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Journal of Biblical Ministry Spring, 2010
A journal to support and encourage those in ministry by
providing studies
in biblical texts with application for practical ministry
CONTENTS
Introduction, Dr. James Flanagan
................................................................................
2
Articles:
I Love A Mystery! Interpretive Guidelines for the Parables of
Matthew 13
Dr. J. M. Kinnebrew
...........................................................................................
3
The Kingdom Parables of Matthew 13: Their Context and Function,
Dr. Brad Arnett
...................................................................................................
14
Why Jesus Taught with Parables, Dr. Benjamin Cocar
..................................... 24
The Purpose of the Parable of the Good Samaritan,
Rev. Hal M. Haller, Jr.,
......................................................................................
34
The Feel of Biblical Narrative Literature, Dr. Tony Guthrie
.............................. 55
Lessons about Pastoral Care from the Parable of Luke 15,
Dr. Ronald E. Cobb
...........................................................................................
60
The Use of Parables in the Old Testament , Dr. H. David
Phillips...................... 65
Parables and Pedagogy, Marcia Bost
................................................................
74
Guest Author:
The Surety of the Resurrection of Christ and Those Who Are in
Him, Dr. Steven L. Cox
..............................................................................................
82
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INTRODUCTORY NOTE
By
James L. Flanagan, Ph.D.
President
Were delighted to present to you the second edition of Luther
Rice Seminary and Uni-
versitys Journal for Biblical Ministries. This journal has been
established by our faculty
with the intent of helping you fulfill the ministry God has
given you in many different con-
texts.
The bulk of this edition is dedicated to a topic that thousands
of Southern Baptist
churches will be studying this year: The Parables of Jesus. In
addition to articles on
specific parables, you will find corollary articles regarding
the use of story in the ministry
of teaching/preaching, the importance of feeling the biblical
narrative, the real reason
Christ used parables, and the Old Testament background for such
a use.
We are also happy to have an important article from guest
writer, Dr. Stephen Cox. Dr.
Cox, formerly Assistant Professor of New Testament here at
Luther Rice, is now on the
faculty of Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary in Memphis,
TN. His article on the
resurrection of Christ is one that you will want to read and
share with others.
It has been our joy to research and write what follows. I pray
it will be a blessing to you.
The publishing of this journal is a new endeavor for Luther
Rice, and we welcome your
comments and constructive criticism. Our mission is to help you
become the best
leader and minister for Christ that you can possibly be. If you
know of a way to make
this journal more effective to that end, please let us know.
Now turn the page, read, enjoy, learn, and teach others also (2
Tim 2.2)!
James L. Flanagan, Ph.D.
President, CEO
Luther Rice Seminary & University
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I Love A Mystery!
Interpretive Guidelines For
The Parables of Matthew 13
J. M. Kinnebrew, Ph.D.
Prof. of Theology
VP for Academic Affairs
Introduction
A rarely noticed phenomenon of Scripture is that the apostles of
Christ never used story
telling as a method of instruction either in their epistles or
in their recorded sermons.
This is all the more striking since parables comprise more than
one-third of the re-
corded teachings of Jesus.1
Of course, parables were not invented by Jesus. There are
instances of them in the OT
as well as among the rabbinical, and even pagan, literatures2.
However, no rabbi or
prophet ever used this teaching device as effectively as Jesus,
even though (for rea-
sons noted below) He waited until sometime in the second year of
His three-year teach-
ing career to adopt its use.
Because of their figurative nature, parables have afforded the
interpreter with unlimited
opportunity for fanciful and erroneous pronouncements. This
article addresses the in-
terpretation of the mystery parables of Matthew 13 (also found
in Mark 4 and partially
in Luke 8).
To begin, the article makes note of the central place that the
kingdom of God holds in
the teaching of Jesus. Second, mention is made of the various
ways in which the Bible
speaks of the kingdom of God. Third, Jesus reference to the
mysteries of the king-
dom is discussed in relation to how the interpreter should
understand the parables of
1 Neil R. Lightfoot, Lessons from the Parables (Grand Rapids:
Baker, 1965), 13.
2 2 Sam 12.1-13, though not called a parable (Heb. mashal), has
every distinction of being one.
See also 2 Sam 14.5-l3; I Ki 20.39-42; Isa 5.1-7; 28.21-29; Ezek
17.1-24; 19.1-14; 20.45-49; and 24.3-14. For extra-biblical
examples, see R.C. Trench, Notes on the Parables of Our Lord (Grand
Rapids, Baker, 1986), 21-26 and Rabbinic Parables,
http://virtualreligion.net/iho/parable.html (accessed online
11.13.2009).
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A mystery, . . .
is some truth
that has been
hidden from
mankind in ages
past but is now
Matthew 13. Finally, some interpretive guidelines are deduced
from the historical and
literary contexts of the parables.
The Kingdom Is the Key
According to Roy Zuck, all of Jesus parables refer in some way
to the kingdom of
God.3 That should come as no surprise. After all, Jesus
ministry--like that of His fore-
runner--started with the proclamation that the kingdom of God
had come (Mt 3.2; 4.17).
Jesus was born King of the Jews (Mt. 2.2)4, and after only a few
years of ministry He
died King of the Jews (Mt. 27.37)the long anticipated kingdom
apparently doomed
from the outset.
That was--and for many still is--a very troubling thing. As a
matter of fact, one great
reason modern-day Jews give for rejecting the messianic claims
of Jesus of Nazareth is
simply this: When Messiah comes the kingdom of God will
come.
The kingdom of God has obviously not come (just look
around),
so it is impossible for Messiah to have arrived.5
Which Kingdom?
To understand this dilemma, we must first recognize that the
kingdom of God (usually called the kingdom of heaven by
Matthew)6 is presented by the writers of Scripture in at
least
two different senses:
1. Gods unrestricted, eternal reign over all creation (Ps
103.19; Dan 4.34-35; etc.)
3 Roy B. Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation (Wheaton: Victor,
1991), 204.
4 All Scriptures are quoted from the New King James Version
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1982).
5 To the Christian, the Jew is the stubborn fellow who in a
redeemed world is still waiting for the
Messiah. For the Jew the Christian is a heedless fellow who in
an unredeemed world affirms that some-how or other redemption has
taken place. Martin Buber, quoted by Reinhold Niebuhr, Martin
Buber: 1878-1965, Christianity and Crisis, July 12, 1965, 146.
6 Likely in deference to the regard he and his Jewish readers
had to the unspeakable Name.
However, Matthew departs from his custom and refers to the
kingdom of God five times (6.33; 12.28; 19.24; 21.31, 43),
indicating that the two terms are interchangeable.
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2. Gods localized, temporal reign over all the earth from
Jerusalem (2 Sam 7.12-16; Ps 2.6; Is 2.3; 9.6; Lk 1.32-33;
etc.)7
When Jesus came announcing the kingdom of God was at hand, He
most assuredly
meant the kingdom in the second sense noted above. There would
be no reason to an-
nounce that the kingdom in its unrestricted and eternal aspects
had come, for there was
never a time when the kingdom in that regard was not functioning
or at hand. More-
over, the localized, political kingdom is what all His hearers
were expecting and would
have understood Him to be proclaiming. If he had meant something
else, He certainly
would have told them. He never did.
It is certain that Jesus followers believed He had come to
establish the localized, tem-
poral kingdom of God on earth. After all, their Master had
taught them to pray for that
phase of the kingdom, they often jockeyed with one another to
gain the best position in
it, and even after the resurrection they anticipated its
restoration to Israel (Mt 6.10; Lk
22.24; Acts 1.6).
Nor was their expectation uninformed, as is sometimes supposed.
The wrong-
headedness of such a supposition is seen in the fact that Jesus
dubbed his newly in-
structed disciples (undoubtedly with a generosity most seminary
students would wish
from their professors) scribe[s] instructed concerning the
kingdom of heaven (Mt
13.52). Why then, given Jesus favorable characterization, would
commentators many
centuries removed from the occasion charge the disciples with a
carnal prejudice in fa-
vor of erroneous opinions?8
It seems that the disciples critics have never noticed that when
they asked their much
maligned question, will you at this time restore the kingdom to
Israel? they had just
undergone forty days of personal training from Jesus in things
pertaining to the king-
dom of God (Acts 1.3, 6). Would they have emerged from such a
seminar with con-
cepts wildly at variance with what the Master Teacher had been
teaching them for a
month and ten days? It is worth noting that Jesus did not rebuke
or correct them, but
answered their question with the needed reminder that kingdom
scheduling was His
7 See Lehman Strauss, Prophetic Mysteries Revealed (Neptune, NJ:
Loizeaux Bros., 1980), 18.
Cf. the five aspects of the kingdom discussed by James M. Gray,
Synthetic Bible Studies, Revised and Enlarged edition (NY: Fleming
H. Revell, 1923), 196-97 for a more precise and specific
delineation.
