-
http://jtc.sagepub.com/Composite Materials
Journal of Thermoplastic
http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/25/1/45The online version of this
article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0892705711404726June 2011
2012 25: 45 originally published online 13Journal of
Thermoplastic Composite MaterialsA.I. Mustafa
R.A. Khan, M.A. Khan, H.U. Zaman, F. Parvin, T. Islam, F. Nigar,
R. Islam, S. Saha andComposite
Fabrication and Characterization of Jute Fabric-Reinforced
PVC-based
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
at: can be foundJournal of Thermoplastic Composite
MaterialsAdditional services and information for
http://jtc.sagepub.com/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts:
http://jtc.sagepub.com/subscriptionsSubscriptions:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.navReprints:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navPermissions:
http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/25/1/45.refs.htmlCitations:
What is This?
- Jun 13, 2011 OnlineFirst Version of Record
- Feb 15, 2012Version of Record >>
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
Fabrication and Characterizationof Jute
Fabric-ReinforcedPVC-based Composite
Ruhul A. Khan,* Mubarak A. Khan, Haydar U. Zaman andFahmida
Parvin
Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of
NuclearScience and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy
Commission,
GPO Box: 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Towhidul Islam, Farah Nigar, Rafiqul Islam, Suvasree Sahaand
A.I. Mustafa
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Universityof Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT: Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) basedcomposites were prepared by compression
molding. Jute content varied from4060wt% in the composites. Four
layers of jute fabrics were compression moldedwith five layers of
PVC. It was found that the composite containing 40% jute
fabricsshowed the best performance. The values of tensile strength
(TS), bending strength(BS), tensile modulus (TM), and bending
modulus (BM) of the composite (40wt%jute fabrics) were found to be
59.3MPa, 62.6MPa, 1.3GPa, and 3.2GPa,respectively. The values of TS
and BS were improved to 77% and 46%, respectively,compared to the
matrix material PVC. Scanning electron microscopic analysis
wascarried out to investigate the interfacial properties of the
composites. Degradationtests of the composites (up to 6 months)
were performed in soil medium and showedpartial degradation
nature.
KEY WORDS: polyvinyl chloride, natural fiber, composites, jute,
compressionmolding.
Journal of THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Vol. 25February
2012 45
0892-7057/12/01 4514 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/0892705711404726 The
Author(s), 2011. Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail:
[email protected] 1 appears in color online
http://jtc.sagepub.com
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH ON POLYMER and composite materials gained a
significantattention due to their versatile applications in many
fields. Early workson composites focused mostly on the synthetic
matrix and reinforcement[13]. The synthetic materials are
undoubtedly good in mechanical proper-ties and durability. But they
are not biodegradable and cause environmentalpollution. Therefore,
an attention is focused to invent environment-friendlycomposite
materials to replace synthetic composite [4,5]. Unfortunately,fully
biodegradable composites have not enough
thermo-mechanicalproperties compared to that of the synthetic
fiber-reinforced composites[68]. In this investigation, jute
fabrics (hessian cloth) are used as reinforcingagent and PVC as the
matrix material. Jute fabrics are made of jute fibers.Jute is a
natural biodegradable fiber but PVC is not biodegradable.
