JUf;fpah; gilnaLg;G · 2017-11-30 · Page 1 of 31,ilf;fhy ,e;jpah (fp.gp.112 Kjy; fp.gp.1707) mNugpah;fs;:- ,];yhk; kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - KfkJ egp (fp.gp. 570-632) Kjd; Kjypy;

Page 1 of 31

,ilf;fhy ,e;jpah (fp.gp.112 Kjy; fp.gp.1707)

mNugpah;fs;:-

,];yhk; kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - KfkJ egp (fp.gp. 570-632)

Kjd; Kjypy; ,];;yhkpa kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpath;fs; mNugpah;fs;

,];;yhkpah;fis typikkpf;f murpay; ,af;fkhf Mrpahtpy;; epiyepWj;jpath;fs; mNugpah;fs;

rpe;J> Ky;jhd; gilnaLg;G : fp.gp. 712

mNugpa gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpy; K];;yPk;fs; Nfusf; flw;fiuNahuk; tpahghuj;; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

rpe;J kd;dh; -jhfPh; - K];yPk; tzpfj;ij jLj;jhh;.

,jdhy; <uhf; MSeh; my;\h[h[;> fyPgh thyj; mDkjpAld; jdJ kUkfd; KfkJ gpd; fhrpik rpe;J kPJ gilnaLf;f mDg;gpdhh;.

Nuthh; Nghh;:-

rpe;Jtpd; kd;dh; jhfPh; - KfkJ gpd; fhrpkpilNa eilngw;wJ.

KfkJ gpd; fhrpk; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. Ky;jhd;;;; efuKk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Ky;jhid “jq;fefuk;” vd mioj;jhh;.

eph;thfk; :- rpe;J > Ky;jhd; khtl;lq;fs; vdg;gLk; ,f;jhh;fshy; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

K];ypk; my;yhNjhh; kPJ [prpah thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpisTfs;

gpuk;kFg;jh; vOjpa gpuk;krpj;jhe;jk; vd;w rk];fpUj EhyhdJ muG nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ.

mNugpa Ehy;fspy; ,e;jpa mwptpayhsh;fshd g`yh> khdfh> rpe;Jghj; MfpNahh;fspd; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghf;jhj; efhpd; kUj;Jtkidapy; jiyik kUj;Jtuhf jhzh vd;w ,e;jpah;; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhh;.

JUf;fpah; gilnaLg;G KfkJ f[pdp

fh];dh efhpy; gpwe;jth;.

je;ij – rgf;b[pd; - mbik ,uhZt tPuh; - gpd;dh; f[pdpapd; kd;duhdhh;.

rgf;b[pdpf;F gpwF ,];khapy; vd;gth; Ml;rp Ghpe;jhh;.

,];khapiy murg;gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fp mg;gjtpapy; mkHe;jhH.

fyPgh ,tuJ Ml;rpia mq;fPfhpj;J “ahkpd; cj;njsyh” vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jhh;.

MfNt> KfkJ f[pdpAk; mtuJ thhpRfSk; “ahkpdpfs;” vdTk; “ahkpdp

tk;rk;” vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

17 Kiw ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

Kf;fpa gilnaLg;G - 1025 y; ele;j NrhkehjGuk; (fj;jpathh; jPgfw;gj;jpy;

cs;sJ) gilnaLg;ghFk;.

Page 2 of 31

mg;gFjpia Mz;l kd;dd; - ,uh[ gPk Njtd;.

f[pdpAld; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Gfo;ngw;w ftpQh; my;ngUdp – vOjpa Gj;jfk;

- “jfpf;-,-,e;j;”

Gyth;fs; :-

1. cl;gp – “fpjhg;-cy;-,e;j;”

2. gph;njsrp – “\h ehkh”

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l murh;fs; :-

1. rh`p kuigr; rhh;e;j n[aghyh; 2. Ky;jhd; murh; - gNjhT+f;

Kfk;kJ Nfhhp (1178)

JUf;fpapd; Nfhhp `pul;Lf;Fk;> f[pdpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd kiyg;gFjp.

Kjy; gilnaLg;gpy; fp.gp.1176 y; Ky;jhd; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fp.gp.1182 y; rpe;Jit ifg;gw;wpdhh;

fp.gp.1185 y; gQ;rhg;ig ntd;W rpgpy; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fp.gp.1186 y; yh$h; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Kjy; jiuad; Nghh;

Nfhhpf;Fk;> gpUj;jptpuh[; rTfhd;-f;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; rTfhd; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

Ïu©lh« ; jiuad; Nghh;:fp.gp. 1192

Nfhhpf;Fk; gpUj;jptpuh[; rTfhd;-f;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; Nfhhp ntw;wpaile;jhh;. fhuzk; kw;w kd;dh;fspd; xj;Jiog;G fpilf;ftpy;iy.

rTfhd;> rk;Af;jh vd;w ,sturpia Rak;tuj;jpd; NghJ flj;jp nrd;W jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

,jdhy; n[ar;re;jpud; vd;w ,e;jpa kd;dh; Nfhhpf;F cjtp nra;jhh;.

re;j; gh;jha; vd;gth; gpUj;jptpuh[; rTfhdpd; mitg;Gyth;.

1197-y; re;Njthh; Nghh; - Nfhhpf;Fk;> ,uh[Gj;jpu murh; n[are;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;wJ. n[are;jpud; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. n[are;jpud; rTfhdpd; khkdhh; MFk;.

tq;fhsk; gPfhh; gilnaLg;G :-

Nfhhpapd; jsgjp Kfk;kJ gpd; gf;jpahh; fpy;[p. tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. (fp.gp.1202-1203) gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ tpf;fpukrPyh ehse;jh gy;iyfofj;ij jhf;fp mopj;jhh;.

Page 3 of 31

tq;fhsj;jpy; egpah gFjp kw;Wk; gPfhiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fs; FbNaw mbj;jskpl;lth; Kfk;kJ Nfhhp.

Mg;fhdpy; Vw;gl;l fytuj;ij mlf;f Nfhhp Mg;fd; jpUk;Gk;NghJ

25-03-1206 gQ;rhgpy; “nfhf;fhh;” vd;w goq;Foapdj;jtuhy;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Nfhhp Mg;fd; jpUk;Gk;NghJ jdJ ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjpia eph;thfk;

nra;a jdJ mbikahd Fj;GjPd; Igf; vd;gtiu ãaäj;jhh;. ,tNu

mbik tk;rj;ij epWtpah;.

nly;yp Ry;jhd;fs;:- (1206-1526)

(Nfhhpf;Fgpd; nly;ypia Mz;l K];ypk; kd;dh;fs; “Ry;jhd;fs;” vdg;gl;ldh;)

1. mbik tk;rk; - fp.gp. 1206-1290

2. fpy;[p tk;rk; - fp.gp. 1290-1320

3. Jf;sf; tk;rk; - fp.gp. 1320-1414

4. iraj; tk;rk; - fp.gp. 1414-1451

5. Nyhb tk;rk; - fp.gp. 1451-1526

mbik tk;rk; (m) khk;Yf; tk;rk;

Fj;Gjpd; Igf; (1206-1210)

mbik (m) khk;Yf; tk;rj;ij epWtpath;.

Ry;jhd; Ml;rpia epWtpath;.

jiyefh; - Kjypy; yh$h; (by;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; jiyefuk; - yh$h;). gpd;dh; by;yp.

,th; Ingf; (m) Fj;gp kuig rhh;e;jth;. FJg; - cj; - jPd; Ingf; NghNyh (rTfd;) tpisahl;bd; NghJ

Fjpiu kPJ ,Ue;J jtwp tpOe;J fpgp. 1210-y; kiwe;jhh;. ,th; yhf;g¡ õh vdg;gl;lhh;.

,th; m[;kPhpy; Fthtj;Jy; ,];yhk; k#jp kw;Wk; mjha; jpd;fh N[hd;g+h; k#jpiaAk;> by;ypapy; jha;Gd;fh - N[hd;guh vd;w k#jpiaAk; fl;bdhh;.

FJg;kpdhh;> fl;Lkhd gzpfis njhlq;fpdhh;. ,J Fth[h FJg;gpd; gf;jPahh; fhIp vd;w R+gp Jwtpapd; epidthf fl;lg;gl;lJ.

Muk; fhd;\h - 1210

Page 4 of 31

Igf;fpd; gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth;. (Igf;fpd; kfd; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhh;). ,th; ,y;Jkp\;-My; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

,y;Jkp\; (1210-1236)

mbikapd; mbik vdg;gl;lhh;.

kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; tho;e;j ,y;ghhp vd;w goq;Fb ,dj;ij rhh;e;jth;.

“,f;jh” Kiw-jsgjpfSf;F rk;gsj;jpw;F gjpyhf epyj;ij

toq;Fjy;

“lq;fh” vd;w nts;sp ehzaj;ijAk;> [plhy; vd;w jhkpu

ehzaj;ijAk; ntspapl;lhh;.

FJg;kpdhiu fl;b Kbj;jhh;.

kq;Nfhypa kd;dh; nrq;fp];fhdpd; gilnaLg;gpypUe;J nly;ypia ghJfhj;jhh;.

,wf;Fk;NghJ kfs; urpah Ngfj;ij thhprhf mwptpj;jhh;.

,y;Jj;kp\pd; kfd;fs; kw;Wk; kfs;fs; - Uf;DjPd;> u]pah Ngfk;> g`;uk;> myhTjPd; Myk;.

“ehw;gjpd;khh; FO” vDk; jpwikahd mjpfhukpf;f eph;thf FOit

itj;jpUe;jhh;.

