JR - Science · $1; Canadian postage, 50¢. Single copies, 25¢. Special rates to members of the AAAS. Cable address: Advancesci, Washington. The AAAS also publishes THE SCIENTIFIC

8 March 1957, Volume 125, Number 3245

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of DirectorsLAURENCE H. SNYDER, PresidentWALLACE R. BRODE, President ElectPAUL B. SnR8, Retiring President AnI APAUL M. GROSSGEORGE R. HARRIsoNPAUL E. KLopsTm In itsCHAUNCEY D. LEAKE mentalMARGARET MED matters.THOMAS PARK funds dEWILLIAM W. RUBEYALAN T. WATERMAN of scienPAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer the stateDARL WOLFLE, Executive Officer include

BeforDAzL WOLFLE, Executive Officer about ti

GRAHAM DuSssANE, EditorCHARLOTTE V. MEETING, Associate Editordirected

JOSEPH TuRNER, Assistant Editor not necE

Editorial Board such coiWALLACE R. BRODE KARL LARK-HOROVITZ say, to tBENTLEY GLAss EDWIN M. LsRxaR

WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR.ments ol

Editorial Staff agenciesPATRICIA L. CARSON, MARY L. CRABILL, SARAH . NationaDEES, NANCY S. HAMILTON, OLIVER W. HEATwoLx, Americ,YUKIE KOZAI, ELIZABETH MCGOVERN, E=N E. pressingMURPHY, ROBERT V. ORMEs, BETHsABE PTheEN,

t

MADELINE SCHNEIDER, JACQUELYN VOLLMER

EARL J. SCHERAOo, Advertising Representative tists follsooner 4

SCIENCE, founded in 1880, is published each themselFriday by the American Association for the Ad- motivatvancement of Science at Business Press, Lancaster,Pa. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office as say, mtsecond class matter under the Act of 3 March 1879. The deSCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to

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academic Questionclassical formulation, the problem of laissez faire versus govern-spending and planning has been limited pretty much to economicBut the past 15 years have seen a considerable increase in the publicevoted to scientific research and a growing concern with the placeLce in public education. Consequently, the problem of the role ofe in the affairs of the individual has, in effect, been broadened tothe Government's responsibility to science.e attempting to define this responsibility, it is important to be clearhe actual enterprise toward which the public interest is presently1. Unfortunately, a wish to manipulate the course of nature doesessarily imply a wish to understand the natural laws upon whichrntrol is based. To the consumer of scientific knowledge, that is tothe man who rubs the lamp and commands the jinni, the achieve-f science are nothing more nor less than feats of magic. The variouss devoted to science might just as well be given such titles as thei Academy of Magic, the National Magic Foundation, and thean Association for the Advancement of Magic, and one of the mostproblems of the day might just as well be the shortage of magicians.time is past when one may speak of disinterested research, of scien-Llowing the argument wherever it leads. We have all learned thator later research leads to wealth and power, if not for scientistsIves, then for others. But today, as in the past, scientists are oftented by a somewhat different set of values. Unfortunately, to explain,tellectual curiosity to someone who does not have it is not easy.lights of research are likely to sound as unconvincing as the claimrtue is its own reward. But if such explanation is difficult, scientistsshare this difficulty with poets, artists, historians, humanists, and

)ersons.n age when magic is at a premium, there is a tendency to see thement's responsibility to science in terms of what science can do.ur national security under constant threat and with the generalusually understood to mean material welfare, it may be an aca-

question to introduce another viewpoint. But we suggest that, inIn to its responsibility to magic,0the Government has a responsibilityice, and that this responsibility extends to other enterprises of culltureholarship.-J. T.

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426 SCIENCE. VOL. 125

The books...

How the scientific world 0

shares in fruits of the telephone art

In their work to improve telephony the scientists andengineers of Bell Telephone Laboratories make importantfindings in many sciences. They thoroughly report thesefindings in professional journals and magazines. But some-

times, as knowledge accumulates in a vital field, a "treat-ment in depth" is prepared in book form.