Jute-reinforced PVC-based composite is partially degradable-type
compositeswhich can compete with synthetic fiber-based composite
materials. Jute is avery cheap and lightweight natural. So, to
fabricate partially degradable-type low-cost and lightweight
composite, jute fabrics were selected. Jute hasthree principal
constituents, namely a-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.The
architecture of jute fabrics (hessian cloth or burlap) is shown
inFigure 1. Interest in using natural fibers as reinforcement in
polymer matrixas partial replacement of synthetic fibers has grown
significantly during thelast decade because of their low cost,
low-abrasive nature and low density,biodegradability, and
recyclable nature [911]. This leads to advantages withregard to
technical, material recycling, or process of composite materials
ingeneral. When they are subjected to a combustion process or
landfill at theend of their life cycle, the released amount of CO2
of the fibers is neutralwith respect to the assimilated amount
during their growth. Therefore,scientists found natural fibers as a
potential candidate for applications inconsumer goods, low-cost
housing and automotive interior components,and many others. Natural
fiber composite is of great demand in the wholeworld for
environmental and ecological concerns [1216]. Among all
naturalfibers, jute appears to be a promising material due to its
low cost,nonabrasive nature, low density, high strength, and
modulus than plasticand is commercially available in tropical
countries. Jute composites can thusensure a very effective and
value-added application avenue for the naturalfiber. It can be very
cost-effective material especially for building andconstruction
industry (panels, false ceilings, partition boards,
etc.),packaging, automobile and railway coach interiors, and
storage
46 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
devices [1721]. Thermoplastic matrix materials are the most
importantparts of a composite. PVC is a thermoplastic polymer and
widely used as anengineering material because it possesses several
vital and useful properties.It is inexpensive, durable, and
flexible. It is a very popular material and hasmany and varied uses
within industry and fabrication applications.Throughout the world,
above 50% of PVC manufactured is used in thefield of construction.
There are several reasons why PVC has the broadestrange of
application and its use has grown more rapidly than other
plastics[2226]. It is because PVC is easy to fabricate and it can
last for long time.PVC has outstanding chemical resistance to a
wide range of corrosive fluidsand offers more strength and rigidity
than most of the other thermoplastics.It is a nonpolar and has a
low permeability to gases. PVC exhibits greatertensile strength
(TS) and high softening temperature (1558C). Its
intrinsicproperties make it demanding and suitable for numerous
applications[2732]. The objective of this research work was to
study the mechanical anddegradation properties of jute
fabric-reinforced PVC-based partiallybiodegradable composites.
Figure 1. Architecture of jute fabrics (hessian cloth or
burlap).
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 47
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Hessian cloth (unbleached commercial grade, made of Tossa Jute)
wascollected from Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI),
Dhaka,Bangladesh. The architecture of hessian cloth is shown in
Figure 1.Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets were purchased from
Polyolefin CompanyLtd., Singapore.
Composites Fabrication
The PVC sheets were cut into small pieces (15 12 cm2) and kept
in thedesiccator until composite fabrication. Jute fabrics were
dried in an oven at1058C for 1 h and then cut into small pieces of
dimension 15 12 cm2.Composites were prepared by sandwiching four
layers of jute fabricsbetween five sheets of PVC and then the
sandwich construction was heatpressed at 1908C (above the melting
point of PVC) for 5min between twosteel plates using heat press
(Carver Laboratory, USA Model 3856) under apressure of 5 tons.
Then, composite containing steel plates was cooled toroom
temperature using another press (same model) and then cut to
thedesired size for testing.
Mechanical Properties of the Composites
The mechanical properties such as TS, bending strength (BS),
tensilemodulus (TM), and bending modulus (BM) were determined for
thecomposites according to DIN 53455 and DIN 53452 standard methods
by auniversal testing machine (INSTRON 1011) with a gauze length of
20mm.The impact strength (IS) was measured using impact tester
(MT-3016)according to DIN EN IS0 179 standard in the flat wise,
un-notched mode.Hardness was determined by HPE Shore-A Hardness
Tester (model 60578,Germany). All the results were taken as the
average values of 10 samples.
Soil Degradation Tests of the Composites
Composite samples were buried in soil (having at least 25%
moisture) fordifferent periods of time. After a certain period,
samples were withdrawncarefully, washed with distilled water, and
dried at 1058C for 6 h and kept atroom temperature for 24 h and
then measured for their mechanicalproperties.
48 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparative Studies of the Mechanical Properties of the
Composites
Jute fabric-reinforced PVC matrix composites (20, 40, and 60wt%
jute)were prepared and the mechanical properties were evaluated.