Uf;DjPd; ngu;Nuh]h :-

,y;Jj;kp\pd; kiwtpw;F gpwF Uf;DjPd; 7 khjq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

gpwF “ehw;gjpd;khh; FO” u]pah Ngfj;ij murpahf mwptpj;jJ.

u]pah Ngfk; (1236-1240):-

by;ypia Ml;rp nra;j xNu kw;Wk; Kjy; ngz; Ry;jhd;. ,thpd;

ghJfhtyh; “[yhYjpd; ah$g;” (mgprPdpa ehl;L mbik - jw;Nghija

vj;Nahg;gpah)

u]pahtpd; mikr;rh; my;Jdpah Gul;rp nra;jhh;.

,jpy; u]pah ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpwF my;JdpahitNa jpUkzk; nra;J nly;ypf;F jpUk;Gk;NghJ Gul;rpahsh;fs; ,UtiuAk; nfhd;W tpl;ldh;.

gf;uk; ]h (fp.gp. 1240 - 42):-

mjpfhuk; kpFe;j ehw;gjpd;kh; Ry;jhid vjph;j;J fyfk; nra;jdh;. ,thpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; kq;Nfhypah; gilnaLg;G ele;jJ.

myhTjPd; k#j; (fp.gp. 1242 - 46)

Page 5 of 31

ehw;gjpd;kh; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j ghy;gd;, muR tptfhuq;fspy;

mjpfk; jiyapl;lhh;.

ghy;gd; ehf;g+h; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

erpUjpd; Kfk;kJ :- (1246-1266)

,y;Jkp\pd; ,isa kfd;.

,thpd; mikr;rh; kw;Wk; MSeh; ghy;g‹.

ghy;gd; ,y;Lkp\pd; ehw;kjpd;kh; FOtpd; Xh; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhh;. ehrpUjpd; Kfk;kJit jdJ kUkfdhf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;. rpyfhyk;

fopj;J kUkfid nfhd;Wtpl;L jhNd Ml;rp mik¤jhh;.

ghy;gd; (fp.gp. 1266 - 1286)

,th; ,y;ghhp (m) ghy;ghdp kuig rhh;e;jth;.

,aw;ngah; ghfDjPd;

,y;Jj;kp]pd; mbikahf ,Ue;jhh;.

epahgj;-,-Fjha; - cyfpd; gpujpepjp

[py;-,y;yh - flTspd; epoyhf jd;id mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

nest;uh]; - ngh;rpad; GJtUlj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

Nggh]; - kd;dhpd; fhy;fis njhl;L Kj;jkply;;.

ehw;gjpd;kh; FO xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

jpthdp mh;]; - jdpg;gil Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

tq;fhs MSeuhd Jf;hpy;fhd; ghy;gDf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;ldh;. filrpapy; ghy;gdhy; rpiwg;gLj;Jg;gl;lhh;.

mkph;F];U (,e;jpa fpsp) vd;w Gfo; ngw;w ghurPff; ftpQiuj; jdJ mitapy; itj;Jg; Nghw;wpdhh;.

gp];kpy;yh-gp];kpy;yh – ghy;gd; tUifia $Wk; thrfk;.

mg;u]pah (ngh;rpad; Vz;rpaz;l; `PNuh) - jd;id ngh;rpa Guhz ehafdhd mg;u\;ah-tpd; topj;Njhd;wy; vd mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

ifF];U:-

ghy;gd; ifF];Uit thhprhf epakpj;jhh;. Mdhy; gf;UjPd;> ifUghj;ij mhpaizapy; Vw;wpdhh;. ,th; Neha;tha;glNt 3 taNj epuk;gpa ifAkhh; vd;gtiu mhpaizapy; Vw;wpdh;. gpd; 3 khjk; fopj;J [yhy; - cj; - jPd; fpy;[p ,tiu nfhd;Wtpl;L mur gjtpia mile;jhh;.

fpy;[p kugpdh;

[yhYjpd; fpy;[p (1290-1296):-

fpy;[p tk;rj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth;(fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;l [yhYjpd;)

,thpd; kUkfd; myhTjpid myhfhghj;jpd; fth;duhf epakpj;jhh;.

Page 6 of 31

myhTjpd; fpy;[p-My; nfhy;;yg;gl;lhh;.

1926 y; myhtjPd; Njtfphp kPJ gilbaLj;jhh;.

myfhghj; te;j [yhYjpdpd; fhypy; jhd; tpOk; nghOJ jd; gilahs; %yk; [yhYjpd; jiyia Jz;bf;fr; nra;J nfhd;W tpl;L by;ypapd; Ry;jhdhf Mdhh;.

myhTjpd; fpy;[p (1296-1316)

myhTjpd; xU rpwe;j Gtpapay; epGzh; (Geologists)

fpy;[p tk;rj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dh;.

rpwe;j eph;thfp kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jthjp jf; Kiw - Fjpiufis jtwhd fzf;fpy; fhl;Lk; tof;fj;ij jLf;f

myhTjpd; FjpiufSf;Fk; #LNghLk; Kiw epythp gq;F vd ,Ue;jJ.

gilnaLg;Gfs;:-

1. fp.gp.1297y; F[uhj;ijj; jhf;fpdhh;. F[uhj; kd;dh; ,uhzp fkyhNjtp

rpiwgpbf;f¥gl;lhh;. khypf;fg+h; vd;w tPuUk; Vuhskhd nry;tq;fSk;

myhTjPDf;F fpilj;jd. 2. uhe;jk;g+h; gilnaLg;G (1296 - 1201) 3. rpj;J}h; gilnaLg;G (fp.K. 1303)

ntw;wpf;F gpd; rpj;J}h; - fp];uhghj; vd kW ngahplg;gl;lJ. gh®£°

vd;w ehNlhb ghlfdpd; ghly; %yk; rpj;J}h; gw;wp mwpe;J myhTjpd; gilnaLj;jhh;. uhzh uj;jd; rpq;if bfh‹W uhzp

gj;kpdpia flj;jpr; nrd;whh;. ,e;j jfty; n\h;\h fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j n[a;rp vd;w `pe;jp Gyth; vOjpa gj;khtjp vd;w E}ypy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4. Njtfphp gilnaLg;G (fp.gp. 1307) 5. thuq;fy; gilnaLg;G (fp.gp. 1309 - 1310) 6. Jthu rKj;jpuk; gilnaLg;G (fp.gp. 1301 - 1311) 7. kJiu gilnaLg;G (fp.gp 1311) ghz;ba ehl;by; Re;jughz;ba‹ k‰W« tPughz;bad; ,UtUk; mhpaiz

VWtjw;F Nghl;bapl;ldh;. ,jpy; Re;jughz;bad; jpy;ypf;F nrd;W Ry;jhdplk; tof;if Kiwapl;lhh; gpd; khypf;fg+h; jiyikapy; gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. khypfg+h;> ,uhNk];tuk; tiu te;J mq;F Xh; k#jpia fl;Ltpj;jhh;.

jpy;ypapd; ,uz;lhtJ efukhd rphp ,tuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

mkph;F];U> mkph;`]d; Nghd;w Nkk;gl;l mwpQh;fs; mtUila muritia myq;fhpj;jdh;.

Page 7 of 31

rjp kw;Wk; [ht;fhh; Kiw gw;wp mkph;F];U jdJ Ehypy; vOjpAs;shh;.

myhTjpdpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:-

1) re;ij rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

jpthd;-fp-kz;b- muNr filfis epWtp elj;jpaJ

Fjpiufis juk; gphpj;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ

jpthd; -,-K];lf; uh[; - thpfis t#ypf;Fk; Kiw

2) gil rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

jhf; Kiw- FjpiufSf;F #LNghLk; Kiw (murhy; thq;fg;gl;l Fjpiufis milahsk; fhZjy;)

nr`;uh - gil tPuh;fspd; tptug; gl;bay;

epue;ju epyg;gil jpl;lk;

epue;ju gilia Kjd;Kjypy; itj;jpUe;jth;

fl;blf;fiy :-

ghkj;fhdh k#jp> miyjh;th]; vd;w ,U gilg;GfŸ kw;Wk; rphpf;Nfhl;iliaf; fl;baNjhL Mapuk; J}z;fisAk; nfhz;l muz;kidiaAk; fl;bdhh;.

Fj;Gjpd; Kghuf; \h (fp.gp. 1320)

Njtfphp muR jpy;yp muRld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

ehrpUjPd; F\;U\h (fp.gp. 1320):-

Kjypy; ,e;Jthf ,Ue;j ,r;Ry;jhd; gpd;dh; Kfk;kjpauhdhh;. jpghy;g+h; Ml;rpahsuhd fhrpkhypf; fP];Uitf; nfhd;whh;. gpd; ,tNu fpahRjpd; Jf;sf; vd;w gl;lj;Jld; mhpaizNaw;wpdhh;.

