JOURNAL OF GENETICS: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

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Vol. 48, No.6, December 2011 673

SRELS Journal of Information Management

Vol. 48, No. 6, December 2011, Paper BP. p.673-694

JOURNAL OF GENETICS: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

B U Kannappanavar 1 and Roopashree T N

2

The present study discusses about the information use pattern of Indian Geneticists. The study found that

journals are heavily cited as compared to other forms of documents. It is evident from the study that the

trend is towards team research. Multi authors lead over single author. United States contributes more

number of articles in this subject. Around 48% of the journals cited are from United States. It is observed

from the study that more number journals cited are of the period between 1996 and 2000 followed by 2001-

2006 and 1990-1995. Therefore it can be deduced that current literature is more important for research in

this subject field. It is observed from the study that „Genetics‟ is the most heavily cited journal followed by

„Science‟, both are from United States. The Indian journal, Journal of Genetics is in the 14th place. Literature

as old as 174 years have also been cited.

KEYWORDS/DESCRIPTORS: Bibliomertics, Genetics, Authorship pattern, Core journals

1 INTRODUCTION

Information is recognized as a vital source and the basic need for the progress of humanity and the development of a nation as a whole. It means that every piece of information should be extracted from, wherever it is available and provided to the users at the right time, in the right proportion, without delay of time. Only then, can that piece of information be put to its maximum use.

Today, with technology advances and more and more awareness for the need of progress and development, the government is taking a lot of interest in promoting research work and projects. All these activities revolve around „information‟.

Information is everywhere, we have to categorize it, organize it and at the same time let the users know about which source contains what information. Only when the research scholars know about the contents and whereabouts of information can they use it at ease, without having someone to assist them. Now days, subjects are multi-disciplinary in nature, because of which, they have become complex.

In order to provide need-based information services to their readers/users the librarians are adopting the mathematical and statistical applications to the literature. Such an application is called as „Bibliometrics‟. The basic aim of a bibliometric study is to assist the users in locating the existing information or identifying a book or any other materials, which may be of interest to him. This study has been conducted in some other disciplines but no such study has been made in the field of Genetics, hence to fill this gap the present study is undertaken with specific.

1 Librarian, Sahyadri Arts & Commerce College, B.H. Road, Shimoga 577203, Karnataka, INDIA. E-

mail: [email protected] 2 Librarian, Govt. First Grade College, Magadi 562 120, Ramanagara Dist. INDIA.

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Kannappanavar; Roopashree

674 SRELS Jl. Info. Manage.

2 GENETICS

The science of heredity or genetics is the study of two contradictory aspects of nature:

heredity and variation. The process of transmission of characters from one generation to the next,

either by gametes-sperms and ova-in sexual reproduction or by the asexual reproductive bodies in

asexual reproduction, is called inheritance or heredity.

3 NEED AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Ever increasing subscription cost of learned journal, decreasing value of Indian Rupee and the stagnant library budgets are some of the major factors that have compelled our libraries to reduce their collection of journals to very minimum level. This has directly and indirectly been affecting the academic and research work in our country.

In such a situation, certain challenges have arisen before the library management to overcome the fund crunch without compromising the quality and quantity of reading materials to the users and to provide relevant information to researcher.

In order to overcome the above problems library has to build a good collection of periodicals relevant to user needs. For the purpose of collection building in context of periodicals a „Bibliometric study‟ is a very useful tool. Hence the present bibliometric study is necessitated to identify important publication particularly in the field of Genetics to help a librarian in decision making in building a collection related to Genetics.

4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

4.1 Scope

The present study is based on research, review article and research notes published during

2002-2006.

4.2 Limitation

The period of coverage is for only 5 years from 2002-2006, where it covered 15 issues of

5 volumes of Journal of Genetics;

The collection, processing and analyzing of basic data is carried out manually which may

act as barrier regarding accuracy;

The limitation is that citation analysis is not taken into account in the present study, but

occurs with the techniques employed i.e., bibliometric analysis; and

Limitation of Bradford‟s law, that is the ranking is susceptible to be influenced by sample

size area of specification is also a limitation in the present study.

5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to know how the geneticists have used the information in their

study and research. The following are the objectives of the study.

