JUAN CARLOS COLLADO CURIEL - European …€¦ · Web viewIndex. 1. Introduction 8. 2. Housing Stock Characteristics 10. 2.1. Dwelling 10. 2.2. Owned/Rented 10. 2.3. Dwelling type:

Report 7: Operational list of variables/concepts and their

definitionsSeptember 2012 2012

MANUAL FOR STATISTICS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN

HOUSEHOLDS-MESH PROJECT-

OPERATIONAL LIST OF VARIABLES/CONCEPTS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS

Index1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................8

2. HOUSING STOCK CHARACTERISTICS.............................................102.1. DWELLING...................................................................................102.2. OWNED/RENTED.........................................................................102.3. DWELLING TYPE:.........................................................................10

2.3.1. Single House..............................................................................................................10

2.3.2. Apartment.................................................................................................................11

2.4. URBAN/RURAL.............................................................................112.5. HEATED FLOOR SPACE................................................................112.6. AIR-CONDITIONED FLOOR SPACE...............................................122.7. BUILDING ENVELOPE..................................................................122.8. COMMUNAL AREAS OF THE BUILDING........................................122.9. DWELLINGS BY PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION...............................122.10. AVAILABILITY OF INSULATION..................................................13

3. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS....................................................143.1. HOUSEHOLD...............................................................................143.2. NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS OF A DWELLING..................................143.3. HOUSEHOLD INCOME..................................................................143.4. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY...................................................................153.5. PRIMARY RESIDENCE..................................................................153.6. SECONDARY HOMES...................................................................15

4. CONSUMPTION/EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY COMMODITIES............164.1. CONSUMPTION............................................................................164.2. EXPENDITURE.............................................................................164.3. ENERGY COMMODITIES...............................................................17

4.3.1. Electricity and Heat...................................................................................................17

4.3.2. Natural Gas................................................................................................................17

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4.3.3. Oil..............................................................................................................................18

4.3.4. Solid Fuels and Manufactured Gases.........................................................................20

4.3.5. Renewable Energy and Energy from Waste..............................................................22

4.4. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY COMMODITIES IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR AND CONVERSION EQUIVALENTS.....................24

4.4.1. Electricity and Heat...................................................................................................24

4.4.2. Natural Gas................................................................................................................24

4.4.3. Oil..............................................................................................................................25

4.4.4. Solid Fuels and Manufactured Gases.........................................................................26

4.4.5. Renewables and Waste.............................................................................................26

4.4.6. Conversion Equivalents.............................................................................................27

5. END USE........................................................................................295.1. SPACE HEATING..........................................................................29

5.1.1. Main/Supplementary Space Heating System.............................................................29

5.1.2. Collective/Individual Space Heating System..............................................................29

5.1.3. Type of Heating Equipment.......................................................................................30

5.1.4. Age of Heating Equipment.........................................................................................31

5.1.5. Availability and type of temperature control instruments (thermostats)..................31

5.2. WATER HEATING.........................................................................315.2.1. Type of water heating Equipment.............................................................................31

5.2.2. Tank size, age............................................................................................................32

5.2.3. Main/Secondary Water Heating equipment...............................................................32

5.3. COOKING....................................................................................325.3.1. Cooking Equipment...................................................................................................32

5.3.2. Main/Secondary Cooking Equipment.........................................................................32

5.3.3. Age of Primary Cooking Equipment...........................................................................32

5.4. SPACE COOLING.........................................................................325.4.1. Air conditioning.........................................................................................................33

5.4.2. Air conditioning equipment type...............................................................................33

5.4.3. Age............................................................................................................................33

5.4.4. Thermostat types......................................................................................................33

5.5. LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES....................................335.5.1. Refrigeration..............................................................................................................33

5.5.2. Laundry.....................................................................................................................33

5.5.3. Dishwashing..............................................................................................................33

5.5.4. Home Entertainment.................................................................................................33

5.5.5. Home Office...............................................................................................................34

5.5.6. Rechargeable devices...............................................................................................34

5.5.7. Cleaning and small equipment not included in other main end uses........................34

5.5.8. Lighting.....................................................................................................................34

5.6. OTHERS END USES.....................................................................345.6.1. Stand-by....................................................................................................................34

5.6.2. Lifts or elevators........................................................................................................34

5.6.3. Garden equipment.....................................................................................................34

6. PENETRATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGIES................356.1. PENETRATION OF LABELLED APPLIANCES / EQUIPMENT.............356.2. IMPROVEMENT WORK (BY TYPE) CARRIED OUT IN THE DWELLING AND THE HEATING / AIR-CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVED ENERGY SAVING.................................................................356.3. PENETRATION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY CONDENSING BOILERS......356.4. DIFFUSION OF HIGH EFFICIENCY BULBS.....................................35

7. ENERGY SERVICE DEMAND............................................................367.1. INTENSITY OF USE OF HEATING SYSTEM AND THERMOSTAT SET POINTS DURING THE HEATING PERIOD................................................367.2. INTENSITY OF USE OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND THERMOSTAT SET POINTS DURING THE COOLING PERIOD..................36

8. PENETRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES........................378.1. GEOTHERMAL.............................................................................378.2. HYDRO POWER...........................................................................378.3. SOLAR ENERGY...........................................................................37

8.3.1. Solar photovoltaic......................................................................................................37

8.3.2. Solar thermal.............................................................................................................37

8.4. WIND...........................................................................................388.5. SOLID BIOMASS AND BIOGAS.....................................................38

9. ENERGY POVERTY..........................................................................399.1. ENERGY POVERTY RATIO............................................................439.2. ENERGY POOR HOUSEHOLD.......................................................439.3. ADEQUATE LEVEL OF WARMTH..................................................439.4. PRIMARY HEATED ZONE.............................................................439.5. SECONDARY HEATED ZONE........................................................439.6. UNHEATED ZONE........................................................................439.7. UNDER-OCCUPATION..................................................................439.8. SURPLUS BEDROOMS.................................................................449.9. NUMBER OF BEDROOMS REQUIRED...........................................449.10. SURPLUS FLOOR AREA.............................................................449.11. STANDARD LIVING AREA REQUIRED FOR THE NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS.........................................................................................449.12. HEATING REGIME.....................................................................44

9.12.1. Heating Pattern.....................................................................................................45

9.12.2. Heating Extent.......................................................................................................45

9.13. LENGTH OF THE HEATING SEASON..........................................459.14. GAIN TO LOSS RATIO...............................................................459.15. Dimensions of the dwelling and, in particular, the heated volume and heat loss areas.................................................................45


1.INTRODUCTION

Eurostat, playing its role as coordinator of the Statistical European System, contributes to the statistical planning and harmonization for all the State Members. The main objective of Eurostat is the development, improvement and strengthening of the European statistics, favouring the harmonization of the statistical information for the evaluation of public policies. With this purpose, Eurostat has developed the MESH Project, in order to deepen the amount and quality of data on energy consumption in the residential sector, which is one of the sectors with greater lacks in this field. Within the framework of this project, and after analyzing the corresponding situation of each country, establishing best practices both geographically and according to statistical methods, standardizing the methodologies, and making the appropriate recommendations to each EU member country, it is fundamental to provide a standard of concepts, that is, an operational list of variables and their definitions which allows the harmonization of the statistical information on energy consumption in households, which must be based on the principles of coherence, comparability and capacity of being integrated.Eurostat defines standardization as the creation and utilization of directives for the uniform production of interchangeable components, especially those used in mass production. It also makes reference to the establishment or adoption of guidelines on behaviour or methods, for the development of a specific process.Thus, the standardization of concepts is presented as a fundamental tool for the harmonization of statistical information, because it establishes the necessary norms and characteristic features to be followed by all the countries that attempt to lay down such standardization.Hence, the purpose of this report is the production of a glossary of standardized variables, concepts and definitions in the field of energy consumption in households, to be commonly used in the statistical operations related to that subject within the EU, with the purpose of allowing the comparability of the information produced.This operational list of variables and definitions will also make possible:

To dispose in an ordered and systematized way the concepts which have been used for the statistical production.