Jf;sf; tk;rk;

fpahRjpd; Jf;sf; (1320-1325) ,aw;ngah; : fhrpk; khypf; Jf;sf; kuig Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.

ep[hKjpd; mTypah vd;w #gp Jwtpaplk; ,Ue;J ngWk; nry;tj;ij murhq;fj;jpw;f nfhzu Kaw;rpj;jhh;.

fp.gp. 1323y; [_dhfhdpd; (Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf;) jiyikapy; thuq;fypd; kPJ gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

jpy;ypapy; %d;whtJ efukhd Jf;sjhghj; ,tuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 8 of 31

Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf; (fp.gp. 1325 - 1351):-

,aw;ngah;: [{dhfhd; gl;lngah;: cYf;fhd;

by;yp Ry;jhdhf MdnghOJ Kb#l;bf; nfhz;l ngah;: Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf;

Njhthg; thp:- (fp.gp 1325 - 27) fq;if aKid ,tw;wpw;fpilNa cs;s nropg;ghd Njhthg; gFjp kPjhd thpfis Ry;jhd; mjpfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

jiyefiu khw;Wjy; (fp.gp. 1326-27) Njtfphpiaj; njsyj;jhghj; vd ngahpl;Lj; jpy;ypapypUe;J jkJ jiyefiu mq;F khw;wpdh;. jpl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;J. njd;dpe;jpahitAk;> tq;fhsj;ijAk; fl;LgLj;jTk; kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpy; ,Ue;J jiyefiu ghJfhf;fTk; jiyefuk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; kd;dh; epidj;jij KOikahf nra;a Kbahjjhy; jiyefuk; kPz;Lk; nly;ypf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

milahs ehza Kiw ntspaPL (fp.gp. 1329 - 1330). rPdhtpYk; ghurPfj;jpYk; milahs ehza Kiw Gof;fj;jpypUe;jjhy; Kfk;kJk; jk;Kila ehza Kiwapy; khWjiy Vw;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;. ,th; nrg;G ehzaKiwapidf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. jpl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

jpthd;-,-mkph;-,-nfh`p tptrhapfSf;F thq;fg;gl;l fld;.

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; <uhd; ehl;bYk;> rPd ehl;bYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jhkpu ehza Kiwia ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fs;s ehzaq;fs; kpFjpahf Gof;fj;jpy; tplg;gl;lljhy; ,e;j Kiw Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

Fuhrhd; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk; Fuhr;rp gilnaLg;G MfpaitAk; Njhy;tpaile;jd.

Kuz;ghLfspd; nkhj;j cUtk; - KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;

,thpd; fhyj;jpy; nkhuhf;nfh ehl;L gazp ,gpd; gLlh ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;

,th; vOjpa Gj;jfk; - nuf;yh (,e;jpahtpy; vdJ mDgtq;fs;)

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; rjp Kiwia Mjhpj;jhh;. fpsh;r;rpfs; :-

kJiuia jiyefukhff; nfhz;bUe;j khghh; khepyj;jpd; nfhj;jtyhf ,Ue;j iraj; Mapdh; fp.gp. 1334 - 35 y; jdpAhpikia mwptpj;jhh;.

fp.gp. 1337y; tq;fk; jdpAhpikia epiy ehl;baJ.

Page 9 of 31

Ry;jhdpd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs; fp.gp.1336-y; tp[aefuj;jpy; ,e;J NguuR Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhy;Nfhspg;gl;lJ.

1347-y; ghkpdp muR Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kfk;kJ kiwit F¿¥ÃLifæš kf;fsplkpUe;J murUf;F tpLjiy

fpilj;jJ, murhplkpUe;J kf;fSf;F tpLjiy fpilj;jJ vd;whh;

gnjsdp.

ngNuh\h Jf;sf; (1351-1388):- Kfk;kJ kfdpd;wp ,we;jjhy; cah;Fb kf;fs; gpNuh]pw;F

mhpaizia më¤jd®. ».gp. 1351y; jl;ghtpy; jpy;yp Ry;jhdhf mth;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Ml;rpj;Jiw rPh;j;jpUj;jj;jpy; ,tUf;Fjtpahf jiyikaikr;rh; fhd; - , - [`hd; khf;ghy; gzpahw;wpdh;.

ehd;F tifahd thpfs.; fuh[; - gj;jpy; xU gq;F (epythp)

fhk;];- Ie;jpy; xU gq;F (Nghhpy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nghUs;fs;)

[p]pah - K];ypk; my;yhjhh; kPjhd jiythp ,JfhWk; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpuhkzh;fs; kPJ Kjy;jlitahf [p]pah thpia tpjpj;jhh;.

]hfj; - K];ypk;fsplkpUe;J t#ypf;fg;gl;l thp 5 nghpa ghrdf;fhy;tha;fis ntl;bdhh;. 150 fpzWfisAk; 50

mizfisAk; fl;L;tpj;jhh;. gpNuh];ghj;> gNj`ghj;> [hd;g+h;> `];]hh; Nghd;w efuq;fis

mikj;jhh;. kPul;bypUe;Jk; Njhg;uhtpypUe;Jk; mNrhfUila fw;W}z;fs;

,uz;ilj; jpy;ypf;F nfhz;L te;jhh;. Gjpa Jiwfs;

jpthd; - ,- ge;fhd; - Department of Slave

jpthd;-,-nrapuhj; - Department of Charits.

jpthdp ,];bfhf; - Department of Pension ghJ-,-gpNuh];]h`p vd;w jk; Rarhpijia vOjpdhh;.

gpe;ija Jf;sf;Ffs; (1388 - 1413)

Kfk;kJ fhd; fpah#jpd; Jf;sf; mG ghfd; ehRUjpd; Kfk;kJ `pAkha+d;

Page 10 of 31

eRUjpd; Kfk;kJ

nghJ fz;Nzhl;lk; :-

muR mYty;fspy; cNykh vdg;gl;l rkawpQhpd; nry;thf;F mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.

t]Ph; - jiyikaikr;ruhthh;.

jpthd;-,-hp]hyj; maYwT mikr;rh;

jpthd;-,-,d;\h -murhpd; fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij ftdpg;gth;.

jpthd;-,-Mhp]; - ,uhZt Ml;rpg;nghWg;igf; ftdpg;gth;.

rjh;-c];-rjh; rkaj;Jiw mwg;gzp.

jpthdp fh]; - jiyikf;fh]papd; nghWg;gpy; ,aq;fp te;j ePjpj;Jiw

jpthd;-,-mkph;Nfh`p- Ntshz;ikj;Jiw jiyth;.

ghPj;-,-khkypf; - xw;wh; Kiw> mQ;ry; Mfpa JiwfSf;F jiyth;.

tf;fPy;-fp-jhh; - muz;kid guhkhpg;ghsh;.

k[;yp];-,-f];tj; - MNyhrid FO (Ry;jhDf;F)

nfhj;jthy; - efu Ml;rpg;nghWg;G.

KOf;f KOf;f K];ypk; fUj;Jf;fspd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; vOg;gg;gl;l fl;blk; ep[hKjPd; xsypahtpd; fy;yiw kPJ myhTjpdhy; vOg;gg;gl;l [khj;fhd; k#jpahFk;.

n`s[;-,-fh]; vd;w Fsj;ij fl;Ltpj;jhh; myhTjPd;

jf;fpy; jh;th]h-tq;fk;

yhlf; jh;th]h - [hd;g+h;

miy jh;th]h-by;yp

jPd; jh;th]h-F[uhj; ghy;gdpd; fhyj;jpypUe;J fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; fhyk; tiu mkph;F];U

mitf;fsg; GytuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

Kfyhah; NguuR

ghgh; 1526-1530:-

,e;jpahtpy; Kfyha Nguuir Njhw;Wtpj;jth;

,aw;ngah; : [hfpUjPd; KfkJ

je;;ij ngah; ckh; n\f; kph;rh

ghgh; vd;gjw;F JUf;fp nkhopapy; “rpq;fk;” ; vd;W nghUs;

Page 11 of 31

je;;ij topapy; JUf;fpa ij%Uf;Fk;> jha; topapy; kq;Nfhypah

nrq;fp];fhDf;Fk; 1483-y; gpwe;jhh;.

1494-y; gh;fhdhtpd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whh;. gpd;dh; cwtpdh;

xUthplk; Ml;rpia ,oe;jhh;.

gpd;dh;; rhkh;fz;l;> fhg+y; gilnaLg;GfSf;F gpwF ,e;jpahit

Nehf;fp gilnaLj;jhh;.

1519 Kjy; 1523 tiu 4 gilnaLg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

1525-y; fhg+ypypUe;J ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. yh$hpd; MSeuhf

,Ue;j njsyj;fhd; Nyhbia ntd;W mg;gFjpia ifg;gw;wp

nly;ypia Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpdhh;.

Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghh;: 1526

ghgUf;Fk;> ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbf;Fk; ,ilNa fp.gp.1526 Vg;uy; 21-y;

eilg;ngw;wJ. Nyhb nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,jdhy; nly;yp Ry;jhdpa

Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ.

ghgh; ntw;wpg; ngw;W> jd;id “,e;J];jhdj;jpd; Nguurh;” vd

mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

ghgh; ,g;Nghhpy; gPuq;fpia gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ,JNt ghghpd; ntw;wpf;F

Kf;fpa fhuzk;.

,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; gPuq;fpia gad;gLj;jpath; ghgh;.

gPuq;fpia gad;gLj;jpa ghghpd; tPuh;fs; - 1. c];jhj; myp 2.

K];jgh

fhd;thg; Nghh; 1527

ghgUf;Fk;> Nkthh; kd;dh; uhzh rq;fhTf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ.

,g;uh`pk; Nyhbf;F vjpuhf gilnaLj;J tUk;gb ghgUf;F miog;G

tpLj;jth; uhzh rq;fh.

,g;uh`pk; Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;Jtpl;L ehL jpUk;gptpl Ntz;Lk; vd

uhzh> ghgUf;F nfL tpjpj;jpUe;jhh;. ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;wTld;

,e;jpahtpNyNa jq;fptpl;lhh;. ,jdhy; uhzh ghgh; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhh;. ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

,t;ntw;wpf;F gpd;dh; fh]p vd;w gl;lj;ij #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;.