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Journal of Genetics: A Bibliometric Study

Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 675

To sketch the volume-wise distribution of contributions and to find out the average

number of contributions per volume;

To ascertain the principal bibliographic forms of literature in Genetics and the extent to

which each such form has shared the useful literature;

To find out the major periodicals reporting substantive amount of literature in Genetics

and to draw up a ranking list of most productive periodicals;

To find out the geographic distribution of significant literature which will enable to know

the major countries producing Genetics literature;

To analyse the average number of citations per volume;

To examine the nature of authorship pattern in Genetics research;

To determine year-wise distribution of research articles in the field of Genetics;

To have time span study of literature to know the literature growth; and

To identify the nature of distribution of citations by age of the cited documents and

thereby identify the relationship between age and citations

6 SOURCE PERIODICAL

„Journal of Genetics‟ is chosen as a source journal for the study. The fact that this journal is

one of the earliest known, premier, scholarly Genetics journal in India makes it a rather

interesting sample to study. It covers all areas of genetics and evolution including molecular

genetics and molecular evolution. It publishes original research papers, review articles and short

communications in the field of Genetics. Its editorial board and executive committee comprise of

eminent scientists/professors from different parts of India and abroad.

6.1 Size of the sample

Out of 85 volumes of the Journal of Genetics published so far, 5 recent volumes i.e., volume

numbers 81 to 85 (2002-2006) were taken as sample for the study.

7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

In the study, each individual article was scanned, checked, examined and tabulated for

necessary data into separate sheets. At the same time, the references appended by the respective

authors at the end of each article were also scanned, counted and tabulated with the help of

computer, where excel sheet is used to enter different elements like volume, issue number, author,

source document, place, year etc. Finally, all the collected data were recorded, compiled,

tabulated and analyzed for making observations.

8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. The ultimate goal of literature review is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the

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justification for future research in the area. It is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Literature review provides with a handy guide to a particular topic. It gives an overview or act as a stepping-stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper‟s investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers.

The purpose of a literature review is to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic and what are the strengths and weaknesses. The literature review allows the reader to be brought up to date regarding the state of research in the field and familiarizes the reader with any contrasting perspectives and viewpoints on the topic. There are good reasons for beginning a literature review before starting a research paper. These reasons include,

to see what has and has not been investigated;

to develop general explanation for observed variations in a behavior or phenomenon;

to identify potential relationships between concepts and to identify researchable

hypotheses;

to learn how others have defined and measured key concepts;

to identify data sources that other researches have used;

to develop alternative research projects; and

to discover how a research project is related to the work of others

8.1 Form-wise distribution

Scientific development in a discipline is normally traced using published literature. The literature produced by the scientists helps in understanding the information transfer process. Whereas the literature cited by them helps in planning and designing of information systems.

The preference of an intellectual form by the users of a certain discipline for publishing their contributions helps in deciding the policies regarding the indicators to be used in evaluating the productivity of the scientists. Whereas the choice of documents referred to in their contributions helps in justifying the proportion of funds allocation for acquisition of documents of a particular intellectual form in the library. Among the research community, the most common and accepted intellectual form is an article in a serial.

The serials are supposed to be the most primary and authentic channel of communication for scientific information. This is due to the fact that the nascent research is being vigorously reported in journals. Also, most of the authors now-a-days are generalizing, extending or unifying the earlier known results in the more general framework.

(Oceanographic research) study shows that the highest percentage (66%) of the citations are to the serials. Books find a second position (16.71%). The conference proceedings and technical reports are cited with very little difference in percentage (nearly 7 and 7%). Among the other

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 677

forms of references cited, highest is maps and atlases (51.08%) and lowest is patents and review items (0.24%) [1].

8.2 Year-wise distribution

(Oceanographic study) No steady growth in the number of serial publications for the total period of 30 years is noticed. There were ups and downs in the publications during this period. The reasons were as follows. The first jump of 42 serial articles in 1908 is attributed to the symposium on Indian Ocean. One of the serials had published the proceedings of this symposium, as it‟s special volume. A steady growth is noticed until 1981 except a small surge in the years 1974 and 1975. The surge may be due to an impact of several reasons during that period: change in leadership, participation in the international programmes, availability of research vessel and participation in Monsoon Experiment 1973 (MONEX‟ 73) cruises, change in the publication policy etc.