8 Albert Barnes, Barnes Notes on the Old and New Testaments,
edited by Robert F. Frew (Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1949), 19:4.
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business; bringing the Good News to the entire world would be
enough to keep them
and their descendants busy until the end (Acts 1.7-8)!
The Rejection of the King
So, when Jesus began teaching about the kingdom, it was the
visible, earthly reign of
God that He was offering the nation Israel. As this offer was
continually extended and
repeatedly rejected, however (see Dr. Arnetts article), it
became apparent that if the
kingdom were to be experienced on earth at this time it would
have to take another
form.
The earthly kingdom without the King on earth was impossible,
and the rejection of the
King by His earthly people was impending. This is why Jesus
began to teach in par-
ables (cf. Dr. Cocars article). In doing so, those who had ears
to hear could be in-
structed in a third, and hitherto unrevealed, aspect of the
kingdom: the kingdom in its
mystery form. As Christ Himself explained, It has been given to
you to know the
mysteries of the kingdom of heaven (Mt 13.11).
The Meaning of the Mystery
A mystery, in NT parlance, is not an enigma or insoluble
problem. Rather, it is some
truth that has been hidden from mankind in ages past but is now
unveiled by NT revela-
tion. This is clearly Pauls understanding in Eph 3.3-5, where he
says, By revelation
He made known to me the mystery . . . which in other ages was
not made known to the
sons of men, as it has now been revealed by the Spirit to His
holy apostles and proph-
ets.9
When Jesus referred to the mysteries of the kingdom that were
being revealed to His
disciples, He was telling them that they were hearing for the
first timeand before any-
one elsesome new things about the kingdom of God. Things unknown
even to the
OT prophets who wrote so extensively about the coming reign of
God.
Jesus beatitude makes this plain, Blessed are your eyes . . .
and your ears . . . for
many prophets and righteous men desired to see what you see, and
did not see it, and
to hear what you hear, and did not hear it (Mt 13.16.17). Nor
was this blessing lost to
the disciples. One of them wrote later in terms that show how
all NT believers are
9 Many NT doctrines are designated mysteries in this sense
(e.g., Rom 11.25; 1 Cor 15.51; Eph
3.6; 5.32; 6.19; Col 1.26-27; 2 Thes 2.7; 1 Tim 3.9, 16).
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blessed with a knowledge that extends beyond that obtained by
the likes of David,
Isaiah, Jeremiah, and even the holy angels (1 Pet 1.10-12)!
Peter asserts that those OT scribes who wrote of the sufferings
of Christ and the glo-
ries that would follow (1 Pet 1.11) could not comprehend the
rejection and the reign of
Christ. Understandably, the two events seemed mutually
exclusive. Nor did they fore-
see the changing form of the kingdom that would come as a
response to Christs rejec-
tion and as a prelude to His reign. This change was, as Jesus
said, a mystery, a hid-
den truth only now revealed.
A striking indication that Jesus parables were meant to reveal
such a change in the
kingdom program is the verb that He used to introduce the second
parable in Matthew
13. Literally rendered, verse 24 would read, The kingdom of
heaven has become like
[Grk. homoiothe--aorist, passive, indicative, 3rd pers., sing.].
The other parables (ex-
cept for the first, which has no introduction) are introduced
with the simple adjective
homoia and are properly rendered the kingdom of heaven is like."
This change off vo-
cabulary makes sense. Once Christ has told them that the kingdom
has already been
made to become like something hitherto unexpected (because
hitherto unre-
vealed),10 He can understandably say the kingdom, from that
point on, is like what-
ever follows.
Another indication that there was something new afoot is found
in the final parable (Mt
13.51-53). After having been assured by the disciples that they
understood all these
things, Jesus compares them to a householder who brings to his
family things new
[the just conveyed mysteries] and old [the still relevant OT
teachings]. In this way, Je-
sus communicates to these scribes that they are now disciples of
the kingdom and
that they have been entrusted with a stewardship not previously
given to any others.
One final point should be made regarding the proposed mystery
form of the kingdom,
and that has to do with its chronology. Charles Ryrie, noting
the previously mentioned
10
The concepts of a postponed kingdom, a change in the program, a
possibility of Israels accept-ing Christ during His first advent,
etc. raise questions regarding omniscience, salvation, sovereignty,
etc. that are beyond the scope of this article. Suffice it to say
that the terms used herein are anthropomorphic and are not meant to
imply that God was ever surprised or had to change His mind about
anything. On the other hand, Christs offer of the kingdom was valid
and Israels rejection of Christ was wholly hers (she could have
done otherwise). Had she received Christ, the cross would have
still happened, but without the murderous intrigue and guilt (cf.
Abrahams intended sacrifice of Isaac as a suggested model of what
might have happened). Further, praying people should not be
offended by the thought that God responds to the actions, good or
bad, of man. The whole history of salvation is a record of Gods
re-sponse to man.
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rendering of verse 24the kingdom of heaven has become like,
concluded that the
kingdom of heaven was assuming the form described in the
parables at that time when
Christ was personally ministering on the earth.11 This, then,
marks the beginning of the
mystery form of the kingdomit started prior to the crucifixion
of Christ; but what marks
its end? Again, Ryrie speaks, The end of the time period covered
by these parables is
indicated by the phrase end of the world or more literally
consummation of the age
(verses 39-49). This is the Second Advent of Christ when He
shall come in power and
great glory.12
How Then Will You Understand All the Parables?13
Assuming the validity of what has been said above, what do the
mysteries of the king-
dom expressed in the parables of Matthew 13 reveal about the
current and coming
kingdom of God? A verse-by-verse commentary on the eight
parables is far beyond the
scope of this article, but a brief delineation of interpretive
guidelines may be helpful. As
one seeks to understand these parables, the following
observations are suggestive of a
proper path:
1. Jesus Provided a ParadigmIn Marks account, when the disciples
expressed their need for an interpretation of the parable of the
soils, Jesus asked, Do you not understand this parable? How then
will you understand all the parables? He then immediately provided
the interpretation to the first of His parables (Mk 4.13-20). This
suggests that the parable of the soils was set forth as a key to
the other stories in the series. So Jesus, in interpreting the
first parable, offers a template that can be applied to the
interpretation of the others. What does that template reveal?
Since Jesus gives meaning to several different components of the
parable (the seed, the birds, the four different soils, the
scorching sun, etc.), we should not be surprised to find more than
one symbolic component in the parables that follow. Nor should we
be embarrassed to follow Jesus lead in our own interpretations.
11
Charles Ryrie, The Basis of the Premillennial Faith (Neptune,
NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1953), 94-95.
12
Ibid. For an alternate view that sees all of these parables
referring only to the future millennial reign, see Ronald N. Glass,
The Parables of the Kingdom: A Paradigm for Consistent
Dispensationalism in Michael Bauman and David Hall, eds.
Evangelical Hermeneutics (Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publica-tions,
1995), 147-89.
13
Mark 4.13.
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Since Jesus singled out for meaning certain emblems in the first
parable that He knew He would use in the others (e.g., the birds
who pluck seed from the wayside and the birds who gather in the
mustard tree), it is rea-sonable to impute to those symbols the
meaning previously assigned if no other meaning is given in the
text. This is especially the case if, as as-serted above, Jesus
intended for His interpretation of the one parable to provide a key
to the others.
From the previous observation, it is a smallif not as
certainstep to as-sume that symbols for which the meaning was
already well known, either from OT usage or from the Masters other
conversations with His disci-ples, would have been understood to
have the same well known sense in these parables unless that sense
was disavowed by Jesus (e.g., symbols like the leaven, the
treasure, etc.)
2. Jesus Defined the ParametersAs mentioned above, the time
covered by
these parables extends from the days that the national leaders
sealed their fate with a final rejection of Jesus Messiahship until
the time of His Second Coming at the end of the age (13.24, 39).
During this time period the kingdom of heaven has become like what
Jesus described in His parables (13.24).
This time period includes the church age (from Pentecost to the
Rapture), but it is not identical to that age, for it began prior
to the crucifixion and will not end until after the
tribulation.
Thus these parables do not primarily concern the nature,
function, and in-fluence of the church. Rather, they show the
hitherto unrevealed form in which Gods theocratic rule would be
exerted in a previously unrevealed age necessitated by Israels
rejection of Christ.14
3. Jesus Affirmed a DivisionIn Matthews account (see also Mk
4.33-34), Jesus
spoke first to the multitude of people, sharing with them the
parable of the soils (vss. 3-9),15 the parable of the tares (vss.
24-30), the parable of the mustard seed (vss. 31-32), and the
parable of the leaven (vss. 33-34). After that, He sent the
multitude away (vs. 36) and spoke to His disciples a private
interpre-tation of the parable of the tares (vss. 36-43), the
parable of the hidden treasure (vs. 44), the parable of the pearl
of great price (vss. 45-46), the parable of the dragnet (vss.