Bell Laboratories authors have written 36 books to dateand others are in preparation. Many have become classicsin the Laboratories' primary field of communications. Manyhave become standard works of wide application becausethey provide a fundamental guide for technologies in otherfields. For example, the design of automatic switchingsystems is of primary importance in computers; statisticalquality control provides the indispensable basis for eco-

nomical manufacture. Through their books these scien-tists and engineers and the Laboratories attempt to repay

benefits they receive from the published works of others.The pictures on the opposite page show some Bell

Laboratories authors of technical books. A complete list-ing of titles may be obtained by sending in this coupon.

r---------------------------------------_I Publication Department, Dept. 36

BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES463 West Street, New York 14, N. Y.Gentlemen:

Please send me a listing of titles, authors and publishers Iof books written by Bell Telephone Laboratories authors.

Name .

Street.........................................................

City .State.

BELL TELEPHONE LABOhATORIESWorld center ofcommunications research and development

...the authorsMost of the books written by Labora-tories authors are published by D. VanNostrand Company. Other publishersinclude John Wiley & Sons andMcGraw-Hill. Subjects includespeech and hearing, mathematics,transmission and switching circuits,networks and wave filters, qualitycontrol, transducers, servomecha-nisms,quartzcrystals,capacitors,visiblespeech, earth conduction, radar, elec-tron beams, microwaves, waveguides,antennas, traveling-wave tubes,semiconductors, ferromagnetism.

Harold S. Black, B.S.in E.E., WorcesterPolytechnic Inst.,author of "ModulationTheory."

Richard M. Bozorth,Ph.D., California Inst.of Tech., author of"Ferromagnetism."

Hendrik W. Bode,Ph.D., ColumbiaUniversity, author of"Network Analysis andFeedback AmplifierDesign."8 MARCH 1957

John R. Pierce, Ph.D.,California Inst. of Tech.,author of "Traveling-Wave Tubes."

W. Thornton Read,M.S., Brown University,author of "Dislocationsin Crystals."

Walter A. ShewhartPh.D., University ofCalifornia, author of"Economic Control ofQuality of ManufacturedProduct."

manifest his difficulties may not be afunction of his physiological status." Cer-tainly in psychiatry there is a wide diver-gence of opinion whether schizophreniais a single entity or whether it is a dis-ease characterized by the uniqueness ofthe individual or a reaction formation.To the psychiatrist, each patient isunique. But this has little bearing on theproblem whether a single biochemicalfactor is present.

Horwitt has recognized this by hisstatement that it "may not" be a functionof his physiological status-conversely it"may." In medicine, it is not at all un-usual to find that diseases with fairlysimple biochemical defects express them-selves in terms of personality in uniqueways. I am convinced that, if the factorsof hyperthyroidism were unknown today,we would argue about it in the sameway. During the latter part of the lastcentury, there were many passionate ar-guments regarding the causes of paresis.

I am disturbed at the expression "thepatient chooses to manifest." This im-plies again the entire concept of reac-tion formation with subconscious selec-tion of the type of reaction. Apparently,Horwitt uses psychiatric hypothesis asfact when it may in fact be artifact [P.Bailey, Am. J. Psychiat. 113, 387 (1956)].The first recommendation that estima-

tion of tension and anxiety be madewould be useful if this were possible. Ihave searched in vain for a test that willreliably measure this variable. One canoften decide whether a person is anxiousor not. To quantify this will be a majorachievement. To ask one to measure avariable without telling him which meas-ure to use is the counsel of futility. Thesecond recommendation, that no researchbe done until patients have balanced atleast 3 months, removes pretty effectivelyfrom biochemistry the vast majority ofacute schizophrenics, leaving a residue ofchronic hospitalized patients. Perhapsthis is desirable, but one should knowclearly the result of one's recommenda-tion.