To compare concepts and definitions with other national and international standards.

To provide the users with clear, concise and standardized concepts which serve as a help for the interpretation of statistics

For establishing the operational list of variables and concepts, it is necessary first to delimit which variables are relevant to the subject to be standardized. The variables and definitions that pertain to the subject to be standardized are those inherent in the statistical operation, that is, basic and fundamental concepts for the thematic and conceptual design of the statistical operation and for its development, and concepts

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that are subject of study in the statistical operation and for that reason are the centre and basis for its development.It must be pointed out that the standardization of concepts is a continuous process, which is neither closed nor limited. The variables and definitions established now can change over time, but the matter is the establishment of unified definitions by general consent.For the development of this report and the research on standardization of the utilized concepts, international references have been taken into account in order to reinforce the conceptual framework of this piece of work. The consulted references are:

American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy: www.aceee.org Department of Energy and Climate Change, U.K.: Fuel Poverty Methodology

Handbook. Available at www.decc.gov.uk Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy:

www.eere.energy.gov Eurostat: Regulation on Energy Statistics.

Available at www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu IEA-OECD-Eurostat: Energy Statistics Manual. Available at www.iea.org NSi consortium within the MESH Project, Eurostat: Manual for Statistics on

Energy Consumption in Households (MESH): Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version: V 1.0 – 12 h July 2012.

United Nations Statistics Division (2011). International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Draft version. New York.

After this introduction (chapter 1), in the following pages a structure of variables/definitions has been developed according to the following classification categories:

2. Housing stock characteristics3. Households characteristics4. Consumption/Expenditure of energy commodities5. End-uses6. Penetration of energy efficiency technologies7. Energy service demand8. Penetration of renewable energy sources9. Energy poverty

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http://www.iea.org/

http://www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/

http://www.eere.energy.gov/

http://www.decc.gov.uk/

http://www.aceee.org/


2.HOUSING STOCK CHARACTERISTICS

Information on dwelling characteristics affecting energy consumption. This section takes as main reference the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project.To start with, collective residences and private residences can be differentiated. Collective residences, which can be permanent (i.e.: prisons, quarters for soldiers, colleges, etc.) or temporary (i.e.: hotels, hospitals, etc.), are excluded from the sector that is the subject of study, which is focused in private residences.

2.1. DWELLING

The physical structure (a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room) that is either occupied or intended for occupancy by the members of a household.Regarding energy consumption in households, only occupied dwellings are relevant.

2.2. OWNED/RENTED

A dwelling is classified as "owned" when the owner or co-owner is a household member. Dwellings bought on mortgage are included under this heading. The ownership refers to the structure itself (not to the land). A dwelling is classified as rented when it is occupied or used in return for regular payments by the tenant or a third person.

2.3. DWELLING TYPE :

While an elaborate classification of dwellings may be used, a simple typology could be limited to Single Houses and Apartments.

2.3.1. Single House

A dwelling, detached or attached, that provides living space for one household.

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2.3.2. Apartment

A dwelling in a building that contains living quarters for more than one household and in which households live above, below or beside other households.

However, it is recommended to break down both these two basic categories, differentiating detached, semidetached and terraced houses in the category “Single House”, and low and high rising apartment buildings concerning the category “Apartment”, because , as IDAE comments, all these factors affect energy consumption. Regarding the height of an apartment building, it is necessary to delimit the threshold that differentiates between low and high rising buildings.

2.4. URBAN/RURAL Classification of dwellings as being located in a city / town / suburb/ rural / open country.This classification is relevant because in suburb, rural and open country locations detached houses are relatively much more abundant than in cities or towns. Additionally, households incomes differ substantially in general terms between rural and urban areas, which affects the physical characteristics of the dwellings, the types of technologies and the equipments involved in energy consumption in households. Moreover, energy facilities tend to be scarcer in rural areas, which results in differences from the supply side that imply differences in systems and equipments related to energy consumption in dwellings.As an operational criterion, rural areas may be delimited according to the number of inhabitants of the municipality. As within Europe the territorial and population distributions are quite different, this operational criterion might be established according to a threshold pertaining to an interval of inhabitants, whose precise value could be set for each specific European country or region.

2.5. HEATED FLOOR SPACE The floor area of a dwelling heated during most of the winter months. Rooms that are unoccupied during the heating season, unheated garages or other unheated areas in the basement and / or the attic are not counted.The expression “floor interior area” is richer, as the relevant purpose of the end use space heating is related to indoor areas.

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As an operational criterion a correction factor could be applied to the floor area of the dwellings according to the presence of terraces, garages, basements or attics, and the households should be required in the corresponding information sources to report the extent of these areas.In fact the heated volume is the most appropriate concept regarding space heating. This should be estimated considering an average ceiling height for each dwelling, taking into account broad classes of dwellings according to the factors that influence this average ceiling height, such as period of construction or type of dwelling.

2.6. AIR-CONDITIONED FLOOR SPACE The floor area of the dwelling that is cooled during most of the summer months.The same comments made in the previous point “Heated Floor Space” are relevant to the “Air-conditioned Floor Space”.

2.7. BUILDING ENVELOPE The “building envelope” refers to the external walls, windows, roof, and floor of the building where the dwelling is placed. This barrier between indoors and outdoors is important with regards to ventilation and insulation of a conditioned space.

2.8. COMMUNAL AREAS OF THE BUILDING This concept may be relevant to all type of dwellings. The communal areas of a building are those areas of the building, or of its associated land, for the use of all the occupants of the dwellings. The amount of usage of the communal areas of the building for each occupant or each dwelling cannot be determined.

2.9. DWELLINGS BY PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION The period (e.g. 1950-1973) when the building in which the dwelling is placed was completed.This variable affects energy efficiency related to the end uses space heating and space cooling, and dwelling characteristics. An international comparison among dwellings by period of construction is very difficult. In any case, this variable should be taken into account, and in a way that allows comparability. For that reason, an operational criterion could consist in considering decades. Other operational criterion, focused on energy efficiency, could consist in fixing a specific year for all the European countries, considered as the date from which relevant energy efficiency technologies start to be applied to buildings, with European territorial signification, and then differentiating between dwellings built after and before that year.

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2.10. AVAILABILITY OF INSULATION Presence of thermal insulation of external walls, floor, loft/roof or windows.As regards availability of construction, the period of construction of the dwelling, and renovations, are two key variables. So, surveys should include questions to determine the contents of the performed renovations (façade, roofs, windows,…) and when they were made.

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3.HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

Household characteristics affecting energy consumption. This section takes as main reference the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project.According to the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project, secondary residences are excluded from the research in order to establish a homogeneous system of statistics for measuring energy consumption in households. Nevertheless, the case of the secondary residences is analogous to that of the primary residences; as in the field of energy consumption the latter is more extensive, the intended methodology focuses on it.

3.1. HOUSEHOLD A family, an individual, or a group of unrelated persons occupying the same dwelling. Household members include all persons who usually live in the dwelling (even if they are temporarily absent at the time of the interview, as persons travelling, in hospital etc). Household members who are away from home on extended periods (as college students, members of the armed forces etc) do not count.

3.2. NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS OF A DWELLING

The number of occupants of a dwelling is the number of people for whom the dwelling is the usual residence.This variable has a key impact in energy consumption in households, though in some energy end uses its effects are far distant from being linear.

3.3. HOUSEHOLD INCOME

The income combines the total income from all sources (before taxes and deductions) of all household members, during a twelve month period. Income comprises: wages, salaries, pensions, commissions, interest, dividends, rental income, social security, unemployment compensation or any other public assistance.

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3.4. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY The subject to be covered by the research in order to establish a homogeneous system of statistics for measuring energy consumption in households consists in private consumption of energy by households in their main residence. As a result of this definition, transport energy consumption in households and consumption of energy for performing economic activities in dwellings in order to raise income.The variable “Economic Activity” must measure home-based economic activity – practised by the household - that uses important amounts of energy. A broad classification (farming, other economic activity, both) might be adequate; further refinement of economic activities (according to NACE) may be pursued. While introducing uncertainties, energy consumption in households will be reported net of energy use in home-related economic activities.