47-50), and the parable of the householder (vss. 51-53).
14
J. Dwight Pentecost, The Words and Works of Jesus Christ: A
Study of the Life of Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981),
214.
15
Apparently sharing the interpretation only with His disciples
(vss. 10-23).
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This division of His audience may indicate a division of the
parables into two groupsfour spoken to all (some of whom had ears
to hear and some who didnt16) and four spoken to the disciples, who
having heard the parables and their interpretation, became
scribe[s] in-structed concerning the kingdom of heaven (vs.
52a).
This division of the parables into two categories is further
signified when Jesus speaks of the parables teachings as things new
and old that the disciples would bring forth in their future
mission (vs. 52b).
4. Jesus Affirmed a UnityWhen He had finished sharing these
parables with His
disciples, Jesus asked them if they had understood all these
things. (13.51). Only when they answered Yes did He consider them
instructed concerning the kingdom of heaven.
If one is to understand the meaning of any of these parables, he
must understand all of the parables.
None of the parables should be considered as stand alone
creations. Rather, they are each an important piece of a grand
mosaic.
The interpretation of one parable must harmonize with all the
other parables. If the interpretation of one parable contradicts
the interpreta-tion of another parable, one or the other
interpretation (or both) is wrong.
5. Matthew Provided a ContextAs described above, these parables
were spo-
ken in the context of Jesus kingdom offer to Israel. The kingdom
and kingship of Jesus is the major theme of the Gospel of Matthew.
That Gospel presents its readers with:
The Confirming Genealogy of the King (1.1-17)
The Coming and Recognition of the King (2.1-3.12) o By the Magi
o By the Messenger
The Confirmation of the King (3.13-4.11) o Through His Baptism
in Jordans Waters
16
A double advantage of this form of teaching among those not
inclined to hear is that it is cryp-tic enough to relieve them of
the accountability required for rejecting clearly revealed truth
and yet memo-rable enough to be retained and continue its
convicting work with the hope that they should later want to hear
and be saved. Every time they passed a field, a sower, or a mustard
plant, they would be reminded of that rabbis strange story and
perhaps begin to wonder what it really meant.
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How can the
kingdom pro-
ceed if the nation
to whom it was
promised rejects
the King?
o Through His Battle in the Judean Wilderness
The Constitution of the Kingdom (5-7)
The Conquests of the King (8) o Over Disease o Over Disturbances
o Over Demons
The Controversies over the King (9) o Over Claiming to Forgive
Sins o Over Eating with Sinners o Over Failing to Fast
The Commissioning of the Kings Heralds (10)
The Conflicts of the King with Israel (11-12) o They Rejected
His Messenger (11.2-19) o They Rejected His Miracles (11.20-24) o
They Rejected His Mercy (12.1-13) o They Rejected His Messianic
Credentials
(12.14-45)
It is at this point in Matthews presentation (and at this
point in real timeas verse one says, on the same
day) that the parables are given.
Perhaps in a move that was as parabolic as His
words, Jesus went out of the house and sat in a
boat to address the crowd from a position that
symbolized the mutual rejection of National Israel and her
Christ (13.1-2)her rejection of Him and His consequent (though
temporary) re-
jection of her.17
This context helps the reader to know that the parables were
spoken to meet a
particular historic need. That need was to answer the question
that was most
certainly in the disciples minds that very day: How can the
kingdom proceed if
the nation to whom it was promised rejects the King? Any
interpretation of these
parables must provide an answer to this most important question.
If the interpre-
17
Other indications that Jesus had finally set aside any hope of
the nation at large receiving the kingdom are seen in: (1) His
condemnation of the large cities and His invitation to any
individual who would still come and learn of me(11.28-30); (2) His
warning to the leaders regarding their blasphemy of the Spirit
(12.31-37); (3) His refusal to work any more miraculous signs for
the leaders (12.38-45); and (4) His disavowal of fleshly relations
but confirmation of kinship to whoever does the will of My Father
(12.46-50).
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tation would not have met the need of the first-century hearers,
it is suspect for
twenty-first century readers.
6. Jesus Said There Are New Things HereIf ones interpretation of
the parables provides only moral truisms (like good will always win
out) or things already re-vealed in the OT revelation (like one day
the kingdom of God will take over the whole world), then that
interpretation has missed the mark, for Jesus spoke of
mysteries.
As a collection of mysteries, there are things here that could
not have
been discovered through mere observation As a collection of
mysteries, there are even things here that cannot
be found in the divinely inspired revelation of the OT
Surveying ones interpretation of the whole series of parables,
the question must be asked (and answered in the affirmative), Is
there anything here that, until that very day when Jesus spoke, had
been kept secret from the foundation of the world (13.35)?
7. Jesus Said There Are Old Things Here TooIf ones
interpretation of these
parables somehow does away with the kingdom promises of the OT
and the lit-eral earthly reign of Messiah, it misses the mark as
well. Jesus is still destined to sit on the throne of His ancestor
David and reign over the house of Jacob forever (Lk 1.32-33).
Based as it is on an unconditional covenant of God, the kingdom
on earth cannot be forever set aside because of one generations
unbe-lief. The Greater than Solomon will reign from Davids
throne.
The things old predicted by the prophets of Israel should still
be brought forth as truth when a scribe instructed concerning the
king-dom of heaven comes to the table to feed his people. To dish
out the new and leave the old in the storehouse is to neglect ones
steward-ship and rule over a malnourished house.
CONCLUSION
No man ever spoke like this man, said the officers who were sent
to arrest Jesus
(John 7.46). Indeed it was true. The One called the Logos was a
Master of the spoken
word. No politician, Jesus spoke plainly and with a sometimes
painful honesty. When
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He announced the coming of His kingdom, He made it very clear
that repentant hearts
were required of all who would be its subjects.
This was not a welcome message among people who were externally
religious but in-
ternally depraved. Their resistance to the King became more and
more apparent, culmi-
nating at last in a blasphemous denial of the miracle-working
Spirits conviction. Having
insulted the Spirit of Grace (Heb 10.29), the leaders of the
nation tragically forfeited
the kingdom for their entire generation.
This episode in Israels history is a reminder of the awful
responsibility borne by a na-
tions leaders. Those who rule in opposition to the righteousness
of God will most cer-
tainly be judged, and the nation ruled by such will inevitably
suffer.
But individual citizens have a responsibility of their own, and
God still allows them to
choose to follow Him. Despite the official opposition of Israel,
the offer of the kingdom
was not completely withdrawn. Instead, the kingdom would now
appear in a mystery
form not previously revealed. The parables of Matthew 13 are
dedicated to a descrip-
tion of that mystery form of the kingdom. Led by the example of
Jesus and contextual
clues in the inspired record, contemporary interpreters have all
they need to discover
the truths behind the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven
(13.11).
May this writer and the reader delve into these important
stories, heeding the admoni-
tion of Jesus (13.9): He who has ears to hear, let him hear!
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The Kingdom Parables of Matthew 13:
Their Context and Function
Brad Arnett, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of New Testament
Chair of the Department of Biblical Studies
INTRODUCTION
Critical to the interpretation of any biblical passage is its
context. The Kingdom Parables
of Matthew 13 are no exception.1 While a reader cannot know for
certain the historical
occasion of the giving of these parables, one can observe how
Matthew incorporated
them into his gospel and conclude that his placement of the
parables in the story line of
the gospel was important to him and most likely was reflective
of the historical situation.
This paper will attempt to highlight the context of the parables
of Matthew 13 in an effort
to better understand their function in the story. The
methodology employed here is nar-
rative criticism, though not a strict application of it.
Attention is given to plot development
and the interactions between characters as features leading up
to the giving of the par-
ables of Matthew 13.
An interesting question of Matthew 13 is that asked by Jesus
disciples, Why do you
speak to them in parables? (Mt 13:10).2 Jesus answer indicates
the reason, purpose,
and function of the parables.3 The disciples were privy to the
mysteries of the kingdom
but the general populace was not, and he drew a strong contrast
between the two
groups (13:11-17).
On first blush, Jesus seems harsh to the modern reader. Where is
the meek and lowly
Jesus? Does Jesus not want everyone to have access to the truths
of the kingdom?
Why would he conceal any information from anyone?
1 These are commonly called Kingdom Parables because they teach
truths about the Kingdom of
God. The discourse in Matthew is also known as the Parabolic
Discourse.
2 Unless otherwise noted, The Holy Bible: English Standard
Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible
Society, 2001) will be used in this paper. 3 See the related
article by Dr. Cocar in this issue.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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15
The themes of indeci-
sion and opposition
flow like two inde-
pendent streams . . .
crashing into a
watershed moment in
chapter thirteen.