There was slop in the number of publications during 1982 to1985. Gradual decrease in the number of staff during earlier years (1981 and 1982) could be one of the major reasons. This can also be attributed to the change in leadership, and shift in the research policy of the institute and the interests of the scientists. During the same period a decrease in the number of publications in the Biological science could be attributed to the aging factor. A large number of scientists who joined IIOE during this period had crossed the age of 40 years by that time.

In short, it could be said that the increase in the number of scientists did not proportionately yield the number of contributions. The smaller groups tend to yield higher productivity. The research policies of the institute and the age of scientists largely influence the publication count. Non-serial publications do not make any significant effect on the number of contributions to the serials. Research programs with a definite aim and smaller duration yield large count on publications [1].

A study on the Bibliometric literature shows that there was a gradual increase in the number of publication from 1970-1990. 434 (28.91%) of the total citations were published during 1970-79. Bibliometrics is an emerging discipline is confirmed by the scanty publications recorded in the literature prior to 1970. It is observed that from 1980, the next stage of development-exponential growth-started. The publications during the decade 1980s is double than the previous two decades. This shows that the subject bibliometrics is in the developing stage [2].

(Studies in conservation) also revealed that there is a gradual increase in the number of publications. The articles published in 1991is same as 1992 which is the highest i.e., 21.36%. (25) out of 117 articles and lowest is 20 (17.09%) in 1988 [3].

(Tobacco research) It is observed that total papers in 1993-1997 are decreasing compared to 1987-92 period. The number of papers in 1995 and 1997 were less than the average number of papers per year (292) as 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1994 are the years of National symposia on tobacco [4].

(Defence Science) Out of 442 articles published in Defence Science Journal during 1989-98, the maximum numbers of articles i.e., 55(12.44%) were published in 1996. This was particularly so, as a special additional fifth issued was brought out in 1996 on the occasion of International

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Conference on High Energy Materials held at Pune. This special issue was distributed to the participants in the conference. The lowest number of articles i.e., 34 (7.69%) was published in 1991 [5].

8.3 Author-wise distribution

The architect of an intellectual and artistic work is recognized as an „author‟. Ranganathan has described author as „a person creating the work, that is the thought and expression constituting it‟ and „joint authors‟ means „two or more‟ authors, sharing responsibility for the thought and expression constituting the work, the portion of which each is separately responsible not being specified or separable.

(Chemical Scientists) In the study, it is seen that majority of the papers are multi authored ones. The proportion of two-authored papers had reached about 33% of the total output, three-authored papers made up about 25% and four authored papers 1 to 2%. From this it can be inferred that chemistry and chemical technology is in favor of team research. The percentages of multi-authored papers are more than that of single authored papers. They are 76.18% and 23.8% respectively. The study indicates that the degree of collaboration in chemistry is 0.76 and it brings out clearly the prevalence of team research in the discipline. The study reveals that the publishing trend totally depends on the productivity pattern of the authors. Team research is visible in almost all the branches of knowledge, especially in science and particularly in chemistry. The trend towards collaborative research is increasing in the chemical science discipline [6]

(Spice and aromatic) Among 193 spice crop research articles, maximum numbers of articles (32.12%) were written by two and three authors. Multiple authorship papers were 46 (23.46%). A perusal of the general authorship pattern shows that about 87.7% of the papers were authored by two persons and above while the rest were single authored ones. This indicates that there is a tilt towards multiple authorship. This can be attributed to the necessity for multidisciplinary approach in dealing with complex problems as in the case with spice crop research [7]

The authorship pattern in various fields such as agriculture [8] oilseeds research [9] plant ecology [10], phytopathology [11], pure and applied mathematics [12], Defence Science [5], Oceanographic research [1], Neurology [13], tobacco research [4], consistently show increase in the number of tow or more authored papers. The increasing complexities of research, the knowledge explosion combined with increased specialization and large, often interdisciplinary projects have forced researchers to share their expertise.

While authors collaboration tendency grew allover, and exceptional pattern was observed in the field of ethno botany during (1989-1998). The single-authored papers written during this period were nearly 39%. Two-authored contributions were 35% and the rest were over more than 3 authors [14]. The same trend was observed in Science and technology research [15], ecology [16] and economic botany [17].