3.5. PRIMARY RESIDENCE

A dwelling which is the usual place of residence of the householder; it is occupied for at least half of the year by the householder.

3.6. SECONDARY HOMES

A dwelling which is occupied for less than six months of the year by the householder. It will not be counted in the surveys.

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4.CONSUMPTION/EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY COMMODITIES

The points 4.1 and 4.2 in this section takes as main reference the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project.The point 4.3 in this section takes as main references the Regulation on Energy Statistics by Eurostat, and the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) by the United Nations Statistics Division (2011). The point 4.4 takes as main reference the IEA-OECD-Eurostat Energy Statistics Manual.

4.1. CONSUMPTION The amount of energy commodities consumed by a household during a twelve-month period. For fuels that may be stocked and are purchased in the market, consumption, as a first approximation, represents fuel purchased, not fuel consumed, over this twelve-month period. However it would be desirable to estimate in these cases the actual consumption attributable to the year, as it is made in the energy balances at a macro level. For this purpose specific questions may be asked in the surveys.Renewable energies consumption in households must be estimated by means of the information sources available or by means of modelling or other methodologies. For this purpose information about the equipments that produce them is needed.Correction for climate is relevant to methods like modelling and to purposes like fuel poverty or energy planning, but is not relevant to measure actual consumption.

4.2. EXPENDITURE

Money spent for the energy used in, or delivered to, a dwelling on an annual basis. The amount comprises VAT and other taxes. Electricity and natural gas expenditures cover the amount of these energy commodities that are consumed. For fuels that may be stocked, expenditure covers the amount of fuel purchased, which may differ from the amount of fuel consumed; however in this case it would be useful to impute the costs attributable to the year, in line with the comment made in the previous point “Consumption”.

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4.3. ENERGY COMMODITIES

Definitions are reported according to the Energy Statistics Regulation of the EU (2010), and complemented when it is necessary with the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) by the United Nations Statistics Division (2011). The focus is on commodities related to energy consumption in the residential sector; these appear in bold, and the complete classification which includes them, till they are reached, is reported for illustrative reasons.

Fuel is any substance burned as a source of heat or power. The provision of energy as heat or power in either mechanical or electrical form is the major reason for burning fuels. The term energy, when used accurately in energy statistics, refers only to heat and power but it is loosely used by many persons to include the fuels. The term energy commodity will be used in this report when a statement covers both fuels and heat and power. However, other energy statisticians may use synonyms like energy carrier, energy vector or energyware.

4.3.1. Electricity and Heat

4.3.1.1. Electricity supplied from the mains.

4.3.1.2. District heating

Heating plant or boiler rooms for several buildings. If the source of this commodity is the geothermal energy, then this energy commodity is reported in the category of Renewables and Waste.

4.3.2. Natural Gas Natural gas comprises several gases, but consists mainly of methane (CH4). When extracted from a gas field or in association with crude oil, it comprises a mixture of gases and liquids (some of them will not be energy commodities). Only after processing does it become one of the marketable gases among the original mixture.Natural gas also includes methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) or from coal seams (coal seam gas) and shale gas. When distributed it may also contain methane from anaerobic fermentation or the methanation of biomass.To facilitate transportation over long distances, natural gas may be converted to liquid form by reducing its temperature to –160 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure. When gas is liquefied, it is called liquefied natural gas (LNG).

4.3.3. Oil

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Petroleum is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, chemical compounds containing hydrogen and carbon, occurring naturally in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock. Coming from the Latin petra, meaning rock, and oleum, meaning oil, the word “petroleum” is often interchanged with the word “oil”.Following the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) by the United Nations Statistics Division (2011), the term oil means liquid hydrocarbons of fossil origins comprising (i) crude oil;(ii) liquids extracted from natural gas (NGL); (iii) fully or partly processed products from the refining of crude oil, and (iv) functionally similar liquid hydrocarbons and organic chemicals from vegetal or animal origins. This classification is detailed below, and the energy commodities relevant to the residential sector are in bold.

4.3.3.1. Conventional crude oil

A mineral oil of fossil origin extracted by conventional means from underground reservoirs, and comprises liquid or near- liquid hydrocarbons and associated impurities such as sulphur and metals.Remark: Conventional crude oil exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure, and usually flows to the surface under the pressure of the reservoir. Crude oil includes condensate from condensate fields, and “field” or “lease” condensate extracted with the crude oil. The various crude oils may be classified according to their sulphur content (“sweet” or “sour”) and API gravity (“heavy” or “light”).Crude oil is the most important oil from which petroleum products are manufactured. There is a wide range of petroleum products manufactured from crude oil. In the residential sector liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), kerosene, heating gas oil and heavy oil are the most relevant.

i. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)LPG refers to liquefied propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or mixtures of both. Commercial grades are usually mixtures of the gases with small amounts of propylene, butylene, isopropylene and isobutylene stored under pressure in containers.Remark: The mixture of propane and butane used varies according to purpose and season of the year. The gases may be extracted from natural gas at gas separation plants or at plants re-gasifying imported liquefied natural gas. They are also obtained during the refining of crude oil. LPG may be used for heating and as a vehicle fuel.Certain oil field practices also use the term LPG to describe the high vapour pressure components of natural gas liquids.They are often used in domestic or residential heating and cooking.

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ii. KerosenesMixtures of hydrocarbons in the range C9 to C16 and distilling over the temperature interval 145ºC to 300°C, but not usually above 250ºC and with a flash point above 38ºC.Remark: The chemical compositions of kerosenes depend on the nature of the crude oils from which they are derived and the refinery processes that they have undergone.Kerosenes obtained from crude oil by atmospheric distillation are known as straight-run kerosenes. Such streams may be treated by a variety of processes to produce kerosenes that are acceptable for blending as jet fuels. Kerosenes are primarily used as jet fuels. They are also used as domestic heating and cooking fuels, for lighting and as solvents. Kerosenes may include components or additives derived from biomass.

iii. Gas oil / Diesel oil•According to UN (2011(, gas oils are middle distillates, predominantly of carbon number range C11 to C25 and with a distillation range of 160ºC to 420°C.Remark: The principal marketed products are fuels for diesel engines (diesel oil), heating oils and marine fuel.Gas oils are also used as middle distillate feedstock for the petrochemical industry and as solvents.The main difference between diesel and heating oil is the sulphur content of the fuel – for environmental purposes, the specification of the sulphur content for transport diesel is much lower than that of heating oil.•According to EU (2010), Gas/Diesel Oil, also named Distillate Fuel Oil, is primarily a medium distillate distilling between 180 °C and 380 °C. It includes blending components. Several grades are available depending on uses. Heating and Other Gas oil pertains to this category and is light heating oil for industrial and commercial uses, marine diesel and diesel used in rail traffic, other gas oil including heavy gas oils which distil between 380 °C and 540 °C and which are used as petrochemical feedstocks.

iv. Heavy gas oilA mixture of predominantly gas oil and fuel oil which distills in the range of approximately 380ºC to 540ºC.

4.3.3.2. Natural gas liquids (NGL)

Natural gas liquids are a mixture of ethane, propane, butane (normal and iso), (iso) pentane and a few higher alkanes collectively referred to as pentanes plus.Remark: NGL are produced in association with oil or natural gas. They are removed in field facilities or gas separation plants before sale of the gas. All of the components of NGL except ethane are either liquid at the surface or are liquefied for disposal.

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The definition given above is the most commonly used. However, there is some use of terms based on the vapour pressure of the components which are liquid at the surface or can be easily liquefied. The three resulting groups are in order of increasing vapour pressure: condensates, natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas.NGL may be distilled with crude oil in refineries, blended with refined oil products or used directly. NGL differs from LNG (liquefied natural gas) which is obtained by liquefying natural gas from which the NGL has been removed.