Themechanical properties such as tensile, bending, impact, and
hardness ofthe PVC sheet were investigated and the values are
represented in Table 1.TS, BS, TM, BM, elongation at break (Eb%),
IS, and hardness of the PVCsheet are found to be 33.4MPa, 42.8MPa,
0.681GPa, 0.801GPa, 15.8%,4.94 kJ/m2, and 98 Shore-A, respectively.
The mechanical properties of thejute/PVC composites as a function
of jute fabrics were measured. The valuesof TS and BS of the
composites with regards to percentages (%) of jutecontent in the
composites are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. It was
Figure 2. TS of composites against jute content in PVC.
Table 1. TS, BS, IS, and hardness of PVC sheet.
Materials TS (MPa) BS (MPa) IS (kJ/m2) Hardness (Shore A)
PVC sheet 33.47 42.8 4.94 980.5
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 49
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
observed that the values of TS and BS of composites were
increased linearlywith the increase in jute fabrics to 40%, as at
this level, the density of thefibers is just right for maximum
orientation and the fibers activelyparticipate in uniform stress
transfer from the continuous polymer matrixto the dispersed fiber
phase. At lower levels of fiber content, the compositeshows poor
mechanical properties due to poor fiber population and low-load
transfer capacity to one another. As a result, stress gets
accumulated atcertain points of the composites and highly localized
strains occur in thematrix. However, beyond 40% of fiber content,
there was a notablereduction in mechanical properties of
composites. High levels of jute contentlead to agglomeration within
the matrix and nonuniform stress transfertakes place. This implies
poor fibermatrix adhesion, which promotesmicro-crack formation at
the interface and the resulting composite propertyis again found to
decrease [33]. The values of TS and BS are found to be 59.3and
62.6MPa, respectively, for 40% jute-containing composite which
gained77.17% and 46.26% increase in TS and BS, respectively, than
those of PVCmatrix. TSs of 20% and 60% jute-containing composites
are found to be39.83 and 51.13MPa, respectively, while BS values of
these are found to be48.1 and 54.8MPa, respectively. A similar
improvement in the TM and BMwas also observed in Figures 4 and 5,
respectively. It was found that bothTM and BM showed continuously
increasing trends from 20% to 40% jute
Figure 3. BS of composites against jute content in PVC.
50 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
Figure 4. TM of composites against jute content in PVC.
Figure 5. BM of composites against jute content in PVC.
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 51
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
content in polymer matrix further increasing of jute content
decreased thevalues. Composite containing 40% jute showed 99.41%
and 299.5% higherTM and BM than those of PVC sheet, respectively,
and the values are foundto be 1358 and 3200MPa, respectively. For
20 and 60% jute-containingcomposites, the values of TM were found
to be 972 and 657MPa. On theother hand, the values of BM showed
1900 and 2800MPa, respectively.The incorporation of jute into PVC
matrix has resulted in reduction of theelongation at break which is
represented in the Figure 6. The percentage ofelongation at break
(Eb%) of the composites was decreased with increasingjute content
in composites because of low Eb% of the fibers compared toPVC. The
values of Eb% were found to be 15.8, 13.6, 11.2, and 9.7 for
PVCsheet, 20%, 40%, and 60% jute-containing composites,
respectively. FromFigure 7, it was found that IS values gradually
increased with increasing jutecontent in composites up to 40% and
the value is 21.67 kJ/m2 and thendecreased whereas only 4.94 kJ/m2
is found for PVC sheet. Hardness of thecomposites is represented in
Table 2. Shore-A hardness of the compositesindicated that due to
incorporation of jute fibers inside PVC, the hardness ofthe
composite did not reduce but had almost similar properties. From
thisinvestigation, it is clear that jute composites gained huge
mechanicalproperties over the matrix material and thus indicated
good fiber matrix
Figure 6. Variation of elongation at break with jute fiber
content in composites.