Page 12 of 31

re;Njhp NghH

re;Njhpf; Nfhl;ilia ngWtjpy; ghgUf;Fk; Nkjpdpuha;f;Fk; ,ilNa ,g;Nghh;

eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. re;Njhpf; Nfhl;ilia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

Nfhf;uh Nghh; : 1529

ghgUf;Fk; ,g;uh`pk;; Nyhbapd; rNfhjuh KfkJ Nyhbf;Fk; ,ilNa

,g;Nghh; eilngw;wJ. ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

,g;Nghhpd;; %yk; Mg;fhdpah; KOtJk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J

mopf;fg;gl;ldh;.

gPfhhpy; cs;s Nfhf;uh vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,g;Nghh; eilngw;wJ.

,wg;G:-

1530-y; Mf;uhtpy; fhykhdhh;. ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbapd;; jha;> ghghpd;

rikay;fhuUf;F ifA+l;L nfhLj;J ghghpd; cztpy; tp\k; fyf;f

nra;jhh;.

ghgh; jd; Rarhpjia jd; jha;nkhopahd JUf;fp nkhopapy;

JRf;-,-ghghp my;yJ ghghpd; epidTfs; vd;w Ehyhf vOjpAs;shh;.

`_khAd;: 1530-1540 kw;Wk; 1555-1556

ghgUf;F ehd;F kfd;fs; 1. `_khAd; 2. fhk;uhd; 3. m];fhhp

4. `pe;jhy;

%d;W kfs;fs; : 1. Fy;uq; 2. Fy;rpuh 3. Fy;gjhd;

ghgUf;F gpd; `_khAd; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.

`_khAd; vd;gjw;F mjph;\;lk;/ey;ytha;g;G vd;W nghUs;.

Ml;rpf;F te;jTld; muir jd; rNfhjuh;fSf;F gfph;e;J nfhLj;J

jd;id gytPdg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. ,th; xU mjph;\;lkpy;yhj

kd;dh;.

tq;fhsj;ij Ml;rp nra;j n\h;fhd; (n\h;\h) kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

me;Neuj;jpy; F[uhj;ij Ml;rp nra;j gfJhh; \h nly;yp kPJ

gilnaLj;jhh;. vdNt> n\h;fhDld; njhlh;e;J Nghhpl;L ntw;wp

ngwhky; Xh; xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L by;yp jpUk;gpdhh;.

,jdhy; n\h;fhd; jd; gil typikia ngUf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.

Page 13 of 31

nrsrh Nghh;

1539-y; `_khADf;Fk; n\h;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa nrsrh Nghh;

eilngw;wJ. n\h;fhdpd; ngUk; jhf;FjYf;F `_khAd; cs;shdhh;.

fd;Ndh[; Nghh;

1540-y; gpy;fpuhk; (fd;Ndhrp) vd;w ,lj;jpy; `_khADf;Fk;

n\h;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghh; eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; `_khAd;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L ghurPfk; tpul;lg;gl;lhh;.

ghurPfj;jpy; `kPjhghD Ngfk; (Kk;jh[;) vd;gtiu jpUkzk; nra;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;.

ghurPf kd;dhpd; cjtpia ngw \d;dp vd;w K];ypk; gphptpypUe;J

\pah vd;w K];ypk; gphptpw;F khwpdhh;.

\pah gphptpw;F khwpajw;fhf ghurPf kd;dh; gilnaLj;J `_khADf;F

cjtpdhh;. mg;giliaf; nfhz;L by;ypia 1555-y; rpf;fe;jh;

NyhbaplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wp kPz;Lk; Ml;rp elj;jpdhh;.

1556-y; njhOifapd;NghJ Ehyf khbg;gbapypUe;J jtwp tpOe;J

,we;jhh;.

mjph;\;lk; vd ngah; nfhz;l `_khAd; jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk;

mjph;\;lk; ,y;yhkNyNa ,we;jhh;.

[hkpah k];[pj; kw;Wk; jpd;gdh vd;w fl;blq;fis fl;bdhh;.

#h; kuG

n\h;\h #h; : 1540-1545

#h; kuig Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - n\h;\h (n\h;fhd;)

,thpd; ,aw;ngah; ghPj;. Gypia jd;de;;jdpahf mbj;Jf; nfhd;wjhy;

n\h;fhd; vd;w jd; ngaiu n\h;\h vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

n\h;\h vd;gjw;F Gyp vd;W nghUs;.

,th; gPfhhpy; cs;s rrhuk; gFjpapd; [h`Ph;jhh;-Md `rd;fhd;

vd;gthpd; kfdhthh;.

,th; fp.gp.1539-y; nrsrh vd;w ,lj;jpy; `_khAid Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

1540-y; n\h;\h vd;w gl;lj;Jld; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.

Page 14 of 31

rpwe;j Kiwapy; Ml;rpia elj;jpdhh;. vdNt> n\h;\h mf;ghpd;

Kd;Ndhb vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

ehd;F Kf;fpa rhiyfis (fpuhz;l; buq; rhiy) mikj;jhh;.

Nrhdhh;fhd; - rpe;J Mf;uh - gh;fhk;g+h;

N[hj;g+h; - rpj;öh; yh$h; - Ky;jhd;

rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld; tpsq;fpdhh;

aKid ejpf;fiuapy; Guhzfpyh vd;w Nfhl;ilia fl;bdhh;. ,th;

fp.gp.1545 y; fyQ;rhh; Nfhl;il Kw;Wifapy; ntbtpgj;jpy; ,we;jhh;.

eph;thfk;

jpthdp-,-tprhuj; - tuT kw;Wk; nryT nghWg;ghsh;>

jpthd-,-Mhp\; - ,uhZt nghWg;ghsh;>

jpthdp-,-,uhthyf; - ntspAwT kw;Wk; Jhjufg; nghWg;ghsh;>

jpthdp-,-,d;\h - jfty; muR Mizfs; kw;Wk; fbj

Nghf;Ftuj;J nghWg;ghsh;.

uaj;;thhp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. epy chpik gl;lh

toq;fg;gl;lJ. epy tUtha; 1:3 gq;F epythpahf t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

eph;thfj;ij rPh;gLj;jpdhh;. n\h;\h 47 rh;fhh;fshf gphpj;jhh;.

Xt;nthU rh;f;fhUk; \pf;jhh; (rl;lk; xOq;F) kw;Wk; Kjd;ik Kd;rPg;

(ePjp toq;Fjy;) ,th;fSf;F fPo; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gh;fhd;fis gphpj;J 1. `ph;jhh; - ,uhZtk;> 2. mkPd; - epytUtha;

3. nghNljhh; - fUt+yk; 4. fh;j;öz;fhh; - fzf;fhsh;> 5. ,f;jh

vdg;gLk; eph;thfg;gphpT

,uhZtj;jpy; FjpiufSf;F #L NghLk; jhf; Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

etPd ehza Kiwapd;; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

lhk; vd;w nts;sp ehzaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp 1835 tiu Gof;fj;jpy;

tpl;lhh;. ehzaq;fspy; jdJ ngaiu Njtehfhp vOj;jpy; nghwpf;f

nra;jhh;.

gPfhhpy; rrhuk; efhpy; jdJ fy;yiwia cUthf;fpdhh;. nly;ypapy;

GuhzfPyh vd;w fl;blj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

Page 15 of 31

ngw;Nwhiu Mjhpj;jhh;. khypf; KfkJ n[arP vd;gth; vOjpa ,e;jp

Ehy; gj;khtjp;.

n\h;\htpw;F gpwF mtuJ thhpRfs; 1555 tiu by;ypia Ml;rp

nra;jdh;.

n\h;\htpw;F gpwF Ml;rpf;F te;jth; ,];yhk; \h.

#h; kugpd; filrp murh; rpq;fe;jh; Nyhb. ,tiu `_khAd;

Njhw;fbj;Jtpl;L Kfyhah; muir kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

gazpfs; trjpfSf;fhf jq;Fk; tpLjp ruha; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

mf;gh; 1556-1605:-

`_khADf;Fk;> `kPjh ghD Ngfj;jpw;Fk; kfdhf 1542-y;

mkh;Nfhl;/mkuf;Nfhl;il vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

`_khAd; ,we;j gpwF 1556-y; mf;gh; Kfyha kd;dh; Mdhh;.

mg;NghJ mf;gUf;F 13 taJ.

,uz;lhk; ghdpgl; Nghh; 1556.

mf;gUf;Fk; n`KTf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; n`Ktpd;

fz;zpy; mk;G gha;e;jjhy;> gilfs; rpjwpajhy; mf;gh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w NghJ mf;gh; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jikahy; Ml;rpg;

nghWg;ig mf;ghpd; murg; gpujpepjp iguhk;fhd; Vw;W elj;jpdhh;.

,jdhy; muritapy; iguhk;fhdpd; mjpfhuk; Xq;fp ,Ue;jJ.

,jid mf;ghpd; tsh;g;Gj;jha; khfk; mdfh tpUk;gtpy;iy. khfk;

mdfh #o;;r;rpapdhy; murpaypUe;J iguhk;fhd; tpLgl nkf;fhtpw;F

mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.

nkf;fh nry;Yk; topapy; iguhk;fhd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

,jd; gpwF 1560 Kjy; 1564 tiu Kfyha Ml;rp khfk; mdfh

iff;F khwpaJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; Kfyha Ml;rp ngz;fs; iff;F khwpajhy; ,f;fhyj;ij

ghthil Ml;rp (peti Coat Government) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

1564-f;F gpwF Ml;rp mf;ghpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;jJ. uh[Gj;jpuh;

MjuT ,Ue;jhy;jhd; Ml;rp epiyj;J ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;W mf;gh;

Page 16 of 31

ek;gpdhh;. vdNt> uh[Gj;jpuh;fspd;; Mjuit ngw gy uh[Gj;jpu

ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

,th; uh[Gj;jpu nfhs;ifia ifahz;lJ Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.

uh[Gj;jpuh; uh[h gfthd; jh]; kfs; N[hj;ghia jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhz;lhh;. uh[h khd;rpq;Ff;F Kf;fpa gjtp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

mf;gUf;F mbgzpahj xNu uh[Gj;jpu muR Nkthh;.