4.3.3.3. Refinery feedstocks and additives and oxygenates

4.3.3.4. Other hydrocarbons

This division includes non-conventional oils and hydrogen. Non-conventional oils refer to oils obtained by non-conventional production techniques. They also include the oils extracted from oil sands, extra heavy oils, coal and oil shale which are at, or can be brought to, the surface without treatment and require processing after mining (ex situ processing). Non-conventional oils may also be produced from natural gas.Remark: The oils may be divided into two groups: (i) oils for transformation (e.g., synthetic crudes extracted from extra heavy oils, oil sands, coal and oil shale); and (ii) oils for direct use (e.g., emulsified oils such as orimulsion and GTL liquids).

4.3.4. Solid Fuels and Manufactured Gases Solid fuels and manufactured gases cover various types of coals and products derived from coals by carbonization or pyrolysis processes, by the aggregation of finely divided coal or by chemical reactions with oxidizing agents, including water.Remark: There are two main categories of primary coal, hard coal (comprising medium and high-rank coals) and brown coal (low-rank coals) which can be identified by their Gross Calorific Value - GCV and the Vitrinite mean Random Reflectance per cent. The IEA-OECD-Eurostat Manual (2005) distinguishes another category, sub-bituminous coal, which includes non-agglomerating coal with a GCV comprised between those of the other two categories.Peat is included in this category of Solid Fuels and Manufactured Gases.

4.3.4.1. Hard coal

Coals with a gross calorific value (moist, ash-free basis) which is not less than 24 MJ/kg or which is less than 24 MJ/kg provided that the coal has a vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than or equal to 0.6 per cent. Hard coal comprises anthracite and bituminous coals.

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Anthracite is a high-rank, hard coal with a gross calorific value (moist, ash- free basis) greater than or equal to 24 MJ/kg and a Vitrinite mean Random Reflectance greater than or equal to 2.0 per cent.Remark: It usually has less than 10% volatile matter, high carbon content (about 86-98% carbon) and is non-agglomerating. Anthracite is mainly used for industrial and household heat raising.Bituminous coal is a medium-rank hard coal with either a gross calorific value (moist, ash-free basis) not less than 24 MJ/kg and with a Vitrinite mean Random Reflectance less than 2.0 per cent, or a gross calorific value (moist, ash- free basis) less than 24 MJ/kg provided that the Vitrinite mean random reflectance is equal to or greater than 0.6 per cent.Remark: Bituminous coals are agglomerating and have a higher volatile matter and lower carbon content than anthracite. They are used for industrial coking and heat raising and household heat raising.

4.3.4.2. Sub-Bituminous Coal

•According to EU (2010) it refers to non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value between 17 435 kJ/kg (4 165 kcal/kg) and 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) containing more than 31 % volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

4.3.4.3. Brown coal

•According to UN (2011) it makes reference to coals with a gross calorific value (moist, ash- free basis) less than 24 MJ/ kg and a Vitrinite mean Random Reflectance less than 0.6 per cent.Remark: Brown coal comprises sub-bituminous coal and lignite.•According to EU (2010), Lignite/Brown Coal is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 17 435 kJ/kg (4 165 kcal/kg) and greater than 31 % volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

4.3.4.4. Peat

It is a solid formed from the partial decomposition of dead vegetation under conditions of high humidity and limited air access (initial stage of coalification). It is available in two forms for use as a fuel, sod peat and milled peat.Remark: Peat is not considered a renewable resource as its regeneration period is long. They can be distinguished Sod peat (Slabs of peat, cut by hand or machine, and dried in the air), Milled peat (Granulated peat produced by special machines, and is used in power stations or for briquette

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manufacture), Peat products (which includes products such as peat briquettes derived directly or indirectly from sod peat and milled peat), Peat briquettes, which is a fuel comprising of small blocks of dried, highly compressed peat made without a binding agent and is used mainly as a household fuel, and Other peat products (peat products not elsewhere specified such as peat pellets).

4.3.4.5. Coal products

This division includes products derived directly or indirectly from the various classes of coal by carbonization or pyrolysis processes, or by the aggregation of finely divided coal or by chemical reactions with oxidizing agents, including water. The main commodities regarding consumption in households are the following:

i. Semi-cokeIt is a solid product obtained from carbonization of coal at low temperature. Semi-coke is used as a domestic fuel or by the transformation plant itself. This heading also includes coke, coke breeze and semi-coke made from lignite/brown coal.

ii. BKB (Brown Coal Briquettes)•According to EU (2010), BKB is a composition fuel manufactured from lignite/brown coal, produced by briquetting under high pressure without the addition of a binding agent. It includes peat briquettes, dried lignite fines and dust.•According to UN (2011), it is a composition fuel made of brown coal produced by briquetting under high pressure with or without the addition of a binding agent.Remark: Either sub-bituminous coal or lignite may be used, including dried lignite fines and dust.

iii. Gas Works GasCovers all types of gases produced in public utility or private plants, whose main purpose is manufacture, transport and distribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonization (including gas produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works gas), by total gasification with or without enrichment with oil products (LPG, residual fuel oil, etc.), and by reforming and simple mixing of gases and/or air, reported under the rows “From Other Sources”.

4.3.5. Renewable Energy and Energy from Waste Renewable energy is energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly (this definition leads to some issues, dealing for instance with the time horizon for the replenishment).Waste is a fuel consisting of many materials coming from combustible industrial, institutional, hospital and household wastes such as rubber, plastics, waste fossil oils and other similar commodities. It is either solid or

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liquid in form, renewable or nonrenewable, biodegradable or non-biodegradable.The relevant commodities in this category for energy consumption in households are listed below.

4.3.5.1. Geothermal

Energy available as heat emitted from within the earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites, in the case of households, directly as heat for district heating.

4.3.5.2. Hydro power

Potential and kinetic energy of water. It can be converted into electricity.

4.3.5.3. Solar energy

Solar radiation exploited for hot water production and electricity generation. This energy production is the heat available to the heat transfer medium, i.e. the incident solar energy less the optical and collectors losses. Passive solar energy for the direct heating, cooling and lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included. Solar energy can mainly be of two types, Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal.

i. Solar PhotovoltaicSunlight converted into electricity by the use of solar cells usually made of semi- conducting material which exposed to light will generate electricity.

ii. Solar ThermalHeat from solar radiation. It is captured in households by equipment for the production of domestic hot water or for the seasonal heating of swimming pools (e.g. flat plate collectors, mainly of the thermosyphon type).

4.3.5.4. Wind

Kinetic energy of wind. It can be exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.

4.3.5.5. Solid Biomass

It covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat production or electricity generation. It comprises Charcoal, and Wood, Wood Wastes and Other Solid Wastes.

i. CharcoalThe solid residue of the destructive distillation and pyrolysis of wood and other vegetal material.

ii. Wood, Wood Wastes and Other Solid Wastes

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Purpose-grown energy crops (poplar, willow etc.), a multitude of woody materials generated by an industrial process (wood/paper industry in particular) or provided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, wood pellets, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, black liquor etc.) as well as wastes such as straw, rice husks, nut shells, poultry litter, crushed grape dregs etc. Combustion is the preferred technology for these solid wastes.

4.3.5.6. Biogas

A gas composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass. There are many kinds of biogas. In energy consumption in households, the most relevant is the Sewage Sludge Gas, which is a biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge.

4.4. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY COMMODITIES IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR AND CONVERSION EQUIVALENTS The units of measurement of energy, mass, and volume, most widely accepted across the world are those of the Système International d'Unités (SI). This system is and international standardization of the units of measurement of all physical concepts.

4.4.1. Electricity and Heat Units of energy: The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Within the SI, energy can be expressed in a multiple of watt-hours. For households, electricity consumption is reported in kilowatt-hours. One joule is equal to one watt-second. So a kilowatt-hour is equal to 3,600,000 joules, that is, 3.6 megajoules.Yearly heat consumption of a dwelling is expressed in gigajoules, according to the SI. Alternatively, the whole energy consumption of a dwelling may be reported in gigajoules.