52 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
adhesion. The interface of the composites was investigated by
scanningelectron microscope (SEM). The SEM micrographs of (A) 40%
and (B)60% jute fabric-reinforced PVC-based composites are
presented in Figure 8.It is clear that for 40% jute/PVC composites
(Figure 8(a)), fibers (from jutefabrics) are distributed properly
but for higher percentage (60% jute) offibers in composite (Figure
8(b)), a clear distinction between matrix (PVC)and reinforcing
agent (jute fabrics) is found. At higher percentage of jute,the
matrix PVC is not good enough to cover all fibers of jute fabrics
thuslowering the mechanical properties. This investigation was
carried out basedon the macroscopic point of view of the
composite.
Figure 7. IS of composites against jute content in PVC.
Table 2. Hardness of composites.
Materials Hardness (Shore A)
20% jute fiber/PVC composite 980.540% jute fiber/PVC composite
990.560% jute fiber/PVC composite 980.5
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 53
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
Relative Degradation of the Mechanical Properties of the
Composites
Degradation tests of the composites were performed in soil at
ambientconditions for up to 24 weeks. Figure 9 shows the effect of
degradation time
Figure 9. Variation of TS and BS with soil degradation time of
composite containing 40% jutecontent.
Figure 8. Scanning electron microscopic images of the interface
of (a) 40% and (b) 60%jute fabric-reinforced PVC-based
composites.
54 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
on TS and BS of the composites. From the test results, it was
observed thatboth TS and BS decreased slowly with time. After 24
weeks of soildegradation, the losses of TS and BS values for 40%
jute-containingcomposite are found to be 15% and 17%, respectively.
Similarly, TM andBM values were also decreased over degradation
time and the results aredepicted in Figure 10. It is found that
after 24 weeks, the losses of TM andBM values are 20.47% and
25.84%, respectively, for 40% jute-containingcomposite. When
buried, microbial degradation takes place as well as watermay enter
from the edges of the composites and thus degrade the fibersslowly
inside the composite, as a result, the mechanical properties of
thecomposites were decreased significantly.
CONCLUSION
Hessian cloth (jute fabrics) reinforced PVC matrix-based
composites(2060 wt% fiber) were prepared by compression molding and
themechanical properties were evaluated. It was observed that
incorporationof jute in PVC matrix, the mechanical properties of
the compositesimproved. The best mechanical properties of the
composites were found for
Figure 10. Variation of TM and BM with soil degradation time of
the composite containing40% jute.
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 55
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
40% jute-containing PVC (60%) based composites. An increase of
77% and46% in TS and BS was observed with 40% jute
fabric-reinforced compositeas compared with the PVC matrix, which
indicated the potentiality ofhessian cloth as reinforcing agent.
Degradation tests in soil mediumindicated that jute fabrics/PVC
composites are partially degradable-typecomposite with advantages
including low-cost natural fiber.
REFERENCES
1. Khan, R.A., Khan, M.A., Sultana, S., Khan, Md. N., Shubhra,
T.H. and Noor, F.G.Mechanical, Degradation and Interfacial
Properties of Synthetic Degradable FiberReinforced Polypropylene
Composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites,29:
466476.
2. Khan, R.A., Parsons, A.J., Jones, I.A., Walker, G.S. and
Rudd, C.D. (2009). Preparationand Characterization of Phosphate
Glass Fibers and Fabrication of Poly(caprolactone)Matrix Resorbable
Composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites,
29(12):18381850.
3. Cameron, N.M. (1968). The Effect of Environment and
Temperature on the Strength ofE-glass Fibers. Part 1: High Vacuum
and Low Temperature, Glass Technology, 9(1): 1421.
4. Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. and Hinrichsen, G. (2000).
Biofibers, Biodegradable Polymersand Biocomposites: An Overview,
Journal of Macromolecular Material Engineering, 276/277: 124.