1563-y; fq;ifapy; ePuhLtjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Gdpj thpia

ePf;fpdhh;.

1562-y; ,e;Jf;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j [prpah thpia ePf;fpdhh;.

1675-y; gNjg;G+h; rpf;hpapy; ,ghjj;fhdh vd;w rka topghl;Lf; $lj;ij

fl;bdhh;. ,jpy; midj;J rkaj;jpdUk; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

1572-y; F[uhj; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntw;wpg; ngw;whh;. mq;F jdJ tUtha;;

mikr;rh; uh[h Njhlh;khy; %yk; epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. 1/3 gq;F epythpahf t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

epy tUtha; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;gth; - uh[h Njhlh;khy;.

epy tUtha;> [g;j;p Kiw> ge;Njhg];J Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk;.

NkYk; ,J rPuikf;fg;gl;L jh`hrhy Kiw 1580-y; epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

,k;Kiwg;gb 10 Mz;Lfspd; tpisr;rypy; ruhrhpia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

epythp eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.

1579-y; mf;gh; jtWglh Mizia ntspapl;L jkJ rka mjpfhuq;fis

cWjpg;gLj;jpdhh;.

epythpfs; 4 tif 1. Nghy[; (Mz;L NjhWk;)> 2.guTjp (2 Mz;Lfs;)

3. Rr;rhh; ( 3kw;Wk; 4 Mz;Lfs;) 4.gQ;rhh; (5 Mz;Lfs;).

mf;guJ Ml;rp Kiwapy;; kd;rg;jhhp Kiw Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. xt;nthU

mjpfhhpapd; fPOk; xU jFjp epiy toq;fg;gl;lJ. Fiwe;j gl;rkhf kd;rg;jhhp

10-k;> mjpfgl;rkhf kd;rg;jhh; 5 Mapuk; MFk;.

kd;rg;j; jFjp epiyfs; rj; kw;Wk; rhth; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rj; vd;gJ xUtuJ

jdpg;gl;l me;j];ij Fwpf;Fk;. rhth; vd;gJ xUth; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

Fjpiu tPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;; mbg;gilapyhdJ.

uh[h Njhlh;khy;> ghftj Guhzj;ij ghurPf nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;.

mGy; ghry; vOjpa Ehy;fs;-madp mf;ghp> mf;gh; ehkh>

mGy;igrp ,uhkhaz> kfhghujj;ij ghurPfj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.

F[uhj; ntw;wpapd; epidthf Mf;uh mUNf gNjG+h; rpf;hp (ntw;wp efuk;) vd;w

efiu epWtp jiyefiu Mf;uhtpypUe;J mq;F khw;wpdhh;.

Page 17 of 31

1576-y; mf;gUf;Fk; Nkthh; kd;dh; uhzh gpujhg; rpq;Ff;Fk; ,ilNa `hy;bfhl;

Nghh; eilngw;wJ.

mf;gh; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; #gp JwtpfSld; cwT nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtuJ Mrhd;

mg;Jy; yj;jPg;gpd; Nghjidfshy; xU Nguhuir epWt Ntz;Lk; vd Mirg;gl;lhh;.

Mk;gh; ehl;L ,sturp N[hj;ghia kze;j gpd;dh; Gdpj gaz thpia uj;J

nra;jhh;.

1582-y; jPd;-,yh`p my;yJ ,iw ek;gpf;if vd;w Gjpa rkaj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

,jpy; midj;J rkaj;jpdUk; Nruyhk;.

,r;rkaj;jpy; Nrh;e;j xNu ,e;J uh[hgPh;ghy;. vdNt> mf;guhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l

,r;rkak; mf;ghpd; fhyj;jpNyNa kiwe;jJ. ,k;kjk; gFj;jwpit mbg;gilahf

nfhz;lJ.

fhe;Nj\; (F[uhj;) ntw;wpapd; epidthf gNjGh;-rpf;hp Nfhl;ilAk;> Gye;jth;thrh

vd;w EiothapiyAk; mf;gh; fl;bdhh;.

mf;guhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mikg;G kd;rg;jhhp. kd;rg; (rhl;) vd;why;

juk; my;yJ jFjp (rhth;) vd;Wk; nghUs;.

mf;ghpd; k`hy;> [`hq;fPh; k`hy;> gQ;r; k`hy; N[hj;gha; muz;kid Nghd;w

rpwg;G gspq;F fw;fs; nfhz;l fl;blq;fs; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,tuhy;

nkh`yhag; NguuR cz;ikahfNt epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.

ef;fhuh vd;w ,irf; fUtpia cUthf;fpdhh;. NkYk; ,f;fUtpia thrpg;gjpy;

ty;yth;. mf;gh; mitapy; ,Ue;j Gfo;ngw;w ,irf; fiyQh; jhd;Nrd;.

gPh;ghy; vd;w eifr;Rit Nkij ,th; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhh;.

mf;ghpd; fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fiy tsh;r;rp; ngw;wJ.

1605-;y; mf;gh; fhykhdhh;. mf;gUf;F vOj gbf;fj; njhpahJ. mf;gh; xU

jpf;Ftha;.

[`hq;fph;: 1605-1627

mf;gUf;Fk; uh[Gj;jpu ,sturp N[hj;gha;f;Fk; kfdhf gpwe;jth;.

,aw;ngah; ryPk;. ,th; [`hq;fPh; my;yJ cyfpid nty;gth; vd;w ngahpy;

1605-y; mh;paiz Vwpdhh;.

Ml;rpapd;; Muk;gj;jpy; ,tuJ kfd; F];U fpsh;r;rp nra;jhh;. fpsh;r;rpf;F

cjtpath;> Ie;jhk; rPf;fpa FU mh;[Pd; rpq;. F];Utpw;F cjtpajhy;

mh;[_d;rpq;if [`hq;fph; nfhiy nra;jhh;.

1611-y; Ehh;[`hid jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. Ehh;[`hdpd; ,aw;ngah;

nkfUd;dprh. Ehh;[`hd; vd;gjw;F “cyfpd; xsp” vd;W nghUs;. ,th;

Ehh;k`hy; (muz;kidapd; xsp) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

1611 Kjy; 1626 tiu Ml;rpia KO mjpfhuj;Jld; elj;jpath; Ehh;[`hd;.

Page 18 of 31

,f;fhyk; Ehh;[`dpd; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

Ehh;[`hd; [z;lh vd;w xU MjuTf; FOit mikj;Jf; nfhz;L muritia

jd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUe;jhh;.

jdJ %j;j rNfhjuh; mrg;fhdpd; kfs; mh;[_ke;j;; ghD Ngfk; (Kk;jh[;)

vd;gtiu [`hq;fPhpd; 3tJ kfd; Fh;uk; (\h[`hd;)-w;F jpUkzk; nra;J

itj;jhh;.

1623-y; \h[`hd;> [`hq;fPUf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp nra;jhh;.

kf;fs;; ePjpia ngWtjw;fhf Mf;uh Nfhl;ilf;Fk; (\h;g[; muz;kid) aKid

ejpf;fiuf;Fk; ,ilNa ePjpr; rq;fpypia [`hq;fPh; mikj;jhh;.

1609-y; ,thpd; mitf;F Mq;fpNya Jhjh; tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;];

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F tzpfj; jsk; mikf;f mDkjp Nfhhp tUif

je;jhh;. NkYk;> jhk];Nuh [`hq;fPUf;F Xtpaj;ij ghprhf mspj;jhh;.

1613 #uj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; tzpf jsk; (njhopw;rhiy) mikf;f

[`hq;fPh;; mDkjp mspj;jhh;.

[`hq;fPh; Xtpaj;jpy; mjpf <LghL nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Xtpaj;jpw;F 2tJ

mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jth; `_khA+d;.

efhpy; \hypkh; kw;Wk; ep\hj; g+e;Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.

rpf;Nfe;j;puhtpy; mf;ghpd; fy;yiwia fl;bdhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; Gifapiyia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; [`hq;fPh;. ,tUila

Rarhpij Ehy; JRf;-,-[`hq;fphp MFk;. 1627-y; ,we;jhh;.

\h[`hd; : 1627-1658)

[`hq;fphpd; kfd;. ,aw;ngah; Fh;uk;. ,th; fp.gp.1592-y; yh$hpy;

gpwe;jhh;. \h[`hd; vd;gjw;F cyfpd; murd; vd;W nghUs;.

,tUf;F ehd;F kfd;fs;; ,Ue;jdh;. 1. Jhuh \_N`h (fy;tpapy;

rpwe;jth;) 2. \{[h 3. Xsuq;frpPg;;; 4.Kuj;.