4.4.2. Natural Gas Fuels are naturally expressed in units of mass or volume. It order to obtain the energy value of an energy commodity expressed in mass or volume, the so called calorific value, or heating value, per unit of mass or volume is needed. The calorific value makes reference to the energy, in the form of heat, which is produced by means of the combustion of the fuel. The gross value includes all of the heat released from the fuel, including any carried away in the water formed during combustion. The net value excludes the

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latent heat of the water formed during combustion and the heat dismissed during combustion owed to the presence of impurities.The difference between net and gross is typically about 10% for natural gas. Energy content of natural gas and manufactured gases is expressed in gross calorific value (GCV).Natural gas consumption of a household is reported in cubic metres, according to the SI. When using volume measurements for natural gas, it is important to know at which temperature and under which pressure the gas has been measured. Indeed, as gas is very compressible, volumes of gas have meaning only at an agreed specific temperature and pressure. There are two sets of conditions under which gas can be measured:- Normal conditions: measured at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 760 mm Hg.- Standard conditions: measured at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 760 mm Hg.The conversion to energy units (joules) must be done using the gross calorific value of the flow concerned. Each of the gas flows may have a different calorific value, and within each flow, the components might have different values (e.g. production from various fields of differing gas qualities, or imports from different sources). Calorific values also change over time. The relevant gross calorific values may be obtained from the gas supply industry.

4.4.3. Oil Liquid fuels can be measured by their mass or volume, and then, concerning the yearly consumption of a household, they are expressed in litres (volume) or in kilograms (mass), within the SI. One litre is equal to 0.001 cubic metres, and the cubic metre and the kilogram are respectively the units of measurement of volume and mass within the SI.As liquid fuels can be measured by their mass or their volume, it is essential to be able to convert one into the other. In order to make this conversion, the specific gravity or density of the liquid is needed. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The specific gravity is the relative weight per unit volume (or density) of a given substance compared to that of water. Since volume changes with changes in temperature, data on specific gravity are reported with a reference to a specific temperature. Moreover, specific gravity is often quoted as a percentage, e.g. a specific gravity of 0.89 is shown as 89.The term API gravity (a standard adopted by the American Petroleum Institute) is commonly used to express the specific gravity of petroleum.Nota bene: API gravity is defined as: (141.5 / 60o specific gravity at 60o F ) – 131.5.Specific gravity and API gravity move in opposite directions. API gravity moves in the same direction as energy content per tonne, i.e. the higher

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the API gravity, the higher the energy content per tonne, whereas specific gravity moves in the same direction as energy content per unit volume.The difference between net and gross calorific value is typically about 5% to 6% of the gross value for liquid fuels. Energy content of liquid fossil fuels is expressed in net calorific value (NCV).

4.4.4. Solid Fuels and Manufactured Gases Solid fuels are usually measured by mass. In some technical reports, coal data can also be found in terms of tonnes of coal equivalent (tce). The tonne of coal equivalent is not a unit of mass but a unit of energy that is more widely used in the international coal industry to make comparisons between various fuels. A tonne of coal equivalent is defined as 7 million kilocalories. The relation between tonne of oil equivalent (toe) and tonne of coal equivalent is: 1 tce = 0.7 toe.The calorific values for the respective solid fossil fuels can dramatically vary from product to product, and for each product, the different flows may have different values. Moreover, calorific values can change over time owing to changes of processes and/or technology. They are expressed as net calorific values.Manufactured gases can be measured in several units: either according to energy content (also referred to as heat) or volume. Within each of these measurements, several units are used in the natural gas industry:- In order to measure energy, it is possible to use joules, calories, kWh, British Thermal Units (Btu), or therms; always expressing gross calorific value.- In order to measure volume, the most frequently used unit is the cubic metre or cubic foot.The differences between net and gross are typically about 5% to 6% of the gross value for solid and liquid fuels.

4.4.5. Renewables and Waste Because of their diverse forms, renewables and waste products have traditionally been measured in a variety of units. Solid products like wood and wood waste are often measured in volume (cubic metres or cords) and mass (tonnes) units. Biogases can be measured on a volume basis (cubic metres) and on an energy content basis (therms or kilowatt-hours), and bioliquids in terms of volume (litres), mass (tonnes) and/or energy content (joules or megajoules). Further, electricity-only renewable sources and technologies like hydro, solar photovoltaic, and wind can be measured only in terms of electricity output (usually kilowatt-hours). However, in the case of solar panels, the solar collectors surface is also reported (in m2).Total energy content of the fuels should be calculated using the net calorific value of the respective fuels. The calorific values dramatically vary

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from biofuel to biofuel, as well as in function of the specific type, its density and humidity.Heating values or calorific values of wood are expressed in three common ways:a) Per kilogramme of wood.b) Per solid cubic metre.c) Per stacked cubic metre (stere).a) is the more fundamental measure as b) and c) are related to a) through the density of the wood and the density of packing.

4.4.6. Conversion Equivalents

4.4.6.1. Decimal System Prefixes

Multiple Sub-multiple

101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c)103 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m)106 mega (M) 10-6 micro (μ)109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n)1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p)1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto

(f)1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a)

4.4.6.2. Units of Volume

To: gal U.S.

gal U.K. bbl ft3 l m3

From: multiply by:U.S. gallon (gal) 1 0.8327 0.02381 0.1337 3.785 0.0038U.K. gallon (gal) 1.201 1 0.02859 0.1605 4.546 0.0045Barrel (bbl) 42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0 0.159Cubic foot (ft3) 7.48 6.229 0.1781 1 28.3 0.0283Litre (l) 0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1 0.001Cubic metre (m3) 264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 1 000.0 1

The stere and cord are used exclusively for fuelwood measurement and represent 1 cubic metre and 128 cubic feet of stacked fuelwood, respectively.

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4.4.6.3. Units of Mass

To: kg t lt st lbFrom: multiply by:Kilogramme (kg) 1 0.001 9.84 x 10-

41.102 x 10-3 2.2046

Tonne (t) 1000 1 0.984 1.1023 2204.6Long ton (lt) 1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0Short ton (st) 907.2 0.9072 0.893 1 2000.0Pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 x 10-

44.46 x 10-4

5.0 x 10-4 1

4.4.6.4. Units of Energy

To: MJ kcal toe Btu kWhFrom: multiply by:Megajoule (MJ) 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778kilocalorie 4.1868 x

10-31 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3

toe 4.1868 x 104

107 1 3.968 x 107 11630

Btu 1.0551 x 10-3

0.252 2.52 x 10-8 1 2.931 x 10-4

kilowatt-hour 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3412 1

There are several definitions of the calorie in use. The conversion equivalent between the calorie and the joule given here is the International Steam Table (IT) value which is defined to be 4.1868 joules. Similarly, the internationally agreed value for the British thermal unit (Btu) is now 1 055.06 joules. The Btu is the basis for the quad (1015 Btu) and the therm (105 Btu).

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5. END USE

The use of energy commodities by a household, in order to obtain a certain service (heating, cooling, hot water etc.). Six major energy end-uses are distinguished for the energy consumption in households; space heating, water heating, cooking, space cooling, lighting and electrical appliances, and other end-uses.This section takes as main references the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, and the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy web site of the U.S. Department of Energy.

5.1. SPACE HEATING The use of energy to provide heat in a dwelling.A more restrictive but more appropriate definition, according to the nature of energy end uses in households, is the use of energy to provide heat in an interior area of a dwelling.Information on fuel type used must be included.

5.1.1. Main/Supplementary Space Heating System The main space-heating system provides most of the heat to the dwelling. The supplementary space-heating equipment is used less often than the main space-heating system.It would be desirable to define a number of indicators that help to differentiate between main and supplementary space heating system in those cases where is not clear which system provides most of the heat to the dwelling (i.e.: energy consumption of the system).