Perhaps one would do well to consider the context closely. In
this case, the context is
primarily the materialseveral chapters worthpreceding this unit.
Matthew, after all, is
a story, and unless the reader has in mind what has been
occurring up to this point in
the story, he or she may very well misunderstand the message.
The overarching and
driving question of this study is similar to the question the
disciples posed. What was
the function of the parables of Matthew 13 in light of Matthews
plot? To answer this
question, one must determine the context of the occasion.
The Setting of the Kingdom Parables
Three features of the story leading up to the giving of the
parables in Matthew 13 are
important for determining the function of the parables.
Moving
the plot forward are three main characters; they are
Jesus, the authorities (functioning as a single
character), and the crowds (also functioning as a
single character).4 Other characters, such as John
the Baptist and Jesus disciples, also appear and
support the plot development, but Matthew gives
more attention to Jesus, the authorities, and the
crowds in chapters eleven and twelve.
The two groupsthe authorities and the crowdseach
have primary functions. The authorities oppose Jesus; they
seek opportunities to shame Him and, in 12:14, begin to seek to
destroy Him. The care-
ful reader recognizes their increasing opposition against Jesus.
The other groupthe
crowdsform a very important but often overlooked feature:
indecision. The persistent
indecision of the crowds serves as the backdrop for the events
in the text. That theme of
indecision which is the main feature of Matthew 11 will be
treated first, and then the
theme of the opposition of the authorities, which is the main
feature of Matthew 12, will
be explored. Finally, the paper will address the responses of
Jesus to both groups
throughout Matthew 11-13. The themes of indecision and
opposition flow like two inde-
pendent streams in chapters eleven and twelve, merging in the
latter part of chapter
twelve and crashing into a watershed moment in chapter
thirteen.
4 The authorities include scribes and Pharisees (9:3, 11; 12:14,
38). Matthew seems to use
crowds to include all of the people who are witnessing these
events (9:8, 33, 36; 11:7; 13:2, 34). For more on characters and
plot in Gospel studies, see David Rhoads, Mark as Story, 2d ed.
(Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999) and Elizabeth Struthers
Malbon, In the Company of Jesus: Characters in Marks Gospel
(Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox, 2000).
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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16
Indecision of the Crowds
Jesus encounters multiple significant questions about his
identity and movement
throughout chapter 11.5 Matthew shows his readers that many
questions surrounded
the ministry of Jesus. The chapter begins with John the Baptist
asking the question,
Are you the one who is to come, or shall we look for another?
(11:2). Johns question
should be seen as an indicator of the circulating questions
about Jesus. Notice the first
person plural we in the question. John represents not only
himself, but his disciples,
and Israel as a whole. The people are wondering who this Jesus
is.
Instead of answering John with an outright, Yes, I am the one,
Jesus answers with a
series of indicators that He is indeed the one. The response
calls for a decision based
not on a statement but on demonstrable proofs.6 At the end of
his list, Jesus adds a
foreshadowing phrase, And blessed is the one who is not offended
by me (11:6). Of-
fenses and opposition are commencing in the story line.
After His interchange with John the Baptist, Jesus asks the
crowd a series of questions
about John. They are rhetorical questions, meant to elicit a
commitment instead of a
mere answer. Jesus voices publicly the very questions the crowds
were asking pri-
vately. The crowds were indecisive about John, too. This message
to the crowds serves
as an integral part and sets the topic of discussion for the
rest of the chapter and punc-
tuates the theme of indecision that extends to the giving of the
parables in chapter thir-
teen. Chapter eleven is about the questions circulating about
Jesus and his following.
Jesus begins to force the crowd to make a decision about Him. In
this instance, the
push for a decision took the form of querying the crowds on the
identity of John the Bap-
tist.
What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by
the
wind? What then did you go out to see? A man dressed in soft
cloth-
ing? Behold, those who wear soft clothing are in kings houses.
What
5 The questioning starts well before this point in the
narrative. In 8:27, His disciples ask, What
kind of a man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey Him?
In 9:14, Johns disciples ask, Why do we and the Pharisees fast, but
Your disciples do not fast? In chapter 11 the questions seem to
become more dominant in the narrative.
6 The demonstrable proof of Jesus Messianic status becomes
heightened in chapter twelve and
forms a key component to the thesis of this paper.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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17
then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more
than
a prophet (Mt. 11:7-9).
After Jesus questions the crowd on the identity of John the
Baptist and proclaims that
he was truly the Elijah figure, He gave an interesting and
difficult illustration of His gen-
eration.
Jesus compares the people of his day to children sitting in a
public market, calling out,7
We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we sang a
dirge, and you did not
mourn (11:17). The image is not entirely clear to modern
readers, and commentators
cannot agree on the referents of the image.8 Yet the main point,
either way, is that Je-
sus and John do not satisfy their generations expectations
(11:18-19). In context Jesus
and John could be either the ones piping and singing or the ones
who neither dance nor
mourn. The main idea remains; this generation cannot be
satisfied. Jesus and John do
not do what the people want. They follow their own agenda and
get criticized for it.
Some, presumably the authorities, say that John has a demon and
Jesus is a drunkard.
Such dishonoring comments are circulating among the people, and
Jesus addresses
them here. He points out the irony that they are inconsistent in
their assessments, and
yet, they are consistent in their dissatisfaction and rejection
of both Jesus and His fore-
runner. At risk here are the crowds who have not yet made such
conclusions. For them,
the verdict is still out on Jesus and John. By identifying and
publicly denouncing the un-
justified conclusions that some in this generation made, Jesus
leads the crowds in
making the right conclusions. The undecided are being moved
toward a decision.
7 Here the ESV and other translations (KJV, NKJV) provide an
interpretation. A more literal trans-
lation allows for the children to be calling out to each other
but does not demand it: . . . and calling out to
others (so NIV, TNIV; Greek, ). The others could be anyone, not
necessarily children. NASB has who call out to the other children,
which is also interpretive (emphasis original, which means at least
the reader can tell children is not the underlying word).
8 The text does not make clear the antecedent of the first
person plural subject of 11:17. Is it Je-
sus and John who are piping the flute and singing? Or is it the
children in the marketplace who are piping and singing?
Furthermore, the performers audiences are not clear. Who does not
dance to the piping? Who does not mourn at the dirge? Some
commentators see the pipers and singers as Jesus and John to an
unresponsive generation (e.g., Craig Blomberg, Matthew, New
American Commentary [Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1992],
189-90). Others see this generation as the pipers and singers to an
un-responsive Jesus and John (e.g., Craig Keener, A Commentary on
the Gospel of Matthew [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999], 218). This
latter view seems best.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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18
Jesus recognizes
and prepares for
the building op-
position.
The indecision of the crowds is highlighted in the next unit
where Jesus denounced the
cities of Galilee, Chorazin, and Bethsaida. Interestingly, Jesus
did not condemn the cit-
ies for opposing him, but for their lack of repentance at the
demonstration of his works
of power (11:20-21). The rebuke gives way to a call for decision
(11:25-30), which will
be treated later. Indecision in light of Jesus miracles is a
decision against repentance.9
The indecision of the crowds comes to a climactic point in 12:23
with a question. And
all the people were amazed, and said, Can this be the Son of
David? This question
occurs in response to Jesus healing of a man who was
demon-possessed, blind, and
mute. The authorities do not approve of the crowds speculating
such things and initiate
a strong reaction. Now that the thematic backdrop to the
interchanges in chapters 11-13
has been established, the authorities opposition to Jesus may be
treated.
Increasing Opposition from the Authorities
If chapter eleven is about indecision, chapter twelve is
certainly about opposition.
Against the backdrop of the crowds indecision are the stark
contrast with the authori-
ties improper conclusions about Jesus and their drive to have
him shamed and de-
stroyed (12:2, 14). To be sure, precursors of this opposition
begin early in
chapter nine and build through chapters nine and ten.
A comparison of Matthew 9 and Matthew 12 is fascinating, as
some of the same phraseology occurs in both chapters. For
ex-
ample, Jesus is accused of blasphemy in 9:3. Later, in
12:31-32,
Jesus warns the crowds, and especially the Pharisees, of the
blas-
phemy against the Holy Spirit. Jesus knows their thoughts in
both 9:4
and 12:25. In 9:27, two blind men address Jesus as the Son of
David, and in
12:23 the crowds wonder if Jesus is the Son of David. And in
both chapters the Phari-
sees say, He casts out demons by the prince of demons (9:34) and
It is only by Beel-
zebul, the prince of demons, that this man casts out demons
(12:24). Both accusations
follow the healing of a demon-possessed man who was mute
(9:32-33; 12:22-24, the
second man was also blind). These remarkable similarities tie
the two chapters together
and reinforce the theme of opposition that develops in chapters
nine through twelve.