\h[fhdpd; kidtp Kk;jh[; gputrj;jpd; NghJ ,we;J Nghdhs;.

jdJ kidtpapd; epidthf jh[;k`hiy fl;bdhh;. fl;l Muk;gpj;j

Mz;L 1632 fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1653. (22 Mz;Lfs;. 20 yl;rk;)

jh[;k`hiy tbtikj;jth;. c];jhj; ,\h. ,th; nly;yp

nrq;Nfhl;il> mjpDs; uq;f; k`hy;> Nkhjp k`hy;> Kj;J k`hy;>

Page 19 of 31

jpthdp-,-Mk;> jpthdp-,-fh\;kPh; khspiffisf; fl;bdhh;. nts;isg;

gspq;F fw;fisf; nfhz;L [{k;kh k#jp fl;lg;gl;;lJ.

Nfh`pDhh; ituk; nfhz;l kapyhrdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ghurPf

gilnaLg;ghy; ehjph;\h fp.gp.1739-y; vLj;Jr; nrd;whh;. ,J jw;NghJ

,q;fpyhe;J kpa+rpaj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Xsuq;frPg;:1657-1707

\h[`hdpd; %d;whtJ kfd;. Kfyha murpd; filrp typik

tha;e;j kd;dh;.

Ml;rpf;F te;j cld; jdJ ngaiu Myk;fph; (cyif nty;gth;) vd

khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

K];ypk; \d;dp gphpitr; Nrh;e;jth;. rka ntwpAld; ele;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;. kw;w rkaj;jth;fis mjpfk; Jd;GWj;jpdhh;. vdNt> kf;fs;

mtUf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp nra;jdh;.

Xsuq;frPg;gpd; kjf;nfhs;if Kfyha Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf

mike;jJ.

rkaj;ij jtph;j;J ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> xsuq;frpg; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsuhf

tpsq;fpdhh;. ,th; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; fLk; ciog;ghspahfTk;

xOf;f rPyuhfTk;> vspikia filgpbg;gtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. Fu;uhdpy;

$wpagb ele;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. ehd;F ngz;fis kl;Lk; jpUkzk;

nra;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. Fuhid vOjp tpw;W mjd;%yk; fpilf;Fk;

tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L tho;f;if elj;jpdhh;.

Xsuq;frPg; fhyj;jpy; tPurpth[p jiyikapy; kuhl;bah;fs; vOr;rp

ngw;wdh;. Xsuq;frPg;ig jf;fhzj;jpy; tsutplhky; kuhl;bah;fs;

jLj;jdh;.

kuhl;bahplk; gy Njhy;tpfis ngw;wjhy; kuhl;ba kd;dh; rpth[p

“jf;fhz Gz;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. (jf;fhz Flw;Gz;

Page 20 of 31

xsuq;frPg;ig mopj;jJ vd N[.vd;.rh;f;fhh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;) ,e;jpahit

K];ypk; ehlhf;f tpUk;gpdhh;.

kf;fs; Nghijg; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jtij jil nra;jhh;.

,e;Jf;fs; nfhz;lhLk; jruh tpoh> K];ypk;fs; nfhz;lhLk; et;Nuh];

tpoh Nghd;witfis jil nra;jhh;. ghq;f; vdg;gLk; jhtuj;ij

gaphpLtijAk; jil nra;jhh;. nkhfuk; gz;bif nfhz;lhl jil

tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mf;guhy; epWj;jg;gl;l [prpah thpiaAk;> gazpfspd; Gdpj thpiaAk;

1679-y; kPz;Lk; ,e;Jf;fsplk; t#ypj;jhh;.

thdtpay;> N[hjplf;fiy mwpQh;fis mitapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fpdhh;.

,e;Jf;Nfhtpy;fis ,bj;J jiukl;lkhf;fpdhh;.

xd;gjhtJ rPf;fpa FU Nj[;gfJhiu nfhiy nra;jhh;. vdNt>

rPf;fpah;fs; Kfyhah;fSf;F vjpuhf MAjk; jhq;fp Nghuhl Muk;gpj;jdh;.

10-tJ rPf;fpa FU Nfhtpe;j; rpq;f; fhy;rh vd;w ,uhZt mikg;ig

cUthf;fp xsuq;frPg;ig vjph;j;jhh;.

1707-y; Xsuq;frPg; ,we;jhh;.

Kfyhah; fhy rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;

fl;llf;fiy:

mf;gh;: Mf;uh Nfhl;il (rpfg;G kzw;ghiwfs;)> gNjg+h;-rpf;hp> N[hj;gha;

muz;kid> Gye;jh; th]h. nly;ypapy; cs;s `_khA+d; fy;yiw.

\h[`hd;: Kj;J k#jp (nts;is epw gspq;F fw;fs;)> [_k;kh k#jp

(,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa k#jp- nre;epw fw;fs;) jh[;k`hy;>

nrq;Nfhl;il (ntz;zpw gspq;F fw;fs;)> jpthdp-Mk;> jpthdp-fh];

fl;bdhh;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l myq;fhu NtiyfSf;F gpal;uh ba+uh

vd;W ngah;.

Kfyhah;fspd; Ml;rp ,Uf;ifahd kapyhrdj;ij nra;jth;. Ie;J

mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l gQ;r k`hy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fh\;kPhpy; ep\hghf;> yh$hpy; \hypkh;ghf;> gQ;rhg;gpy; gq;r;Nrhh;

Njhl;lk;.

Page 21 of 31

`_khA+d; ghurPfj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa NghJ kph; iraJ myp>

mg;Jy;;;rkJ vd;w Gfo;ngw;w Xtpah;fis mioj;J te;jhh;. NkYk;

g[;thd;> kp];fpdh> j[;te;j; Mfpa Xtpah;fs; mf;gh; mitapy;

,Ue;jdh;.

kfhghujk;> ,uhkhazk; Mfpait ghurPf nkhopapy;; vOjg;gl;L

xtpaq;fshf jPl;lg;gl;ld.

üy;fs;:-

mf;ghpd; mitapy; ,Ue;j tuyhw;W Mrphpah; mGy;-ghry; mf;gh; ehkh>

mapdp mf;ghp vd;w Ehy;fis vOjpAs;shh;.

ghgh; JRf;-ap-ghghp vd;w jd;Rarhpikia JUf;fp nkhopapy; vOjpdhh;.

[`hq;fph; JRf;-ap-[`hq;fphp vd;w jd; Rarhpijia vOjpdhh;.

mf;gh; mitapy; ,Ue;j Jsrpjhrh; (rpwe;j ftpQh;) uhkhazj;ij

uhkrhpjkd]; vd;w ngahpy; ,e;jp nkhopapy; vOjpdhh;.

mg;Jy; `kPJ yNfhhp vd;gth; ghJ\h ehkh vd;w Ehiy

vOjpAs;shh;.

\h[fhd; ehkhit vOjpath; ,dahj;fhd;.

\h[fhdpd; Gjy;th; “jhuh\pf;Nfh” vd;gth; gftj; fPij>

cgepljq;fis ghurPfj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.

Kfyhah;fspd; filrp murh; - ,uz;lhk; gfJhh; \h.

cUisf; fpoq;F> rpfg;G kpsfha; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nrj; kw;Wk;

Nghuh tzpfh;fs; njhiyöu th;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. gQ;rhuhf;fs;

vdg;gLk; tzpfh;fs; nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.

F[uhj; tzpfh;fs;> ,e;Jf;fs;> rkzh;fs;> K];yPk;fs; MfTk;>

uh[];jhdpy; khh;thbfs; vdg;gLk; M];thy;fs;> kNf];thpfs;>

mfh;thy;fs;> Mg;fhdpfshd Ky;jhdpfs;> fj;jphpfs; MfpNahh;

kj;jpa MrpahTlDk; tzpfj; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;jdh;.

Page 22 of 31

Nrhof;flw;fiuapy; nrl;bahh;fSk;> kyghh; flw;fiuapy; K];yPk;fSk;

tzpfk; nra;jdh;.

fhhPak;> nrk;G> Nghh;;f;Fjpiufs;> je;jk;> jq;fk;> nts;sp Mfpait

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. rf;fiu> mhprp> k];ypd; Jzp> gl;L

Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ehjph;\h gilnaLg;G:(1739)-

ghurPfj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Nghh;tPud; ehjph;\h. ,th; ,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if

nry;tj;ij nfhs;isabf;f ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

1739-,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Nfh`pDhh; ituk; kw;Wk;

kapyhrdj;ij flj;jpr; nrd;whh;. jw;NghJ mit ,uz;Lk; ,q;fpyhe;J

uhzpaplk; cs;sJ.

1748-y; ehjph;\h gilj;jsgjp mfkJ \h mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhh;. ,th; Ie;J Kiw ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;Js;shh;.

1761-y; mfkJ \h mg;jhypf;Fk; kuhl;bah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa

%d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghh; eilngw;wJ. Nghhpy kuhl;bah;fs;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;.

ehjph;\h gilnaLg;G nkhfyha NguuRf;F KbT fl;baJ. ,th;

gilnaLg;G ,e;jpahit uj;j g+kpahf;fpaJ.

mfkJ \h mg;jhyp

ehjph;\htpd; kuzj;ij njhlh;e;J ,th; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; Ml;rpahsh;; Mdhh;.

nghUshjhuk;:-

Gifapiy> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;>kpsfha; Mfpait ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nrj; kw;Wk; Nghuh njhiy Jhu th;j;jfk;> ghzp vd;gth; cl;gFjp

tzpfh;fs;.

M];thy;fs; kNf];th;fs;> mfh;thy;fs; MfpNahh;fs; khh;thbfs;.

,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rka Jwtpfs; Vf;ehj;> Jf;fhuhk;>

uhk;jh];.

,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Xtpah;fs; kph;iraJ myp> mg;Jy;;rkJ

murit fiyQh;fs; g];thd;> kp];fpdh;> j];te;j;.