5.1.2. Collective/Individual Space Heating System Collective / Individual: The main space-heating system may be a collective system, serving more than one households. An individual system provides heat to a single household. District heating forms a separate type of main space-heating systems.This is a basic classification, and a more complete one is desirable. On one hand the individual space heating systems can be further differentiated between local (stoves, fireplaces, electric radiators, etc.) space heating systems, and floor central heating for one dwelling. On the other hand the collective space heating systems can be split into central heating for multiple dwellings in one building, and district heating (heating plant or boiler rooms for several buildings).

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5.1.3. Type of Heating Equipment

5.1.3.1. Central Steam/Hot Water Space Heating System

It provides steam or hot water to radiators / convectors or pipes (under-floor heating) in a dwelling.

5.1.3.2. Built-in Electric System

A system of electrical resistances (usually as under-floor heating) providing heat to individual rooms; the system is part of the building electrical installation.

5.1.3.3. Central Warm-Air Space Heating System

It provides warm air through ducts to the dwelling.

5.1.3.4. Heat Pumps

Devices that bring heat into the dwelling from the environment using a compressor (mechanical work).Two main types of heat pumps are used in residential and commercial applications: air-source heat pumps (by far the most common) and ground-source (or geothermal) heat pumps. A heat pump works like an air conditioner in the cooling cycle; in the heating cycle, it simply works in reverse (i.e. cooling the outside, and venting heat to the inside). Ground-source heat pumps transfer heat through earth or water, whereas air-source heat pumps do so via air. Because heat pumps simply move heat around rather than creating heat, they can be a very efficient method of space conditioning, especially in moderate climates.

5.1.3.5. Stove

A non-portable apparatus that furnishes heat using solid or liquid fuels.

5.1.3.6. Fireplace

5.1.3.7. Electric storage heaters, portable electric heaters

5.1.3.8. Portable kerosene/LPG heaters

5.1.3.9. Other

Cooking equipment: regarding space heating only the energy consumption of this type of equipment directed to this end use is relevant. So, the consideration of this type of heating system is appropriate only if the distribution of consumption by uses of these devices can be estimated.

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5.1.4. Age of Heating Equipment Age of the main heating system of the household

5.1.5. Availability and type of temperature control instruments (thermostats).As regards thermostats, it has proven very difficult to achieve realistic information about their precise management in households (i.e.: the set point fixed during the heating season). In any case, collecting information about its availability, type, and frequency of use may be enough, providing that the average room temperature in dwelling during the heating season can be estimated by means of any of the statistical sources available (for instance, simply asking about it to the household).,

5.1.5.1. Thermostat

A device that turns on or off the heating system so that a desired temperature is reached in a heated space.

5.1.5.2. Availability

Number of thermostats controlling the main heating system.

5.1.5.3. Thermostat types

Manual on-off thermostat, allowing the manual control of the heating period during the day. Programmable thermostat, designed to adjust automatically the temperature at different times of the day or night and days of the week.

5.2. WATER HEATING The use of energy to heat water for hot running water, bathing, cleaning and other non-cooking applications.Information on fuel type used must be provided.

5.2.1. Type of water heating Equipment

5.2.1.1. Combi boiler

A combi boiler is a high-efficiency water heater and a central heating boiler, combined within one compact unit. No separate hot water vessel is required, heating water on demand. Type of fuel (according to the ESR) and age (in broad classes) are relevant.

5.2.1.2. Water Heater

A thermally insulated vessel designed for heating and storing hot water.

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5.2.1.3. Heater instant Domestic Heat Water (DHW)

5.2.2. Tank size, age The volume (litres) and age of the water heater (volume is not relevant in heater instant DHW). Broad classes may be used for reporting tank size and age.

5.2.3. Main/Secondary Water Heating equipment

5.3. COOKING The use of energy to prepare meals and hot drinks. Information on the type of fuel used must be included.

5.3.1. Cooking Equipment

The following equipment types may be considered: Cooker, oven, hob, cooking stove, microwave oven, extractor hood, and minor equipment (i.e.: hot-water boiler, electric toaster, coffee machine, blender, grill, etc).

5.3.2. Main/Secondary Cooking Equipment The main cooking equipment provides most of the services related to this end-use to the dwelling. The supplementary cooking equipment is used less often than the main cooking equipment.It would be desirable to define a number of indicators that help to differentiate between main and supplementary cooking equipment in those cases where is not clear which system provides most of the services to the dwelling (i.e.: energy consumption of the system).

5.3.3. Age of Primary Cooking Equipment Age of the main cooking equipment of the household

5.4. SPACE COOLING The use of energy for cooling and dehumidifying the air in a dwelling by a refrigeration unit (fans, blowers and other appliances not connected to a refrigeration unit are not included).

5.4.1. Air conditioning

The cooling and dehumidification of a dwelling by refrigeration equipment (compressor unit).

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Residential air conditioning technologies include window air conditioners, central air conditioners, heat pumps, and passive cooling.

5.4.2. Air conditioning equipment type

A central system that has ducts to bring cooled air in the individual rooms of the dwelling or electrically driven individual units providing cooled only to single rooms.

5.4.3. Age The age of the central air-conditioning system or the oldest individual unit.

5.4.4. Thermostat types Manual on-off thermostat, allowing the manual control of the cooling period during the day. Programmable thermostat, designed to adjust automatically the temperature at different times of the day or night and days of the week.

5.5. LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES The use of energy by the lights and electrical appliances in a dwelling not included in other end uses. The age (in broad classes) examination may be limited to the main ones.From an operational point of view, only reporting the main types listed below may be sufficient.

5.5.1. Refrigeration

Refrigerator, separate freezer, fridge-freezer,

5.5.2. Laundry

Clothes washer, clothes dryer, clothes washer-dryer, iron.

5.5.3. Dishwashing Dishwasher.

5.5.4. Home Entertainment

Colour televisions, cable networks, satellite antennas, VCR / DVD and music equipment, video game console.

5.5.5. Home Office

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Personal computer, printer, internet/modem, fax, photocopier, multi-function printer/scanner/copier, computer speakers, monitor, USB hub.

5.5.6. Rechargeable devices

Power Tool, Hand-Held Vacuum, Cordless Phone, Electric Toothbrush, Shaver, MP3 Player, Cell Phone, Digital Camera.

5.5.7. Cleaning and small equipment not included in other main end uses

Vacuum-cleaner, ceiling fans, blowers, humidifier.

5.5.8. Lighting

Incandescent lamps (or "bulbs"), fluorescent tube lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), halogen lighting, LED lamps.

5.6. OTHERS END USES

5.6.1. Stand-by Standby, or “phantom” power is the power used by electronics and appliances when they are not performing their main function. In some products, standby power represents the majority of their annual energy use. In other cases, the standby power of a device may be relatively low, but because of the ubiquity of the product the aggregate standby power consumption may represent a significant amount of energy at a national level.

5.6.2. Lifts or elevators They are relevant mainly in high rising apartment buildings. In the latter, this end use is consumed communally.

5.6.3. Garden equipment. All those devices used for gardening that consume energy.

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6.PENETRATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGIES

This section takes as main reference the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project.

6.1. PENETRATION OF LABELLED APPLIANCES / EQUIPMENT Energy efficiency (classes A+++, A++, A+ and A to G, according to labelling) for

o Refrigerators, freezers and combined applianceso Washing machines, tumble dryers and combined applianceso Dishwasherso Ovenso Air conditioners

o TV

o Light bulbs and tubes

6.2. IMPROVEMENT WORK (BY TYPE) CARRIED OUT IN THE DWELLING AND THE HEATING / AIR- CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVED ENERGY SAVING

Improvement work carried-out over the last year to reduce energy consumption may be investigated. Improvement work may concern the roof and its insulation, exterior wall insulation, windows, heating system and air conditioning equipment.

6.3. PENETRATION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY CONDENSING BOILERS

A condensing boiler is designed to recover energy normally discharged to the atmosphere through the flue. This extra energy is recovered cooling the exhaust gases so that steam condenses to liquid water, recovering the latent heat of vaporization.