Finally, regarding urine collections,overnight samples from patients and con-trols may lead to erroneous conclusions.I fear that 24-hour samples will do thesame. One ought to combine the best ofboth methods and make measurementson urine collected at given intervals overthe 24-hour period.

Finally, in contrast to Horwitt's, it ismy belief that psychiatrists use too freelythe concept of cause and effect and thatbiochemists usually are not preoccupiedwith these matters. This falls within therealm of philosophy. Writing about Gali-leo, Newman states: "As we read hiswritings we instinctively feel at home: weknow that we have reached the methodof physical science which is still in use.Galileo's primary interest was to discover'how' rather than 'why' things work" [J.

R. Newman, The World of Mathematics(Simon and Schuster, New York, 1956),vol. 2, p. 726]. Science deals with therational explanation of observable phe-nomena. In the area of schizophrenia, itis of no utility to discover what may bethe cause-there are undoubtedly many"causes." We are concerned with thefactors that transform a set of causes intoa set of clinical symptoms and signs. Inmedicine, we do not treat causes-wetreat those variables most easily modi-fied, and these may be physiological,psychological, electric, or combinationsof these.The paper by Horwitt will make many

biochemists aware of controllable factorswhich they should have learned in col-lege. But the biochemist must not be se-duced by analytic dogma that dependssolely on the word of the master. Inpsychiatry today we need more of thecold breath of reason.

A. HOFFERUniversity Hospital,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

I am pleased by A. Hoffer's reaction tomy article "Fact and artifact in the biol-ogy of schizophrenia"; after 20 years ofclose association with psychiatrists andtheir patients, one learns to recognizedefensive reactions.As for the particulars with which

Hoffer chose to disagree, I am sure thatthey are less important than the general-ization that too many papers are pub-lished in this field which do not meetthe accepted standards of the scientificmethod. It is time that some biologists(including psychiatrists attempting to bebiochemists and biochemists attemptingto be psychiatrists) stop beclouding theliterature with reports of poorly con-trolled experiments that often catalyzeextensive and expensive reinvestigations,because the factors of stress, nutritionalstate, relative physical activity, and ofliver function are not controlled. Someday it will be possible to differentiatewith greater accuracy the stresses ofschizophrenia from those of other dis-eases by means of biochemistry. Thisday will come sooner if we improve ourmethods of controlling the variablesunder discussion.

M. K. HORWITTElgin State Hospital, Elgin, Illinois

No Visa Difficulties

In confirmation of Walter M. Ru-dolph's letter to Thomas J. Killian,quoted in the editorial "Scotching a dam-aging rumor" [Science 125, 7 (4 Jan.1957)], I should like to report that atleast six (Western) European scientistswho had made one or more visits to Rus-

459

sia or the satellite countries during 1954and 1955 were admitted to our countryin August 1956 to attend the meetings ofthe sixth Congress of the InternationalSociety of Hematology. These six indi-viduals had all been concerned regardingpossible difficulty in obtaining visas forour country, but no such difficulties ma-terialized. The various people in theState Department (including Rudolph)were very helpful. The entrance of theseand of 17 "Iron Curtain" delegates wasfacilitated by recourse to the ExchangeVisitors Program, a mechanism whichseems to be of considerable value for theentrance of foreign scientists to our coun-try for international gatherings.

WILLIAM DAMESHEKNew England Center Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts

EQUIPMENT NEWSThe information reported here is ob-

tained from manufacturers and fromother sources considered to be reliable.Science does not assume responsibilityfor the accuracy of the information. Allinquiries concerning items listed shouldbe addressed to Science, Room 740, 11W. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y. Includethe name(s) of the manufacturer(s) andthe department number(s).