Jesus recognizes and prepares for the building opposition in His
instructions to the
twelve disciples as they are about to be sent on their first
mission (10:1-42). Several key
9 Opportunity and privilege bring responsibility. John Nolland,
The Gospel of Matthew, New In-
ternational Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
2005), 467.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
19
verses point to His expectation of rejection and persecution.
For example, Jesus says to
them, Behold, I am sending you out as sheep in the midst of
wolves (10:16); You will
be hated by all for my names sake (10:22); and I did not come to
bring peace, but a
sword (10:34). Another verse connects uniquely with chapter nine
and twelve because
of the reference to Beelzebul: If they have called the master of
the house Beelzebul,
how much more will they malign those of his household
(10:25).
Matthew 11 does not highlight the opposition theme, but the
opposition reappears with a
vengeance in Matthew 12 as Jesus comes under scrutiny for his
Sabbath observance,
or non-observance as it may be. In 12:1-8, the Pharisees
challenge Jesus for allowing
His disciples to pick and eat grain on the Sabbath. Jesus
responds by defending His
disciples with three references to the Old Testament. His first
citation is from an occa-
sion in the life of David when David and his men were hungry and
ate the consecrated
temple bread meant for the priests alone (1 Sm 21:1-6). Next,
Jesus cites the Law that
specifies the priests are to work on the Sabbath (e.g., Nm
28:9-10). Finally, Jesus cites
the prophet Hosea: I desire mercy, not sacrifice (6:6). So, in
His defense, and in de-
fense of His disciples, Jesus referenced applicable Old
Testament accounts of a king, a
priest, and a prophet. His answer to the authorities illustrated
His personal prerogative
to abrogate the Sabbath restrictions, especially in special
circumstances: For the Son
of Man is lord of the Sabbath (12:8).10
Jesus next enters a synagogue where a man with a withered hand
is present (12:9-21).
Seeking a way to accuse Jesus, they query Him about healing on
the Sabbath. The
nearest antecedent to they is the Pharisees of the previous
unit. Jesus responds by
comparing the value of a man to a sheep, since His accusers
would naturally help a
sheep on the Sabbath. He points out the glaring weakness of
their interpretation of the
Sabbath laws. They value animals (especially their own) more
than they value people.
Such a valuation is improper. What happens as a result of the
interchange? Jesus does
good on the Sabbath and restores the mans hand; the Pharisees go
out and conspire
to have a man (Jesus) destroyed. Whos behaving lawfully?
The next instance of the increasing opposition occurs in
12:22-24. Jesus heals a de-
mon-possessed man who is blind and mute. When the Pharisees hear
that the people
(literally, the crowds) are wondering if Jesus is the Son of
David, they charge Jesus
with casting out demons by the prince of demons, Beelzebul. This
is an accusation re-
peated from a previous instance (9:34). A major difference here
is that Jesus responds.
10
. . . the debate comes down finally to the person of Jesus.
Donald A. Hagner, Matthew 1-13, Word Biblical Commentary
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 334.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
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20
Jesus Responses to the Increasing Opposition
And the Remaining Indecision
The three main character-groups in this section of Matthews
GospelJesus, the
crowds, and the authoritiesare moving swiftly toward a major
confrontation. Jesus is
performing ministries of teaching and healing and calling the
people to repentance. The
crowds are indecisive, delaying their response to Jesus call.
The authorities have made
their decision to reject Jesus and are seeking to influence the
crowds to do likewise. For
His part, Jesus has been responding to the two groups throughout
chapters eleven and
twelve. As the opposition increases and the indecision persists,
Jesus begins to re-
spond on a different level.
Worthy of note is that Jesus responses throughout Matthew 11-12
follow a dual pur-
pose. Often the response is rebuke, yet sometimes the response
is one of invitation. For
example, the crowds are undecided on John the Baptist, so Jesus
invites them to ac-
cept that John is the expected Elijah-figure (11:14). He issues
the statement, which
functions as an invitation listen and learn, to become a
disciple, He who has ears to
hear, let him hear (11:15). The call to hear appears again in
Matthew 13:9, 15, 16, and
43. The repetition indicates its importance and ties it to the
previous occurrences.
Following Jesus strong rebuke of the cities where His miracles
were done (11:20-24),
He offers one of the most celebrated invitations ever given,
Come to Me, all who are
weary and heavy-laden, and I will give you rest (11:28). Matthew
intersperses through-
out the two chapters are the crowds indecision, the authorities
opposition, and Jesus
rebukes and invitations.11
In 12:25-37 the two mounting themes of indecision and opposition
intersect. And at the
intersection is where Jesus strongest rebuke in this section
occurs. The crowds are un-
decided and when the authorities hear that the crowds wonder if
Jesus is the Messiah
(Son of David), they react vehemently, attributing His work to
Beezebul. Jesus issues a
response, to the crowds as well as the Pharisees, that shows the
incongruence of their
conclusions. Every kingdom divided against itself is laid waste
(12:25). Then He warns
the authorities that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is an
unforgiveable sin (12:31-32).
The implication is that they have either committed this sin or
have come extremely close
to doing so.
11
John MacArthur, Matthew 8-15, The MacArthur New Testament
Commentary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1987), 237-38.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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21
Jesus and His
disciples are on a
mission to gather
the lost sheep of
the house of Is-
rael
The warning about the unforgiveable sin is based on the
principle given in 12:30: Who-
ever is not with me is against me, and whoever does not gather
with me scatters. Je-
sus is gathering; the Pharisees are scattering. In the context
of the crowds indecision,
this becomes very clear. Jesus is calling the crowds to decide
about Him (gathering)
while the authorities are seeking to influence the crowds to
reject Jesus by dishonoring
Him and His works (scattering). A flashback to Matthew 9:34-36
is enlightening:
But the Pharisees said, He casts out demons by the prince of
demons. And Jesus went throughout all the cities and
villages,
teaching in their synagogues and proclaiming the
gospel of the kingdom and healing every disease
and every affliction. When he saw the crowds,
he had compassion for them, because they
were harassed and helpless, like sheep
without a shepherd [scattered] (emphasis
added).
Jesus and His disciples are on a mission to gather the
lost sheep of the house of Israel (10:6), but the
authorities
are resisting their efforts and providing obstacles in the way
of the
crowds coming to Jesus. Jesus will not continue to allow it. He
rebukes them and dis-
honors them publicly, calling them a brood of vipers and warning
them of the judgment
to come (12:33-37).
Even after the strong rebuke, the scribes and Pharisees approach
Jesus again, this
time asking for a sign. In His refusal, Jesus calls them an evil
and adulterous generation
and says only one sign will be given to themthe sign of Jonah,
which parallels and
points to Jesus death, burial, and resurrection. Then, yet
again, Jesus calls for repen-
tance. He rallies in his support two allusions to gentiles who
valued the word of God.
The men of Ninevah and the queen of the South will condemn Jesus
generation be-
cause they would not listen to the something greater than Jonah
and Solomon. A
twice-repeated refrain, something greater than . . . is here
(12:41, 42), punctuates the
section. The first refrain compares Jesus to a king (Solomon),
the second Jesus to a
prophet (Jonah).
The unit immediately preceding the Kingdom Parables of Matthew
13 depicts a dis-
avowal of sorts by Jesus of His mother and brothers. Matthew
mentions only that they
wished to speak to Him; the parallel in Mark indicates that they
were attempting to help
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
22
Him because some thought He was acting irrationally (Mk 3:21,
31-35). Jesus re-
sponse is to ask Who is my mother, and who are my brothers? and
to indicate that His
disciples are His family because His family is demarcated by
those who do the will of
the Father (Mt 12:46-50). Such a statement serves to call the
crowds to obey the Fa-
ther by becoming Jesus disciples.12
At the conclusion of chapter twelve, the call for decision is
again thrust upon them, and
in chapter thirteen Jesus takes a step that makes it difficult
for the authorities to resist
Him and hard for the crowds to remain indecisive.
That same day Jesus went out of the house and sat beside the
sea.
And great crowds gathered about him, so that he got into a boat
and
sat down. And the whole crowd stood on the beach. And he told
them
many things in parables . . . (Mt 13:1-3).
In light of the material preceding Matthew 13, the Kingdom
Parables constitute the cli-
max of Jesus response to the opposition and indecision He has
faced thus far in the
narrative. He resorts to ambiguity of teaching as a way to
elicit a response from the
crowds and to shield His message from those who oppose Him.
The disciples question of 13:10 (Why do you speak to them in
parables?) does not
mean that Jesus created a new form of teaching that was uncommon
in His day. Quite
the contrary, many teachers used parabolic illustrations to help
their listeners appre-
hend their message. Jesus was not the innovator of parabolic
teaching. What is unique
about Jesus use of parables in Matthew 13 is that He did not
explain them.13 Parables
usually are utilized by teachers to clarify their teachings.