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The availability of such efficient boilers in the central heating systems will be examined.

6.4. DIFFUSION OF HIGH EFFICIENCY BULBS Use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and LED lamps in the dwelling,.

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7.ENERGY SERVICE DEMAND

This section takes as main reference the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project.

7.1. INTENSITY OF USE OF HEATING SYSTEM AND THERMOSTAT SET POINTS DURING THE HEATING PERIOD Intensity of use of the central heating during the winter period (days per week, hours per day)Temperature the dwelling is kept during the winter months (a) during the day when people are present (b) during the night or in the absence of people. An operational criterion could consist in considering a simple system in which a high temperature is set during the day when people are present, and a low temperature is set during the day when people are absent or during the night. More elaborate schemes may obviously be considered

7.2. INTENSITY OF USE OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND THERMOSTAT SET POINTS DURING THE COOLING PERIOD

o Intensity of use of the central air-conditioning system during the summer months (days per week, hours per day) and temperature at which the dwelling is kept during the summer months (a) during the day when people are present (b) during the night or in the absence of people.

o Intensity of use of the most used individual unit during the summer period, in the case of individual units.

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8.PENETRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

This section takes as main references the document Definition of the Household Sector, Draft version V 1.0 – 12h July 2012, by the NSi consortium involved in the MESH Project, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, and the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy web site of the U.S. Department of Energy.This section deals with the renewable energy sources used in private dwellings in their initial states which are externally supplied or accessed. The best way of measuring the concept Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources is by estimating the share of the whole energy consumption in the dwelling corresponding to renewable energies. When these energies are produced inside the dwelling, then the relevant information about the main equipment related to the exploitation of these sources in the dwellings must be included.

8.1. GEOTHERMAL If this energy source is extracted directly by the dwelling, information about heat pumps involved must be included. Heat pumps involved in geothermal energy may be distinguished into ground-water and water-water systems depending on the heat source and heat sink medium.

8.2. HYDRO POWER Hydraulic pumps or/and and small hydraulic electric systems must be described.

8.3. SOLAR ENERGY The use of solar panels (area/power, by type) and the penetration of heat pumps (type/power, electricity consumption) must be measured.

8.3.1. Solar photovoltaic. Solar photovoltaic panels (generating electricity via the photoelectric effect).

8.3.2. Solar thermal. Solar thermal panels or solar collectors are devices that, by means of an absorber, changes solar radiation into heat which can be used for radiators, water heating, and space heating.Solar collectors are distinguished in vacuum, glazed and unglazed collectors.

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Heat pumps may be distinguished into air-air, air-water systems depending on the heat source and heat sink medium.

8.4. WIND The use of small wind electric systems must be measured, as they are one of the most cost-effective home-based renewable energy systems. Their main component is a wind turbine.

8.5. SOLID BIOMASS AND BIOGAS. These two energy sources are seldom generated inside the dwellings, though their inputs can be produced there.

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9.ENERGY POVERTY

The scheme applied in this final section differs from the general scheme applied in this report, due to the novelty and complexity of the concept covered. For these reasons, at a first stage, a literary approach has been adopted, as a simpler way of explaining the concepts and variables related to Energy Poverty, which allows extracting information from the context in order to grasp the relevant definitions to this subject. Indeed, the task of defining directly and accurately the concepts and variables involved in Energy Poverty applying the format of a list, without the aid of this introduction, would have been much more difficult regarding clarity, because of the absence of the help that a context is able to provide. In this section the key concepts and variables related to Energy Poverty are in bold. Finally, after this introduction, a glossary of the main concepts and variables related to Energy Poverty is presented.This section takes as main reference the Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).The term energy poverty makes reference to a lack of access to modern energy services, and is normally limited to the household sector. From a global operational point of view, energy poverty is defined as a lack of access to electricity and clean cooking facilities. This is the operational concept currently adopted by the United Nations (UN), the International Energy Agency, and other major international institutions concerned with the issue of sustainable economic development.The focus on electricity and on cooking facilities is due to the great impact (air pollution inside dwellings derived from inefficient biomass combustion used for cooking, lighting or heating purposes) that the scarcity of these two subjects make on human living conditions.However, as far as developed countries are concerned, the term energy poverty has a more restrictive sense, and is synonymous of fuel poverty. In these cases fuel poverty is defined as the situation in which a household needs to spend more than 10% of its income in fuel to maintain an adequate level of warmth . Concerning developed countries, energy end uses different to space heating are not fundamental in the definition of fuel poverty, because the bills corresponding to these other end uses are considered to add up to an affordable amount of money if only basic needs for a modern life are considered.The concept for energy poverty that is adopted in this report is that of fuel poverty recently defined, as it is the relevant one according to the level of economic development of all the EU countries. In addition, this concept is more demanding and more ambitious, and so it is considered more appropriate. In what follows this report takes as main reference the Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook by the Department of Energy and Climate Change of the United Kingdom (2010).The main elements of the fuel poverty ratio may be expressed with the equation:Fuel poverty ratio = fuel costs (usage x price)/income

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If this ratio is greater than 0.1 then the household is Fuel Poor.

So, as it can be noticed in the previous equation, the energy efficiency of the dwelling, the cost of energy and the household’s income are three key factors influencing the fuel poverty ratio.•According to this definition, first of all it must be set what an adequate level of warm is. For this purpose in this report the recommendation of the World Health Organization will be adopted.An adequate level of warmth is considered to be 21 Celsius degrees in living rooms or the main living area and 18 Celsius degrees in bedrooms or other occupied rooms. Thus, this definition raises the issue of intensity of occupation of the dwelling. Another aspect related to the adequate level of warmth within the ambit of fuel poverty is the length of the heating season.

•With regard to the intensity of occupation of the dwelling, the relevant situation in relation to fuel poverty is the case on under-occupation, because if some home is crowded it will not significantly increase the demand for energy in order to keep an adequate level of warmth, as far as volume or interior surface is concerned.In this report a dwelling is considered to be under-occupied if there are both surplus bedrooms and surplus floor area. Two issues deserve special attention regarding this concept of under-occupation. First of all, area instead of volume is considered, in spite of the fact that at least physically indoor volume is what must be heated in order to keep an adequate level of warmth. But dealing with the concept of intensity of occupation, the relationship between indoor area and number of occupants is what determines the extent to which a dwelling is crowded. Second, both surplus bedrooms and surplus floor area are required for a dwelling to be under-occupied; this simultaneous occurrence condition guaranties that there is no case of crowding erroneously classified as under-occupation, though it may underestimate the latter cases (under-occupation). The evaluation of the under-occupation requires considering the relationship among the size of the indoor area of the dwelling, the number of bedrooms, the number of occupants and the part and the amount of the daily time that each of them spent indoors. This latter aspect may be tackled in practice making some simplifying assumptions concerning full-time or part-time job, working days, weekends and holydays, and age groups.Turning to the definition of fuel poverty, a dwelling can in general be split into three distinct zones: a primary heated zone (main living area), whose adequate level of warmth equals 210 C, a secondary heated zone (bedrooms and other occupied rooms), whose adequate level of warmth equals 180 C, and an unheated zone. In case of under-occupation only a proportion of the otherwise whole primary or/and secondary heated zone will need heating.•Dealing with the length of the heating season, three main aspects must be considered: location, physical characteristics of the dwelling, and the part of the day that occupants spent indoors. The relevant concept of location is the climate area where the dwelling is placed. The relevant physical characteristics of the dwelling make reference to the level of insulation provided by its structure and materials, as well as the type of dwelling (apartment, single house…). Regarding the part of