Page 23 of 31

`k;\h ehkh – 1200 Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.

[`hq;fPh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Xtpah;fs;> mGy; `hrd;> gprh; jh]> kJ

Mde;j;> Nfhth;j;jd;> c];jhj;> kd;#h;.

kuhl;bah;fs;

kuhl;;bah;fs; jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh kiyg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs;.

,th;fs; nfhhpy;yhg; Nghh;Kiwia gad;gLj;jpath;fs;.

,th;fSila muRf;F Gtpapay; mikg;G kw;Wk; mlh;e;j fhLfs; cWJizahf

,Ue;jd.

Jf;fhuhk;> uhk;jh];> thkd; gz;bl;> Vf;ehj; Nghd;w Md;kPf nghpath;fs; r%f

xw;Wikf;F tpj;jpl;ldh;.

rpth[pahy; murpay; xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ.

typik kpf;f kuhl;ba muir cUthf;fpa ngUik \h[p Nghd;];Ny kw;Wk;

mtuJ kfd; rpth[p ,UtiuNa rhUk;.

rpth[p: (1627-1680 my;yJ 1630-1680)

kuhl;ba Nguuir-Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - rpth[p

je;ij - \h[p ghd;];Ny> jha; - [P[h gha; ghJfhtyh; - jhjhgha;

nfhz;lNjt; (Mrphpah;; kw;Wk; jhj;jh) g+dhtpw;F mUfpy; ;rptNdhp

Nfhl;ilapy; fp.gp 1627-y; rpth[p gpwe;jhh;.

1637-y; je;ijapd; [hfPuhd g+dhit rpth[p ngw;whh;.

1646-y; gP[g;G+h; kd;diu rpth[p jhf;fpdhh;. vdNt gP[g;G+h; kd;dh;

rpth[pia mlf;f mg;ry;fhid mDg;gp itj;jhh;.

rpth[p gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; mDg;gpa mg;ry;fhid Gyp efj;jhy; Fj;jp

nfhiy nra;jhh;.

1647-y; rpth[papd; ghJfhtyuhd jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; kiwTf;F

gpwF [hfPhpd; KOg;nghWg;ig Vw;whh;.

kuhl;baj;jpy; rpth[p vOr;rp ngWtij xsuq;frPg; tpUk;gtpy;iy.

vdNt, rpth[pia mlf;Ftjw;F nrap];lfhid mDg;gp itj;jhh;.

Rpth[papd; jhf;Fjypy; xU fl;il tpuiy ,oe;J nrap];lfhd; jg;gp

Xbdhh;.

1664-y; Kfyhah;fspd; Kf;fpa JiwKfkhd #uj;ij #iwahbdhh;.

Page 24 of 31

rpth[pia Njhw;fbf;f Kbahj xsuq;frPg; je;jpukhf mlf;Ftjw;F

1665 y; Mk;gh;kd;dh; n[apj;rpq;if mDg;gpitj;jhh;.

n[apj;rpq; rpth[pAld; rz;ilaplhky; 1665-y; Gue;jh; cld;gbf;ifia

nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd;gb rpth[p xsuq;frPg;gpd; Mf;uh

Nfhl;ilf;F nry;y xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;. NkYk; jd;dplk; ,Ue;j

Nfhl;ilfspy; 23-I xsuq;frPg;gplk; nfhLj;jhh;.

Mf;uh nrd;w rpth[pia xsuq;frPg; ifJ nra;J rpiwapy;

milj;jhh;. (1666)

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l rpth[pAk;> mtuJ kfd; rhk;gh[pAk;

je;jpukhf Nfhl;ilapypUe;J jg;gp kuhl;bak; te;jdh;.

kPz;Lk; 1670-y; #uj;ij nfhs;isabj;jdh;.

1674-y; nua;fh; Nfhl;ilapy; rj;ug rpth[p vd;w gl;lj;ij

#l;bf;nfhz;lhh;.

nrQ;rp> NtYhh; kPJ gilnaLj;J mg;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

jQ;iria Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J tUk;nghOJ nfhs;splj;jpy;

nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;ljhy; ePUf;F gae;J ehL jpUk;gpdhh;.

rpth[pf;F Nghh; gapw;rp mspj;jth; - jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt;. (rpth[papd;

jhj;jh)

rpth[pf;F kd ijhpaj;ij mspj;jth; - [P[h gha; (rpth[papd; jha;)

Nghh;fspy; kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fk; nfhhpy;yh Nghh;Kiwia rpth[p

gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

rpth[p “kiy vyp” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

Xsuq;frPg;;gpd; jf;fhz nfhs;ifia rpth[p Njhw;fbj;jjhy; rpth[p

jf;fhzg;Gz; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

rpth[p ,wg;G – 1680.

rpth[p kiwTf;Fg; gpd; mtUila Gjy;th;fs; rhk;gh[pf;Fk;>

uh[huhKf;Fk; Vw;gl;l thhpRhpikg; Nghhpy; rhk;gh[p ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

Mdhy; mth; nkhfyhah;fshy; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L Jhf;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

mLj;J uh[huhk;; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. gpd;dh; nkhfyhah;fspd;

tpul;lYf;F gae;J nrQ;rpapy; jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;. rjhuhtpy; ,we;jhh;.

Page 25 of 31

,tuJ kidtp jhuhghia muR gpujpepjpahff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhk;

rpth[p Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. gpd;dh; ,tuJ kfd; \hF Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig

Vw;whh;.

kuhl;ba kd;dh; \hF fhyj;jpy; Ng\;thf;fs; (jiyik mikr;rh;fs;)

Ml;rpapy; mjpfhuk; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;.

\hF jpwikaw;wtuhf ,Ue;jjhy; Ng\;thf;fs; Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

kuhl;bah;fspd; Ml;rp Kiw:-

rpth[papd; mitapy; “m\;l gpujhd;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;l 8

mikr;rh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. mz;il ehLfspy; |nrsj;| (1/4 gq;F thp)

“rh;Nj\;Kfp’’ (1/10 gq;F thp) vd;w thpfis t#ypj;jdh;.

1. Ng\;th (gpujk mikr;rh;) epjp kw;Wk; eph;thfk;. (Ng\;th vd;gJ

ghurPfj;J gl;lkhFk;.

2. ke;jphp (fhyKiw mikr;rh;

3. rr;rpth (cs;Jiw mikr;rh;)

4. rke;j; (ntspAwT mikr;rh;)

5. Nrdhjpgjp my;yJ rhh;-,-Nehgj; - (,uhZt mikr;rh;)

6. mkj;jpah (fzf;F Nkyhsh;)

7. gz;bl;uht; (rka jiyth;)

8. epahajP\; (epjp Jiw)

rpth[papd; NguuR Rauh[;ak; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,th; [kPd;jhhp

Kiwia xopj;jhh;.

gNly; vd;w mjpfhhp Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jhh;.

Nky;KiwaPl;bid epahajP\; vd;w mjpfhhp tprhhpj;jhh;.

rpth[p nkhj;jk; 240 Nfhl;ilfis itj;jpUe;jhh;. mjpy;

typikahdJ nua;fhh; Nfhl;il.

Page 26 of 31

fhjp vd;w msTNfhiy gad;gLj;jp epyq;fs; msf;fg;gl;ld.

epyq;fs; 3 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Fh;$d;fs; vd;w tUtha; Jiw mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

kuhl;ba Fjpiug;gil 2 gphpTfis nfhz;lJ.

1. gh;fPh;fs; - murpd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. rpyhjhh;fs; - ,J cah;Fbapdh; guhkhpg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ.

Ng\;thf;fs; 1713-1818

rhk;gh[pf;F gpd;; topte;jth;fspy; rhF vd;gth; Kf;fpakhdtuhthh;.

,th; muruhtjw;F fhuzkhdth; ghyh[p tp];tehj;.

,th; Ng\;th my;yJ gpujk mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpujk

mikr;rh;fs; Ng\;thf;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;.

rhFf;F gpwF 1713-y; gP\;thf;fs;; Ml;rp njhlq;fpaJ.

ghyh[p tp];tehj; (fp.gp.1713-1720)

kuhl;baj;jpd; Kjy; Ng\;th- ghyh[p tp];tehj;

ghyh[p tp];tehj;jpw;F gpd;dh; mth; kfd; Kjyhk; gh[puht; (1720-

1740) nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th; Kw;Nghf;F nfhs;ifia filg;gpbj;jhh;.

kuhl;baj; jiyth;fs; mlq;fpa $l;bizT xd;wpid Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

,tUf;F gpd;dh; ,tUila kfd; Ng\;th ghyh[p gh[puht; (1740-1761)

nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

1761-y; Ng\;th ghyh[p gh[puhtpw;Fk;> mfkJ \h mg;jhypf;Fk;

,ilNa %d;whtJ ghdpgl;L Nghh; eilngw;wJ. Nghhpy; kuhl;bah;fs;

Njhy;tpaile;jdh;.

ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rp

kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;

tp[a efu¥ Nguurpd; ,Wjpapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rp jkpo;ehl;by;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehaf; vd;w thh;j;ijf;F jiyth; my;yJ

jsgjp vd;W nghUs;.

Page 27 of 31

,th;fs; tp[aefu Nguurpd; fPo; Kfth;fshf nray;gl;ldh;.

fpgp 1529-y; kJiu¥ gpujpepjpahf tp];tehj ehaf;fh;>

fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,th; jdJ mikr;rh; Mhpa ehjh; cjtpAld; ghisaf;fhuh; Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. kf;fs; fhty; gpr;ir vd;w thpapid

ghisaf;fhuh;fSf;F nrYj;jpdh;.

jpUkiy ehaf;f®

,th; ik#h; ,uhZtj;ij jpz;Lf;fypy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

jpUthq;$h; murh;; cd;dp Nfus th;kid Nghhpl;L thp nrYj;j¢

nra;jhh;.