* BOTTLE ROTATOR-OSCILLATOR accommo-dates 20 32-oz test bottles simultane-ously. The unit measures 49 by 10 by 14in. and weighs 75 lb. Bottles are held inplace by individually hinged, spring-loaded clips. One model oscillatesthrough 90 deg; another through 360deg. (Labline, Inc., Dept. S196)

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* RECORDING ELLIPSOMETER permits themeasurement and recording of changesof thickness of very thin transparent filmson a flat metal mirror. The instrumentis based on the functional relationshipbetween ellipticity of reflected polarizedlight and the thickness of the film. Mono-molecular layers may be studied in thisway. Sensitivity is better than 0.5 A inthe most sensitive thickness range. Formaterials of refractive index near 1.5,this range is at a thickness of approxi-mately 1000 A. To bring observationsinto this range, the metal reflecting sur-face is first coated with a suitable back-ground material. (0. C. Rudolph andSons, Dept. S 175)

*pH METER model 85 is a line-operatedinstrument said to have an accuracy of0.1 pH unit. Range is 0 to 14 withoutswitching. Either a combination glassand calomel electrode or separate elec-trodes are furnished. (Photovolt Corp.,Dept. S187)

* SURFACE TEMPERATURE is measured bya tape-resistor temperature-sensing ele-ment, 1/4 in. by 5/16 in., which is ap-plied by pressing onto the surface. Theseresistors, available in ranges from- 3000 to 4000F, furnish up to 5 v out-put without amplification. Accuracy is± 2 percent of full scale, and precisionis ± 0.5 percent of full scale. (Trans-Sonics, Inc., Dept. S178)

E ORGANIC CHEMICALS made by Mathe-son, Coleman and Bell and availablefor immediate delivery are listed in acatalog. (Chicago Apparatus Co., Dept.S179)

* MAXIMUM-MINIMUM THERMOMETERS ofstainless steel are of direct-drive, bi-metallic type. Two ancillary pointersthat can be set against the high and lowsides of the indicating pointer move withthe pointer in each direction, remainingat the maximum and minimum readingsuntil reset. The setting knob is hermeti-cally sealed through the glass window.(Pacific Transducer Corp., Dept. S182)

* ACU FURNACE can be used formelting, annealing, brazing, sintering,and degassing. The model F-1 212 ac-commodates a 3- by 6-in. zirconia cru-cible and provides temperatures to2000'C. The vacuum system includes a

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*SOLID STATE PHYSICSby A. 1. DEKKER, University of Minnesota

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Outstandiing features: 1) first 8 chapters re-quire no quantum mechanics - an elementarycourse in atomic physics is sufficient back-ground for the non-physics student; 2) prob-lem set provided at end of each chapter; 3)first half of Chapter 10 (on band theory ofsolids) can serve as basis for discussion ofsemi-conductors.In addition, the text offers a clear exposi-tion of the physical reasoning and the physicalmodels on which the interpretation of theobserved properties of solids is based.544 pages. 6" x 9". To be published April 1957.

Price to be announced

*ACOUSTICSby JOSEPH L. HUNTER, John Carroll University

This new book is based on those subjects ofmajor interest in the acoustics field today. Thetheoretical chapters have been written to sup-ply all the necessary physical and mathemati-cal background for an understanding of thesubject.Divided into two parts, Part I gives a thoroughtreatment of the wave and vibration funda-mentals that compose classical acoustics. PartII is concerned with the applied fields of pres-ent-day acoustics, including some of the newerconcepts. Among these are the treatments ofnoise and articulation index, reciprocitytheory and the theory of molecular relaxation.

Several topics are treated for the first time onthe undergraduate level. Typical of these arethe theory of absorption in fluids, the theoryof the interferometer, and the basic theory ofthe articulation index.approx. 480 pages. 6" x 9". To be published April1957. Price to be announced

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How the Scien /icMind Works

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Tn this enlightening book, an eminent. scientist describes the mental proc-esses and experimental methods bywhich scientific problems are solvedand illustrates them by guiding youthrough the steps he himself took todevelop a theory of solubility. He alsodiscusses, with many illustrations, theapplicability of scientific criteria inmatters of personal choice and beliefand in public affairs. Illustrated.

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