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the day that occupants spent indoors, a standard scenario assumes that the occupants are absent during normal working hours.•As regards the concept of fuel poverty, the amount of fuel usage in the fuel poverty ratio is theoretical by nature, as it is constrained to the theoretical concept adequate level of warmth. In order to fix this amount of fuel usage for each household, the following concepts shall be evaluated:- Heat loss due to conduction from all the external house structure to the external environment, for example heat lost through the walls or roof. - Heat gain from solar fluxes and other gains such as from lights and appliances and occupants. - Heat loss due to ventilation. - Energy required for space heating system. - Heating regime of the inhabitants.Hence, the valuation of fuel poverty requires modelling. As the previous list shows, the theoretical amount of fuel usage depends mainly on energy efficiency, specific heating system, and heating regime. At this point the energy mix usage of each household must be considered.•A heating regime is which achieves an adequate level of warmth according to the following variables: external temperature to the dwelling, the gain to loss ratio (GLR), the extent of the primary and secondary heated zones and the number of hours that the occupants spend in these zones. It specifies whether the dwelling is under-occupied or not, and the number of daily hours during which the dwelling is heated in working days and weekends.• The gain to loss ratio (GLR) measures the proportion of energy gains to energy losses, respectively from and to the exterior of the dwelling, and depends on dwelling type, construction and materials, applied insulation and external climate conditions.• In order to calculate the heated volume and heat loss areas, the following variables, among others, should be taken into account:- Internal and external wall areas- Roof area- Room specific floor areas- Habitable floor area and footprint area (the area in contact with the floor at ground floor level)- Perimeter of building- Ceiling height- Window areas- Number of floors and rooms in a dwelling•Once the theoretical amounts of fuels are calculated, then the relevant fuel cost is obtained by multiplying each amount by the price of the corresponding type of fuel used in the space heating system. This price varies among households due to factors such as location, supplier and chosen tariff. The closer these prices are to the actual prices charged to each household, the more accurate the valuation of fuel cost will be. •Dividing the relevant fuel cost by the household’s income gives the fuel poverty ratio. While it may be relatively easy to estimate the income of a person, doing that for

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a household is much more complicated. Information provided by surveys, in addition to that of administrative sources, is needed. So at this point having good quality specific statistics on households’ income is essential. All sources of income must be included, and the relevant global income estimated for the household shall be in net terms. As fuel poverty is evaluated by means of a ratio to household’s income, taking into account the size of the household and its composition by age or sex is not conceptually necessary, nor would it be technically needed provided that all data to valuate the global net income of the household are available.•It must be pointed out that the concept of fuel poverty doesn’t vary with the cost associated to the achievement of an adequate level of warmth. For instance, in some regions that cost per unit of area heated will be higher than in others, due to a variety of factors such as different climate areas or different fuel prices, among others; if the income of the household holds constant, these differences will result in different fuel poverty ratios, expressing that in some regions it is easier to be fuel poor than in others. However, as the concept of fuel poverty measures economic affordability, these different situations are perfectly comparable, and the interpretation of the ratio is not affected. •Finally, the operational concept of fuel poverty for developed countries is naturally expanded to include not only space heating but all the main households’ energy end uses: space heating, space cooling, water heating, cooking, and lighting and electrical appliances. The valuation corresponding to each end use shall reflect the appropriate level of coverage of the basic needs associated to modern life. In this case the term energy poverty would be more appropriate, though it is common to refer to this expanded concept with the same name of fuel poverty. The threshold of the energy poverty ratio is kept at 0.1 in order to report all households fuel poor as energy poor; in addition this procedure allows classifying households that are not fuel poor as energy poor. These two properties are desirable, as the concept of energy poverty is wider than the concept of fuel poverty. The referential value of the energy poverty ratio is that of the fuel poverty ratio because fuel poverty in developed countries is the most harmful component of energy poverty. The expanded concept of energy poverty raises some technically difficult issues. The nature of the variables affecting an adequate level of coolness is very similar to the nature of the variables affecting an adequate level of warmth, but the former concept is less precise as the human body can stand with a relatively wider range of hot temperatures than cold ones remaining healthy. On the other hand the household’s basic needs for the end uses cooking, water heating, and lighting and electrical appliances are more directly related to the number of occupants than the household’s basic needs for space heating, specially the two former (cooking and water heating). Again, to derive the amounts of fuels associated to these other four end uses in relation to the concept of energy poverty, resorting to methods of modelling are needed. Next, the operational list of concepts and variables related to Energy Poverty is presented.

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9.1. ENERGY POVERTY RATIO Energy poverty ratio =energy costs (usage x price)/income

Where energy usage is that needed to cover the basic needs associated to modern life, and income is the global income of the household in net terms.

9.2. ENERGY POOR HOUSEHOLD That household with an energy poverty ratio equal or greater than 0.1

9.3. ADEQUATE LEVEL OF WARMTH 21 Celsius degrees in living rooms or the main living area and 18 Celsius degrees in bedrooms or other occupied rooms. This concept always refers to occupied floor surface of the dwelling.

9.4. PRIMARY HEATED ZONE The main living area involved in the concept of Adequate Level of Warmth.

9.5. SECONDARY HEATED ZONE Bedrooms and other occupies rooms apart from the main living area, involved in the concept of Adequate Level of warmth.

9.6. UNHEATED ZONE The floor surface of the dwelling which is not primary or secondary heated zone.

9.7. UNDER-OCCUPATION A dwelling is considered to be under-occupied if there are both surplus bedrooms and surplus floor area. If a dwelling is under-occupied then it is assumed that only a fraction of the indoor floor area is heated.As an operational rule, in the Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook by the DECC it is considered that If a dwelling is under-occupied only half of the total indoor floor area of the dwelling is heated.

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9.8. SURPLUS BEDROOMS The operational concept used in the Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook by the DECC states that:A dwelling is considered to have surplus bedrooms if:a) There are one or more extra bedrooms than required for homes without dependent children (children under 18 years)orb) There are two or more extra bedrooms than required for homes with dependent children.

9.9. NUMBER OF BEDROOMS REQUIRED It depends on the household constitution. The English standard states that:a) A bedroom is required for each couple.b) Children of different sexes below the age of 11 years can share a room.c) Children/adolescents below the age of 21 years of the same sex can share a room.

9.10. SURPLUS FLOOR AREA There is surplus floor area in a property if the floor area of the property is over double that considered to be the “standard” living area required for the number of occupants.

9.11. STANDARD LIVING AREA REQUIRED FOR THE NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS. It attributes the extent of the living area required as a function of the number of occupants.

9.12. HEATING REGIME It specifies the Heating Pattern, the Heating Extent, and the Demand for Temperature. The demand for temperature is that required by the adequate level of warmth.

9.12.1. Heating Pattern

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It specifies the hours of the day during which the dwelling is heated. It depends on the working hours of the occupants. Weekdays, Weekends and Holidays are differentiated. If anybody is in the house in either the morning or afternoon during weekdays, the house is assumed to require all day heating. In these cases all day heating is assumed throughout the week. In any case, all day heating excludes a number of hours of the day, i.e.: 8.

9.12.2. Heating Extent It specifies if the whole indoor floor surface of the dwelling is heated or only a fraction of it. The latter occurs when the dwelling is under-occupied.

9.13. LENGTH OF THE HEATING SEASON The length of time that heating is required throughout the year. This calculation depends on the external temperature for the degree day region for the month and the gain to loss ratio (GLR) of the dwelling and includes consideration of solar gain.

9.14. GAIN TO LOSS RATIO This ratio, when referred to space heating, takes into account:- Heat loss due to conduction from all the external house structure to the external environment, for example heat lost through the walls or roof.- Heat gain from solar fluxes and other gains such as from lights and appliances and occupants.- Heat loss due to ventilation.

9.15. DIMENSIONS OF THE DWELLING AND, IN PARTICULAR, THE HEATED VOLUME AND HEAT LOSS AREAS. This set of variables includes:- Internal & external wall areas- Roof area- Room specific floor areas- Habitable floor area, and footprint area (the area of the dwelling in contact with the ground at ground floor level).- Perimeter of the building.- Ceiling height

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- Window areas- Number of floors and rooms in a dwelling

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JUAN CARLOS COLLADO CURIEL - European …€¦ · Web viewIndex. 1. Introduction 8. 2. Housing Stock Characteristics 10. 2.1. Dwelling 10. 2.2. Owned/Rented 10. 2.3. Dwelling type:

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