5. Wambua, P., Ivan, J. and Verport, I. (2003). Natural Fibers:
Can They Replace Glass inFiber Reinforced Plastics, Journal of
Composite Science and Technology, 63: 12591264.
6. Khan, M.A., Ghoshal, S., Khan, R.A., Pervin, S.-A. and
Mustafa, A.I. (2008). Preparationand Characterization of Jute Fiber
Reinforced Shellac Biocomposites: Effect of Additive,Journal of
Chemistry and the Chemical Technology, 2(3): 231234.
7. Khan, R.A., Haque, M.E., Khan, M.A., Zaman, H.U. and Fatema
Mohamad AsriAhmad, K.J. (2010). Studies on the Relative Degradation
and Interfacial PropertiesBetween Jute/Polypropylene and
Jute/Natural Rubber Composites, Journal of ThermoPlastics Composite
Materials, 25(5): 665681.
8. Islam, T., Khan, R.A., Khan, M.A., Arifur Rahman, Md.,
Fernandez-Lahore, M., Huque,Q.M.I. and Islam, R. (2009).
Physico-Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Gamma-Irradiated
Biocomposites of Jute Fabric-Reinforced Poly(caprolactone), Polymer
PlasticTechnology and Engineering, 48: 12031210.
9. Khan, R.A., Khan, M.A., Zaman, H.U., Khan, Md. N., Sultana,
S., Saha, M. andMustafa, A.I. (2009). Comparative Studies of
Mechanical and Interfacial PropertiesBetween Jute and E-glass
Fiber-reinforced Polypropylene Composites, Journal ofReinforced
Plastics and Composites, 29(7): 10781088.
10. Mishra, S., Mohanty, A.K., Drzal, L.T., Misra, M., Parija,
S., Nayak, S.K. and Tripathy,S.S. (2003). Studies on Mechanical
Performance of Biofibre/Glass Reinforced PolyesterHybrid
Composites, Composites Science and Technology, 63: 13771385.
11. Kafi, A.A., Abedin, M.Z., Beg, M.D.H., Pickering K.L. and
Khan, M.A. (2006). Study onthe Mechanical Properties of Jute/Glass
Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester HybridComposite: Effect of
Surface Modification by Ultraviolet Radiation, Journal of
ReinforcedPlastics and Composites, 25(6): 575588.
12. Luo, S. and Netravali, A.N. (1999). Interfacial and
Mechanical Properties of EnvironmentFriendly Green Composites Made
from Pineapple Fibers and Poly (hydroxybutyrateCo-Valerate) Resin,
Journal of Material Science, 34: 37093719.
56 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
13. Bledzki, A.K. and Gassan, J. (1999). Composites Reinforced
with Cellulose Based Fibers,Journal of Progress in Polymer Science,
24: 221274. Materials, Polymer Degradation andStability, 59(13):
251261.
14. Shibata, M., Takachiyo, K., Ozawa, K., Yosomiya, R. and
Takeishi, H. (2002).Biodegradable Polyester Composites Reinforced
with Short Abaca Fiber, Journal ofApplied Polymer Science, 85:
129138.
15. Mohanty, A., Misra, M., Drzal, L., Selke, S., Harte, B. and
Hinrichsen, G. (2005). NaturalFibers, Biopolymers, and
Biocomposites: An Introduction, In: Mohanti, A., Misra, M.
andDrzal, L. (eds), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites,
pp. 136, Taylor & FrancisInc, New York.
16. Saheb, D.N. and Jog, J. (1999). Natural Fiber Polymer
Composites: A Review, AdvancedPolymer Technology, 18(4):
351363.
17. Mohanti, A.K. and Mishra, M. (1995). Studies on Jute
CompositesA Literature Review,Polymer Plastic Technology and
Engineering, 34(5): 729792.