Jesus used them in such a
manner previously (e.g., Mt. 5:13-16; 6:26-30; 7:24-27). The
difference in Matthew 13 is
the lack of the main teaching of which the parable was only an
illustration. In the King-
dom Parables, He gives the parable publicly but explains it only
privately:
12
Michael J. Wilkins, Matthew, The NIV Application Commentary
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004), 472.
13
Jesus was not alone in the use of parables. Jewish teachers
often used them, but as a rule they place parable and
interpretation side by side. But Jesus did not provide the
explanation along with the parable; instead he demanded of his
hearers that they discern the truth of what he was saying, and that
they respond accordingly. Barclay M. Newman and Philip C. Stine, A
Handbook on the Gospel of Matthew, UBS Helps for Translators; UBS
Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1992), 401.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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23
The effect of the am-
biguous parables is
to force a decision
about Jesusone
must either become
His disciple or turn
away.
And he answered them, To you it has been given to
know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but to
them it has not been given. For to the one who has,
more will be given, and he will have an abundance,
but from the one who has not, even what he has
will be taken away. This is why I speak to them in
parables, because seeing they do not see, and
hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand
(Mt. 13:11-13).
Jesus does not cease public teachingthat would be a win for
the authorities and a loss for the crowds. Nor does He continue
the
public teaching of truths that will continue only to satisfy the
crowds curiosity and elicit
the authorities ire. No one wins in that scenario either.
Instead, Jesus uses the public teaching of ambiguous parables to
draw out the would-
be disciples from within the crowds.14 The effect of the
ambiguous parables is to force a
decision about Jesusone must either become His disciple or turn
away. Just as in
11:15, so also in 13:9. He who has ears, let him hear serves as
an invitation to be-
come part of the in-group of Jesus family, who are privy to the
explanations He gives
about the nature of the Kingdom of God. The crowds have to
decide whether they will
seek the main teaching by joining the group of disciples and
hearing the explanations or
whether they will remain in a state of perpetual wonder
regarding what exactly Jesus
meant when He said, The kingdom of heaven is like . . . .
14
A comparison to John 6:68 is insightful. After this many of his
disciples turned back and no longer walked with him. So Jesus said
to the Twelve, Do you want to go away as well? Simon Peter answered
him, Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life,
and we have believed, and have come to know, that you are the Holy
One of God.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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24
Why Jesus Taught with Parables
Benjamin Cocar, D. Min., Th. D.
Associate Professor of Pastoral Ministry
Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the crowds; he did
not speak to them
without a parable. This fulfilled what was spoken by the
prophet:
I will open my mouth in parables,
I will announce what has been hidden from the foundation of
the
world.1 (Matthew 13:34-35)
While Jesus formulated many utterances as summaries of a sermon
or debate,
he set others before his hearers for their contemplation (Mt.
13:24, 31). Most
worthy of mention are those pericopes commonly known as
parables.
Jesus was the Master Storyteller. His teaching provoked people
to think; it did
not paralyze the listeners. Parables were His most famous
characteristic form of
involving people creatively in the process of learning. Mark
noted that Jesus
taught them many things by parables (Mk 4:2). Archibald Hunter
claims that
35 percent of Jesus teaching in the synoptic Gospels can be
found in parabolic
form. He identified certain parables which describe the coming
of the kingdom,
others which explain the grace of the kingdom, a third group
which portrays the
men of the kingdom and a final collection dealing with the
crisis of the king-
dom.2 A critical question asks, Why did Jesus teach so
extensively in par-
ables? As soon as He started teaching them with parables, the
disciples asked
Him, Why do You speak to them in parables?" (Mt. 13:10). Since
the disciples'
question, countless of students, pastors, and teachers tried to
give the best pos-
sible answer to the disciples question. Many of the parables of
Jesus are specifi-
cally called parables of the Kingdom.3
1Biblical Studies Press. (2005; 2005). The NET Bible First
Edition (Noteless); Bible. Eng-
lish. NET Bible (Noteless). Biblical Studies Press.
2 A. H. Hunter, Interpreting the Parables (London:SCM;
Philadephia, Westminster, 1980),
44-45. 3 Elwell, W. A., & Comfort, P. W., Tyndale Bible
dictionary. Tyndale Reference Library
(Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers, 2001), 703.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
25
In order to understand the purpose of Jesus usage of parables,
the reader needs
to understand what is a parable? The English word parable refers
to a short
narrative with two levels of meaning. The Greek and Hebrew words
for parable
are much broader. Jesus parables are both works of art and the
weapons he
used in the conflict with his opponents. They were the teaching
method he
chose most frequently to explain the Kingdom of God and to show
the character
of God and the expectations God has for people.4
In Sunday School, the teachers are explaining that a parable is
an earthly story
with a heavenly meaning, or a heavenly story with an earthly
meaning. The
English Dictionary defined the parable as a short allegorical
story, designed to
convey some truth or moral lesson.5
Parable is a transliteration of the Greek parabol, comparison.
It can desig-
nate a variety of figurative forms of speech (e.g., Mk 2:19-22;
3:23-25; 4:3-9, 26-
32; 7:15-17; 13:28). But usually a parable is a short discourse
that conveys spiri-
tual truth by making a vivid comparison. The truth to be taught
is compared to
something in nature or a common-life experience. A parable
usually expresses a
single important truth, though occasionally a subordinate
feature expands its total
meaning (cf. 4:3-9, 13-20; 12:1-12). A parable draws its hearers
to take part in a
situation, evaluate it, and apply its truth to themselves.6
The parable as a literary method can be understood as an
extended simile. The
comparison is expressed, and the subject and the thing compared,
explained
more fully, are kept separate. (A simile is simply an expressed
comparison: it
typically uses the words like or as).
In the Old Testament, the word mashal was translated as a
proverb (1 Sm
24:13; Ez 18:2-3; Prv. 1:1; 10:1); a parable (2 Sm 12:1-4; 2 Sam
14:1-11; Is 5:1-
7). Other meanings were the following: an allegory (Ez 24:2-5;
17:2-10; 20:49-
21:5); and a byword, satire, taunt, word of derision (Hb 2:6; Nm
21:27-30; Dt
28:37; 1 Kgs 9:7). Also, mashal can be translated as discourse
(Nm 23:7, 18;
4Green, J. B., McKnight, S., & Marshall, I. H. Dictionary of
Jesus and the Gospels (Down-
ers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. (1992), 591.
5Merriam-Webster, I. (2003). Merriam-Webster's collegiate
dictionary. (Eleventh ed.).
Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc.. , s.v. Parable.
6Walvoord, J. F., Zuck, R. B., & Dallas Theological Seminary.
The Bible Knowledge
Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures (Wheaton, IL: Victor
Books, 1983), p.118.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
26
A parable is
something placed
along side some-
thing else for the
purpose of com-
parison.
24:3, 15, 20, 21, 23); riddle (Ps 49:4; Prv. 1:6); or a saying
of ethical wisdom (Jb
27:1; 29:1). Thus, the parable in the Old Testament included a
much wider vari-
ety of concepts than simply stories that contained moral or
spiritual truths.7
In the New Testament the word parabolee has these meanings:
proverb (Lk
4:23); metaphor of figurative saying (Mk 7:14-17; Lk 5:36-38; Mk
2:21-22, Mt
9:16-17); riddle (Mk 3:23); illustration (Mk 13:28); and parable
(Mt 13:33). The
Greek verb means "to throw or place alongside." Thus, a par-
able is something placed alongside something else for
the purpose of comparison.8
A.T. Robertson defined the parable in the broad
etymological sense, as a simile and consequently
finds that our Lord employed this method from the
beginning of His ministry (Mt 5:13-16; 7:3-5,
17-19, 24-27) as a literary device. There is no prob-
lem with this kind of classification or usage of the par-
able. Jesus used the parables in a special sense when
He was accused of being under Beelzebub.
Others have a narrower definition of the parable and say that
Christ did not use
the parabolic device at first, but introduced it later in
teaching the "mysteries of
the kingdom," as recorded in Matthew 13 and Mark 4.
This short paper will answer two questions: why did Jesus use
parables in His
teaching? and, when did He start using the parables? It is not
in the scope of
this paper to analyze all the parables that Jesus used during
His entire ministry,
nor to explain the meaning of the parables of Jesus. There are
many available
resources for those subjects.9
This paper will focus on these two questions because the answer
to both ques-
tions seems to be only one answer! When Jesus started His
earthly ministry,
He called people to repent for the Kingdom of heaven was at
hand, (Mt 4:17;
7Francis, Brown S.R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old
Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906, 1951, s.v.
Parable.
8Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich. An English-Greek Lexicon of the NT and
Other Early Christian
Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1975, s.v.
Parable.
9 See the short bibliogrpahy at the end of this article.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
27
Mk 1:15). Jesus announced the Kingdom and the simple way of
receiving it.
