For example, hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions. This is a chemical property. Metals in general have they chemical property of reacting with an acid. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. This is a chemical property.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

See video for differences between physical and chemical properties.

See video for differences between physical and

chemical changes.

Chemical Reactions

• The reactants are the substances that react in a

chemical change.

• The products are the substances that are formed by

the chemical change.

Carbon plus oxygen yields (or forms) carbon dioxide.

Chapter 1

reactants product

carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide

• Evidence of a Chemical ChangeEvolution of a gas Formation of a Energy changes Color Change precipitate light, sparks, warm or cold container

Properties of matter

Physical properties Chemical properties

Can be observed without Describes the way the changing the substance into substance undergoes oranother substance. resists change to form

another substance.

ColorOdorTextureBoiling pointMelting pointDensitySolubility

DecompositionExplosivenessFlammabilityCombustibilityCorrosionReactivity

Classification of changes as physical or chemical

Change Classification

Rusting of ironMelting of snowSharpening a pencilDigesting foodTaking a bite of foodBurning gasolineSlicing an onionDetonation of dynamiteSouring of milkBreaking of glass

ChemicalPhysicalPhysicalChemicalPhysicalChemicalPhysicalChemical ChemicalPhysical

Classification of Matter

Mixtures Pure Substances

1. Physical combination of two ormore substances.2. Variable composition.3. Properties vary as compositionvaries.4. Components can be separated usingphysical means.

1.Only one substance is present.2. Definite and constant composition.3. Properties are always the sameunder a given set of conditions.

Classification of Matter

Mixtures Pure Substances

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

1. Two or more distinct phases.2. Each phase has different properties

1. Only one visibly distinct phase.2. The phase has the same

properties throughout.

Classification of Matter

Mixtures Pure Substances

Compounds Elements

1. A chemical combination of two or more elements.

2. Can be broken down into constituent elements using chemical, but not physical means.

3. Has a definite, constant elemental composition.

1. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.2. The building blocks for all other types of matter.3. 115 elements are known.

See video

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Filtration - method to separate a liquid from a solid.

Physical methods to separate mixtures

Distillation – to separate mixtures by using the differences in boiling point.

Physical methods to separate mixtures

See periodic table video

1A 8A

1H

1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

2He

4.0026

3Li

6.941

4Be

9.012

5B

10.811

6C

12.011

7N

14.007

8O

15.999

9F

18.998

10Ne

20.179

11Na22.99

12Mg

24.305 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B

8B

1B 2B

13Al

26.981

14Si

28.086

15P

30.974

16S

32.066

17Cl

35.453

18Ar

39.948

19K

39.098

20Ca

40.078

21Sc

44.956

22Ti

47.88

23V

50.94

24Cr

51.996

25Mn

54.938

26Fe

55.847

27Co

58.93

28Ni

58.69

29Cu

63.546

30Zn

65.39

31Ga

69.723

32Ge

72.61

33As

74.922

34Se

78.96

35Br

79.904

36Kr

83.80

37Rb

85.468

38Sr

131.29

39Y

88.906

40Zr

91.224

41Nb

92.906

42Mo95.94

43Tc(98)

44Ru

101.07

45Rh

102.9

46Pd

106.4

47Ag

107.87

48Cd

112.41

49In

114.82

50Sn

118.71

51Sb

121.75

52Te

127.60

53I

126.9

54Xe

131.29

55Cs

132.9

56Ba

137.33

72Hf

178.49

73Ta

180.95

74W

183.85

75Re

186.2

76Os

190.2

77Ir

192.2

78Pt

195.1

79Au

196.97

80Hg

200.59

81Tl

204.38

82Pb

207.2

83Bi

208.98

84Po

(209)

85At

(210)

86Rn(222)

87Fr

(223)

88Ra

(226)

104Rf

(261)

105Db(262)

106Sg

(266)

107Bh(264)

108Hs

(277)

109Mt(268)

110Uun(272)

111Uuu(272)

112Uub(285)

114Uug(289)

57La

138.9

58Ce

140.1

59Pr

140.9

60Nd144.2

4

61Pm(145)

62Sm150.3

6

63Eu

151.97

64Gd157.2

5

65Tb

158.96

66Dy162.5

67Ho164.9

3

68Er

167.26

69Tm168.9

3

70Yb173.0

4

71Lu

174.97

89Ac(227)

90Th

232.04

91Pa

231.04

92U

238.03

93Np(237)

94Pu

(244)

95Am(243)

96Cm(247)

97Bk(247)

98Cf

(251)

99Es

(252)

100Fm(257)

101Md(258)

102No(259)

103Lr

(260)

The symbols of the elements in red are derived from LatinNa natriumK kaliumFe ferrumCu cuprumAg argentum

Sn stannumSb stibiumAu aurumHg hydrargyrumPb plumbum

The symbol of the element in blue is derived from German W wolfram

Basic Laws of Matter

Law of Conservation of Mass - first published by Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (1743-1794). It states that when a chemical or physical change occurs, the total mass after the change is the same as the total mass before the change.

Mass: is independent from the location.

Weight: the measure of the earth’s gravitational attraction for a body. In general, it is a measure of the gravitational force between two masses.

Balance - The instrument used in the lab to get the mass of an object.

Scale - The instrument used in the lab to get the weight of an object. Mostly used in Physics

Some common laboratory glassware for measuring volume.