18. Munikenche, G.T., Naidu, A.C.B. and Rajput, C. (1999). Some
Mechanical Properties ofUntreated Jute Fabric Reinforced Polyester
Composites, Composites Part A: AppliedScience and Manufacturing,
30(3): 277284.
19. Roe, P.J. and Ansell, M.P. (1985). Jute Reinforced Polyester
Composites, Journal ofMaterial Science, 20(11): 40154020.
20. Zaman, H.U., Khan, A.H., Hossain, A.H., Khan, M.A. and Khan,
R.A. (2009).Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Jute Fabrics
Reinforced Polyethylene/Polypropylene Composites: Role of Gamma
Radiation, Polymer Plastics Technology andEngineering, 48:
760766.
21. Khan, M.A., Haque, N., Kafi, A.A., Alam, M.N. and Abedin,
M.Z. (2006). JuteReinforced Polymer Composite by Gamma Radiation:
Effect of Surface Treatment withUV Radiation, Polymer Plastics
Technology and Engineering, 45(5): 607613.
22. Chen, C.H., Li, H.C., Teng, C.C. and Yang, C.H. (2006).
Fusion, Electrical Conductivity,Thermal and Mechanical Properties
of Rigid Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/Carbon Black(CB) Composites,
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99: 21672173.
23. Sun, S., Li, C., Zhang, L. and Du, H.L. (2006). Interfacial
Structure and MechanicalProperties of PVC Composites Reinforced by
CaCO3 With Different Particle Sizes andSurface Treatment, Polymer
International, 55: 158164.
24. Jiang, H. and Kamdem, D. (2004). Development of Poly (vinyl
chloride)/WoodComposites. A Literature Review, Journal of Vinyl and
Additive Technology, 10(2): 5969.
25. Jiang, H. and Kamdem, D. (2004). Effects of Copper Amine
Treatment on MechanicalProperties of PVC/Wood-Flour Composites,
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology,10(2): 7078.
26. Kamel, S. (2004). Preparation and Properties of Composites
Made from Rice Straw andPoly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), Polymers for
Advanced Technologies, 15: 612616.
27. Khan, R.A., Khan, M.A., Zaman, H.U., Nigar, F., Islam, T.
and Mustafa, A.I. (2010).Effect of the Incorporation of PVC on the
Mechanical Properties of the Jute ReinforcedLLDPE Composite,
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering, 49(7): 707712.
28. Uddin, M.K., Khan, M.A. and Ali, K.M.I. (1997). Degradable
Jute Plastic Composites,Polymer Degradation and Stability, 55(11):
17.
29. Shah, A.N. and Lakkad, S.C. (1981). Mechanical Properties of
Jute Reinforced Plastic,Fiber Science and Technology, 15: 4146.
30. Karmaker, A.C. and Hinrichen, G. (1991). Processing and
Characterization of Jute FiberReinforced Thermoplastic Polymers,
Polymer Plastic Technology and Engineering, 30(56):609629.
31. Wirawan, R., Zainudin, E.S. and Sapuan, S.M. (2009).
Mechanical Properties of NaturalFibre Reinforced PVC Composites: A
Review, Sains Malaysiana, 38(4): 531535.
Jute Fabric-Reinforced PVC-based Composite 57
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from
-
32. Zheng, Yy.-T., Cao, D.-R., Wang, D.-S. and Chen, J.-J.
(2007). Study on the InterfaceModification of Bagasse Fibre and the
Mechanical Properties of its Composite with PVC,Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38: 2025.
33. Idicula, M. and Thomas, S. (2004). Effect of Fibre Loading
and Fiber Ratio on theMechanical Properties of Intimately Mixed
Banana/Sisal Hybrid Fibre ReinforcedComposites, In: 5th Global Wood
and Natural Fiber Composites Symposium, Kassel/Germany, 2728 April,
pp. 232243.
58 R. A. Khan et al.
at UNIV FED DE SAO JOAO DEL REI on June 14,
2013jtc.sagepub.comDownloaded from