Both John the Baptist and Jesus called people to repent as a way
of entering the
Kingdom. Jesus told Nicodemus to be born again in order to see,
and/or to enter
the Kingdom of God, (Jn 3). In the beginning of His ministry,
the parables were
not part of Jesus teaching. As He proclaimed the message of
repentance, His
words were declarative and forceful. Contrary to the
interpretations of some cur-
rent scholars, He did not continue in the tradition of the
rabbis of the day, but had
a new and innovative message. McKnight argued that Jesus took
popular
prayers and other sayings from those days and elevated them to
His level.10 Je-
sus preached the Sermon on the Mountain, and He reversed a lot
of what was
said before. He did not add a couple of points to the Law of
Moses, but He
changed it after He had fulfilled it! He gave a new command, not
a revised ver-
sion of the old commandment. Jesus was teaching with power and
conviction.
His preaching was called kerygma, proclamation! Jesus proclaimed
the euan-
gelion, the good news. Jesus was the King proclaiming His
Kingdom! He
spoke as One who had power, (Lk 4:32). His enemies declared that
no one
ever spoke like this man! (Jn 7:46).
He was not one of the masters of the day--He was The Master
teacher! When
Jesus went to Bethany, John recorded these words: The Teacher is
here and is
calling for you. In Matthew 11:28-29, Jesus called all the weary
and heavy-
laden to give them rest and learn from Me. The Master Teacher
had all the
tools available to make His message clear, but He did not use
the parables, be-
cause He had a plan when and why to introduce the parables.
Jesus preached
and taught for almost two years before He introduced the
parables in His teach-
ing. During the second year of His ministry, Jesus was accused
of being demon
possessed (Mt. 12:24; Mk 3:22). The leaders of Israel inferred
that He was
working with Beelzebub and not with Gods power as He claimed. At
that point,
Jesus pronounced the danger of the unforgivable sin (Mt.
12:30-31). It was a
very dramatic moment in the history of Israel. The nation of
Israels leaders re-
fused to follow Jesus, and they rejected Him from the days of
His coming into the
world (Mt. 2:16-23), but this moment was different. The leaders
of Israel
crossed a line of no-return! Jesus offered them the Kingdom for
which they were
waiting, but they were rejecting the King, and thus they
rejected the Kingdom.
The people of Israel had the opportunity to have the reality of
Gods Kingdom,
but they did not believe Jesus and His claims. Jesus loved the
people of Israel
and made it clear that His message was for the lost sheep of the
people of Is-
10
Scott McKnight, The Jesus Creed. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press,
2004), 17-20.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
28
He was no
longer offering
the Kingdom to
that
generation.
rael, (Mt. 15:24). He did not want to take the bread from the
children and give it
to the dogs! He wanted the children of Israel to eat the Bread
that came from
heaven, but they left Him, (Jn 6:66). He came to His own, but
they received Him
not! When it was clear that Israel rejected Him and His Kingdom,
Jesus turned
to speak in parables because while seeing they do not see, and
while hearing
they do not hear, no do they understand (Mt. 13:13).
After Jesus was accused of being empowered by Beelzebub, Jesus
started to
use the parables. Although it can be argued that it was a change
in style, the
context demonstrates that was more than that. It was a change
the the
essence of His treaching. The parables can be a literrary
device
to help someone to understand a message, but
Jesus introduced the parables not to make it
easier for the people of Israel to understand His
message, but to make it harder! It is clear that
Jesus did not use the parables like other
teachers were using them. He declared His
purpose in teaching with parables. He wanted
the generation that rejected Him to be blind and deaf
to His teachings. It seems clear that Jesus shifted His
focus from the people of Israel to His disciples, and to the
future
eclessia, or to a generation that will bring fruit. The Kingdom
that was promised
to the people of Israel was postoponed. Jesus was aware that His
own people
rejected Him and His message. Not long after the the parables
became His main
style of teaching, Jesus announced the eklessia (Mt. 16:18). For
the present
age, the Church will carry Gods program, not the Kingdom. The
Kingdom will be
repesented as a spiritual reality in the lives of those who
receive Jesus as Lord.
The Apostle John devoted half of his Gospel describing the last
week of Jesus
life before His death and resurrection. There is a consensus
among the NT
commentators that Jesus discussions in the Gospel of John were
private,
designatged for His disciples only. He was no longer offering
the Kingdom to
that generation. Even the parables of His last week, before the
crucifixion, (Mt.
21-22) although they touched on the national rejection of His
kingship, did not
offer the nation of Israel as a whole the possiblity of
returning to Jesus. Why did
Jesus teach with parables during this time? Kistemaker argued
that Jesus used
the parables as a literary device in order to "communicate the
message of salva-
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
29
tion in a clear and simple manner."11 There is no doubt that
this can be a normal
sense of someone using the parables, but Jesus did not give this
answer to His
disciples. Jesus gave this answer to His disciples: I am
teaching with parables
to conceal my teachings from those outside (Mk 4:10-12), and to
reveal and illus-
trate My message to you, My followers.
Robert Stein has a masterful chapter on The Parables of Jesus in
which he
sets forth three reasons: (1) to conceal His teaching from those
outside (cf. Mk
4:1012; Mt. 11:2527); (2) to illustrate and reveal His message
to His followers
(Mk 4:34); and (3) to disarm His listeners (12:111; Lk 15:12).12
It is true that a
parable disarms the listener, but Jesus was not looking for
dramatic effects to His
presentation. He proclaimed the Kingdom with the authority of
the King! Jesus
came to His own (Jn 1:11-12), but His own received Him not. Once
the Light
came into the world, the world loved darkness more than the
Light (Jn 3:19).
Parables withdrew the light from those who loved darkness. They
protected the
truth which they enshrined from the mockery of the scoffer. They
reveal, on the
other hand, a message to seekers after the truth. Although the
parables can
help any communicator to convey his message much more easily,
because they
attract and, when fully understood, are sure to be remembered,
Jesus did not
use them for this reason. Parables greatly help the mind and
thinking faculty;
they are a great help to memory. Also, parables stir up, or
excite the affections,
and awaken consciences, and arrest and hold attention. Parables
preserve the
truth that was communicated.
Jesus employed a variety of creative methods such as
overstatement (Mk 5:29
30); proverb (6:4); paradox (12:4144); irony (Mt 16:23);
hyperbole (23:2324);
riddle (11:12); simile (Lk 13:34); pun (Mt16:18); allusion (Jn
2:19); and metaphor
(Lk 13:32).
Locyer listed Finis Dakes seven beneficial reasons for using
parables:
1. To reveal truth in interesting form and create more interest
(Mt 13:10-11;
16)
2. To make known new truths to interested hearers (Mt 13:11-12;
16-17)
11
Simon Kistemaker, The Parables of Jesus. (Grand Rapids: Baker
Book House, 1980), xviii.
12
Stein, 35.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
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30
The parables of
Jesus may have
had the effect
of hardening
the unbeliever
.
3. To make known mysteries by comparison with things already
known (Mt
13:11)
4. To conceal truth from disinterested hearers and rebel heart
(Mt 13:11-15)
5. To add truth to those who love it and want more of it (Mt
13:12)
6. To take away from those who hate and do not want it (Mt
13:12)
7. To fulfill prophecy (Mt 13:14, 17, 35).13
Although the parables help the listener to more easily
under-
stand a concept or a new thing, Jesus did not introduce the
parables for this reason. In fact, this author believes that
Jesus did not use parables in His early ministry, until the
dramatic moment in Matthew 13 or Mark 4.
The initial five of these special parables about the King-
dom (four in Matthew 13 and one in Mark 4) were ad-
dressed primarily to the general public in Israel, not to
the
disciples. The stated purpose of these parables was about
the "mysteries of the kingdom of heaven." It is good to remember
that ordinarily,
the use of such similes and comparisons was intended to aid in
the understand-
ing of something (Lk 6:39). But the parables about the mysteries
of the Kingdom
were not primarily so intended. On the contrary, we are told by
the Lord Himself,
their purpose was to hide rather than to reveal.
In reply to the disciples' question as to why He spoke to the
multitudes in par-
ables, the Lord explained that it was "Because...to them it is
not given to know
the mysteries of the kingdom (Mt 13:10-11). The Kingdom parables
must be re-
garded as a divine judgment upon the nation of Israel. They
refused the simple
announcement of the Kingdom, and because of their refusal, God
spoke in such
a way that they could not understand, (Is 6:9-10). When Israel
rejected Jesus
and did not want Him to rule over them, Jesus turned to the
parables to hide his
message from them. Until His ascension, Jesus did not offer the
Kingdom again
to His generation. His generation was locked in unbelief. But,
the mystery par-
ables of the Kingdom had also a beneficent purpose (Mt
13:51-52). For the dis-
13
Herbert, Lockyer, All the Parables of the Bible (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan Publishing
House, 1963), 17-18.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
31
ciples of Jesus, the parables had the effect of revealing the
mystery of the King-
dom. Each parable illustrates what the Kingdom was like and how
the Kingdom
can be received. Some have found Mark 4:1012 very difficult to
understand,
for it seems to suggest that Jesus purpose in the parables was
not to enlighten
the unenlightened, but that the unbeliever might become hardened
in his unbe-
lief. It is possible, however, that what seems to be a clause of
purpose in Mark.