K];yPk;fs; jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLf;f¡ fhuzkhf mike;jhh;.

,th; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhid NtYhh; kPJ gilnaLf;f Ntz;bdhh;.

,jdhy; NtYhh; Ry;jhd; trkhf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; kJiuia

ifg;gw;w Ry;jhd; kpul;ly;; tpLj;jhh;. ,jdhy; ehaf;fh; ik#h;

gilapd; cjtpAld; vjphpfspd; %f;F> cjLfis Jz;bj;jhh;. ,e;j

tpNehj Nghh; %f;fWg;G Nghh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,th; jiyefiu jpUr;rpapypUe;J kJiuf;F khw;wpdhh;. rk];fpUj

Nkij ePyfz;l jPl;rpjiu Nghw;wpdhh;.

jpUkiy ehaf;fh; k`hy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs;:-

jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F gpwF Ml;rp nra;j murp ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;.

,th; nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp.

,th; ePh;g;ghrd jpl;lj;jpw;fhf ca;anfhz;lhd; fhy;thia

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

kPdhl;rp

tp[anuq;f ehaf;fUf;F Mz; thhpR ,y;yhjjhy; ,th; kidtp

kPdhl;rp nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

Page 28 of 31

,th; jdJ tsh;g;G kfdpd; je;ij gq;fhUtpd; rjpia Kwpabf;f

Mw;fhl;bd; re;jh rhfpg;gpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. ,jw;F xU Nfhb

&gha; nfhLf;f xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;.

cWjp nkhopia epiwNtw;w Kbahjjhy; rhfpg; kJiuia ifg;gw;Wk;

Nehf;fpy; kPdhl;rpia ifJ nra;J rpiwg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jdhy; kPdhl;rp

tp\kUe;jp ,we;jhh;. ,jdhy; 1736-k; Mz;L ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rp

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

jQ;ir ehaf;fh;fs;:-

tp[a efu Nguurpy; jQ;rhT+hpd; nghWg;ghsuhf jpk;kg;g ehaf;fh;

nray;gl;lhh;. ,tUf;F gpd;dh; nghWg;Ngw;w Nrtg;g ehaf;fh;

jQ;rhT+hpy; ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

,th; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fSf;F ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; FbNaw mDkjp

mspj;jhh;.

ÁRq;fh Vhp vdg;gLk; GJg;gpj;jhh;.

mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fh;

,th; Nrtg;g ehaf;fhpd; kfd;. ,th; =uq;fj;jpy; nuq;fehjUf;F itu

rpk;khrdk; toq;fpdhh;.

jpUtz;zhkiy mUzhr;rNy];tuh; Nfhtpiy fl;bdhh;.

uFehj ehaf;fh;

,th; mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fhpd; kfd;.

Uf;kzp ghpeak;> ghhp[hjk;> G\;gfh;zk;> uhkhazk; Nghd;w üy;fis

njYq;F nkhopapy; vOjpdhh;.

tp[auhft ehaf;fh;

,th; uFehj ehaf;fhpd; kfd;

,th; jpwikaw;wjhy; jQ;ir ehaf;f® kuË filrp muruhf¡

fUjg;gLfpwhh;.

kJiu nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh; jQ;rhT+hpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J jk; muRld;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy;; 1673-y; jQ;rhT+h; ehaf;fh; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ.

nrQ;rp ehaf;fh;fs;

ghyhw;wpw;Fk;> nfhs;splj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjp nrQ;rp.

Page 29 of 31

,th;fspd;; g+h;tPfk;; tl ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kzp ehfGuk;.

fpU\;z Njtuhah; nrQ;rpapd; nghWg;ghsuhf itag;g ehaf;fiu

epakpj;jhh;. ,tUf;F gpd;te;j ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fh;

nrQ;rpapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fh;

,th; nts;shw;wpd; fiuapy; fpU\;zg; gl;bdk; vd;w efiu

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

rpjk;guj;jpy; Nfhtpe;juh[h; rpiyia GJg;gpj;jhh;.

,tUila jsgjp Ntq;flh v‹gt® nrd;id rhfuk; vd;w Vhpia

Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

,tUf;F gpd; te;jth;fs; jpwikaw;wjhy; fp.gp.1648-y; gP[g;g+h;

Ry;jhdpd; gilj;jsgjp nrh&g; rpq; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nrQ;rp

bfh©Ltu¥g£lJ.

,tUf;F gpd;dh; kfd; uh[h Njrpq;F nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th; Mw;fhl;

ethg; rhJg; Jy;yhfhdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L¡ nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

uh[h Njrpq;fpd; kidtp rjp Kiwapy; ,we;jjhy; mth; epidthf

uhzpg;Ngl;il efuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nrQ;rpapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rp

KbTw;wJ.

ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rp Kiw

,th; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ghisag;gl;L Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

th;zhrpuk Kiwapy; rKjha Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. [hjp Kiw

fLikahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

kJiu ehaf;fh;fs; jpUney;Ntypapy; fpU\;zhGuk; Nfhtpy;>

ney;iyag;gh; Nfhtpy;> ,uhNk];tuj;jpy; uhkehj Rthkp Nfhtpy;>

=tpy;ypGj;Jhh; NfhGuk; Mfpatw;iw fl;bdh;.

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fh; kJiuapy; tlf;F kz;lgk,; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;>

%h;j;jp mk;kd; kz;lgk;> #hpa kz;lgk;> tPug;g kz;lgk; Mfpatw;iw

GJg;gpj;jhh;.

,th; kPdhl;rp Nfhtpiy nghd;dhyhd jfil gjpj;jhh;.

jpUkiy ehaf;fh; khhpak;kd; nfhéš bjg ;gf;Fsj;ij fl;bdhh;.

Page 30 of 31

ehaf;fh; k`hy; ,j;jhyp rpw;Ãæ‹ Nkw;ghh;itapy; jpuhtpl ,];yhkpa

INuhg;gpa fiy nfhz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ.

jQ;ir ehaf;fuhd Nrtg;g ehaf;fh; jQ;rhT+hpy; rptfq;if

Nfhl;iliaAk;> mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fh; jpUtz;zhkiyapy;

mUzhr;rNy];tuh; Nfhtpy; NfhGuj;ijAk; fl;bdhh;.

nrQ;rp ehaf;fuhd mr;Rj uhk gj;jpu ehaf;fh;> jpUtz;zhkiy Rw;W

RtiuAk;> nghpa NfhGuj;ijAk; jpz;btdj;jpy; tp\;Z NfhtpiyAk;>

Ntq;flg;g ehaf;fh; jpUtz;zhkiy ngUq;NfhGuj;ijAk; fl;bdhh;.

jpUkiy ehaf;fhpd; rpjk;gu Guhzk;> guQ;Nrhjpahhpd; rpjk;gu gl;bay;>

`hpjhrhpd; ,Urka tpsf;fk; cWg;Gythpd; rPwhg;Guhzk; FkuFUghpd;

fe;jh; fypntz;gh> jpUNtq;flk; vOjpa nka;Qhd tpsf;fk; ;,th;

fhyj;jpd; rpwe;j üy;fshFk;.

jQ;irapy; kuhj;jpah;fspd; Ml;;rp

kJiuia Mz;l nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh; jQ;iria ifg;gw;wp mofphp

vd;gtiu MSeuhf epakpj;jhh;.

,th;fspilNa Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWgl;lhy; nrq;fkyjh]; vd;gtiu

ehaf;fuhf gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; ntq;Nfh[p vd;gtiu jQ;irf;F mDg;gp mijf;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

,jdhy; kuhj;jpah;fspd; Ml;rp jQ;irapy; Vw;gl;lJ.

,th;fSila fhyk; fp.gp.1676-1856.

ntq;Nfh[p

,th; õh[p ghd;];Ny kw;Wk; Jf;fhghapd; kfd;. ,th; vf;Nfh[p vd

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tUila Ml;rpapy; rpth[p gilnaLj;J

nfhs;splj;ij¡ ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; \h[p

,th; ntq;Nfh[papd; ,uz;lhk; kfd;.

Page 31 of 31

,tUf;F gpwF 1763-y; Jy;[h[p nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy;

uhkehjGuk; jQ;ir vy;iyj;jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p

,th; Jy;[h[papd; jj;Jg;gps;isahthh;. 1787-y; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

,utJ ghJfhtyh; mkPh; rpq;.

mkPh; rpq; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; cjtpAld; rh;thjpfhu Kiwapy; Ml;rpGhpe;jhh;. ,jdhy; mkPh; rpq; ePf;fg;gl;L ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p kPz;Lk; muruhf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,tUf;F gpwF 1799-y; ,tUila kfd; ,uz;lhk; rpth[p nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,tUf;F thhpR ,y;yhjjhy; 1856-y; jŠir M§»y¥

NguuRld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. kuhj;jpah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;; ,uhkgj;jpu jPl;rpjh;> gh];fu jPl;rpjh; vd;w rk];fpUj ftpQh;fs; k‰W« Me;jpu¡ fhspjhrh; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;l

mšÿçf ; Fg;gz;zh M»nah® òfœbg‰¿Uªjd®. ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[pahy;

fl;lg;gl;l ru];tj;p k`hY« (njd;dpe;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa Ehyfk;)

,th;fs; fhyj;ij rhh;e;jjhFk;.