4:12 is in fact a clause of consequence (also Mt. 13:13). The
parables of Jesus
may have the effect of hardening the unbeliever, just as Isaiah
prophesied with
regard to the effects of preaching the Word of God. The truth is
that Jesus par-
ables are unique. The parables of other teachers can to some
extent be sepa-
rated from the teachers themselves, but Jesus and His parables
are inseparable.
To fail to understand Him is to fail to understand His parables.
For those outside
everything is in parables (Mk 4:11); the whole of Jesus
ministry, not merely the
parables, remains on the level of earthly stories and portents
devoid of any
deeper significance. Here parables have virtually come to mean
riddles. It is,
therefore, possible for men to decline the invitation to
understanding and com-
mitment found in the parables, and in them Isaiahs prophecy (Is.
6:9f.) is fulfilled
(cf. Jn 12:40 where the same prophecy is cited with reference to
the disbelief of
the Jews in the face of Jesus mighty works).14
It is clear that Jesus used parables as way of communicating
Gods truth and that
He taught with parables with a clear purpose in mind, to reveal
and conceal!
The Kingdom was taken away from that generation (Rom 9:10-11),
until they will
see coming again to rule on this earth (Rv. 19:11-16). Paul the
Apostle insisted
that because of Israel's hardened attitude the message of "God's
salvation" has
been sent directly to Gentiles where it would find a positive
response. In Acts
28:28, Paul documented this point by quoting Isaiah 6:9-10. In
quoting this
prophecy, Paul was not just explaining Israel's stubbornness; he
stressed it fur-
ther by showing that in the providence of God, redemption was
now being offered
directly to Gentiles and they were responding. Jesus turned to
the parables at
the moment when the Kingdom was taken from that generation and
offered to the
Church.
14
Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H. New Bible Dictionary (3rd
ed.) (Leicester, England;
Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1996), 869.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
32
Bibliography of Sources Consulted
Batey, A. Richard. ed. New Testament Issues. New York: Harper
and Row, 1970.
Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich. An English-Greek Lexicon of the NT and
Other Early
Christian
Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1975.
Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Wm. B.
Eerdmans Pub-
lishing Company, 1939.
Biblical Studies Press. (2005; 2005). The NET Bible First
Edition (Noteless); Bi-
ble. English. NET Bible (Noteless). Biblical Studies Press.
Blomberg, Craig. Interpreting the Parables. Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity
Press, 1989.
Brown, Colin. Miracles and the Critical Mind. Grand Rapids: Wm.
B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, 1984.
Brown Francis, S.R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of
the Old Tes-
tament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906, 1951.
Elwell, W. A., & Comfort, P. W. (2001). Tyndale Bible
Dictionary. Tyndale refer-
ence library (703). Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers.
Erickson, J. Millard. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker
Book House,
1983.
Green, J. B., McKnight, S., & Marshall, I. H. Dictionary of
Jesus and the Gospels
(591). Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1992.
Hunter, H, Archibald. Interpreting the Parables. London:SCM;
Philadephia,
Westminster, 1980.
Kistemaker, Simon. The Parables of Jesus. Grand Rapids: Baker
Book House,
1980, 1989.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
33
Lockyer, Herbert. All the Parables of the Bible. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan Pub-
lishing House, 1963.
McClain, J. Alva. The Greatness of the Kingdom. Winona Lake, IN:
BMH Books,
1959.
McKnight, Scott. The Jesus Creed. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press,
2004.
Merriam-Webster, I. (2003). Merriam-Webster's collegiate
dictionary. (Eleventh
ed.). Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc.. , s.v.
Parable.
Stein, Robert. An Introduction to the Parables of Jesus.
Philadelphia: Westmin-
ster, 1981.
Walvoord, J. F., Zuck, R. B., & Dallas Theological Seminary.
The Bible Knowl-
edge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures. Wheaton, IL:
Victor
Books, 1983.
Wenham, David. The Parables of Jesus. Downers Grove, IL: IVP,
1989.
Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H. New Bible Dictionary (3rd
ed.) Leicester, Eng-
land; Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1996.
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
34
The Purpose of the Parable
Of the Good Samaritan
By Hal M. Haller, Jr., Th. M., M. Ln.
Librarian
Assistant Professor of Bible and Theology
The parable of the Good Samaritan is one of Jesus best known
parables, but
may not be among the best understood so far as its purpose is
concerned. In the
popular understanding, in particular, the parable is a practical
lesson about dem-
onstrating boundless compassion for others. The parable is
usually thought to
exhibit an edifying example of how we are to love our neighbor
sacrificially.
While there is great value for the Christian in studying it for
this purpose, it is not
the immediate purpose of the parable in its context.
In more scholarly circles, it is usually recognized that there
is a theological pur-
pose that is served by its inclusion in Jesus teaching. This
article will seek to
disclose that purpose from the parables relationship to its
immediate context,1 its
relationship with other related passages, and its relationship
with some central
soteriological concepts involving law and grace. Lastly, the
article will consider
briefly alternative explanations for the purpose of the passage
and a critique of-
fered.
Development of the Parable in Context vss. 10:25-37
The outline of the parable may be described as the setting of
the parable, the tell-
ing of the parable, and the application of the parable. Each
sequence is inti-
mately related, progressively building on each prior component.
In its entire de-
velopment Jesus is skillfully taking a person who has challenged
Him to a suc-
cessfully argued and acknowledged conclusion.
1 Some scholars have broken Luke 10:25-37 into two separate
pericopes (10: 25-28 and
10:29-37) that were juxtaposed by a redactor; it is not one
literary unit that reflects an extended conversation with the
lawyer on one particular occasion. The unity is allegedly
artificial. See for instance, Rudolph Bultmann, The History of the
Synoptic Tradition, rev ed., trans John Marsh (Peabody, MA:
Hendrickson, 1963, p. 178. This article assumes the unity of this
section. See H. Wayne House for a defense of that unity in The
Parable of the Good Samaritan: Implications for the Euthanasia
Debate Issues in Law and Medicine 159 (Fall 1995), pp. 2-4.
http://www.hwhouse.com/files/writings/articles/uploads/parable%20of%20good%20samaritan.pdf
(web site: Last accessed November 18, 2009)
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Journal of Biblical Ministry
Spring
2010
35
The setting of the parable shows how Jesus is approached by one
wishing to test
Him on a theological question. Jesus, in turn, turns the
conversation around so
that the questioner himself is tested and found wanting.
The Setting of the Parable: The Inquiry
Regarding Eternal Life vss. 10:25-28
25And behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tested2 Him, saying,
Teacher,
what shall I do to inherit3 eternal life? 26He said to him, What
is written in
the law? What is your reading of it? 27So he answered and said,
You shall
love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul,
with all your
strength, and with all your mind,4 and your neighbor as
yourself.5 28And
He said to him, You have answered rightly; do this and you will
live.6
2 The Greek word, ekpeirazw, is used here. It is the word
meaning to put to the test. It
is used four times in the New Testament. The same word is used
elsewhere of Satan testing God in the temptation of Jesus in the
wilderness or of believers testing Christ (Matt. 4:7; Luke 4:12; I
Cor. 10:9). The word suggests that the lawyer was not predisposed
to receive truth, but to debate it. Furthermore, its aim seems to
be that of entrapment. His desire then was to put Jesus on the spot
before His hearers. The purpose would, no doubt, be to discredit
Him by making himself look wiser than Jesus. This rules out the
sincerity of the lawyers motive.
3 The word, inherit, can mean something that is free or
something that is merited. See
Joseph Dillow, The Reign of the Servant Kings. Miami Spring, FL:
Schoettle Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 43-110 for examples of these
uses. In footnote 17 on page 64 he states, The parallel passages,
Lk. 10:25 and 18:18, also demonstrate the kleronomeo can include
the idea of merit.
4 This quote from Deuteronomy 6:5 refers to the requirement for
the absolute love of
Yahweh in a total personal response. Joseph A. Fitzmyer. The
Gospel According to Luke X-XXIV. Garden City, NY: Doubleday &
Co., 1985, p. 878. The term for love is the Hebrew word, `ahab.
When `ahab is used of a persons love for God in Deuteronomy, it is
virtually synony-mous with obedience (Deut. 11:1, 18-22; 13:4-5).
J. Carl Laney. God. Nashville: Word, p. 192. Cf. Jn. 14:15.
5 This appeal