In case of social science research, the trend is towards solo research. (Malayan Law) The study revealed, about 93% of the total contributions are from single authors. Joint work produced about 7% of the total articles [18].

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 679

The same trend is observed in the case of Bibliometrics research [19], family welfare research [20] conservation studies [3] and library and information science.

The study revealed that single author contributions are maximum and team research is not popular among the researchers in social science. This is contrary to the pattern that we obtain in many fields of science where collaborative research appears to be the trend. Therefore it can be said that authorship trend varies from one discipline to another and depends on several factors.

8.4 Length-wise distribution

(Defence Science) The average length of the papers between 4 and 9 pages constitute 62.65 percent, which is considered to be an ideal length of the research articles [5]. The average length of the papers contributed in ethno botany journal is 6 [14].

In oceanographic research authors preferred to publish in the range of 1-6 pages in the decade 1973-1982. There was a shift during 1983 to 1992. There was a decrease in the percentage of the contributions having length in the range of 1-10 pages during 1983-1992 and that was compensated mostly with the length of 11-20 pages. Contributions in the range of 5-6 pages are more in physical science and earth science subjects. A growing tendency is noticed in most of the subjects, thereby reducing contributions of the range of 1-2 pages. The contributions in the form of notes and letters are reduced to a large extent. Since there are no other competitors in the field of oceanographic research in India, the contributions in the form of letters and notes appear to be neglected. The other reason could be the fancy for publishing in „high impact‟ core oceanography serials with a facility to publish letters. So the authors prefer to contribute as full articles [1].

8.5 Obsolescence Study

The problems like space, organization of library materials, limited staff, made the librarian to assess the obsolescence rate of literature. By that one can know how far a researcher will go back to obtain a particular published literature in a given subject field. Based on onsolescence study librarian can decide about organization of reading materials and discard the less used materials.

(Ecological literature) documents as old as 160 years have been cited. About 80% of the citations fall within the age group of 0-15 years and about 90% are cited in the age groups of 0-22 years. It is seen that there is a gradual decrease in the number of citations with the increase in age [16].

In case of (oilseeds research) 25% of latest literature belongs to immediate past 6 years. Half-life period is found to be 10.11 and 10.78 years for full length papers and short communications respectively. Maximum age of citation is found to be 70 and that of short communications 55. Sources cited in journals from the developing countries tend to be much older than those cited in the journals of the most developed nations. It is observed that pediatricians cited 75% of the references within the age of 20 years [9].

(Forestry research). It is found from the study that books as old as 195 years and journals 50 years old have been used by the scientists in forestry. And the half-life of forestry literature is found to be 17-18 years [23].

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8.6 Bradford’s Law of Scattering

(Forestry) According to the study, the ratio of the number of journals is 16:87:501, as per law it is 1:5.4:31.3 or almost 1:5:5.4. The zone three number of journals is near to square of that in zone two. Hence, it is found that the forestry literature complies to the law. So, 1st 16 journals with 762 citations are the most productive group, which covers 33.6% literature needed in this particular field. To increase the satisfaction level of the users in the library of forestry research institute to 67%, the library has to add 87 more titles to its current subscription list [21].

In case of (plant ecology literature) the ratio of the number of journals is 14:40:168. So, it is seen that the Bradford law is testified to some extent because in the 3rd zone the number of periodicals is 168, which accounts to 1/3 literature. It also applied Zipf‟s law, where it is found that the log of frequency of occurrence of words when added with log of their rank, the results are almost same for each word.

Where as Lotka‟s law is not verified for the particular study. As it is found from the analysis that 13,179 authors had contributed 4,840 items. Out of 13,179 only 179 had contributed more than one paper and rest 13,000 (98%) had contributed only one paper. The number of authors contributing 2 papers should be 3,200 according to law, but it shows only 81 authors contributing 2 papers [10] To what extent author productivity conforms to Lotka‟s law has also been tested for (oilseeds literature) and it is found that the law did not hold good for the particular study [9].

9 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Analysis of data is the ultimate step in research process. It‟s link between raw data and significant results leading to conclusions. This process of analysis has to be result oriented. In other words, it must aim at setting objectives and hypothesis. According to Richard Budd, analysis “… leads eventually to summarizing procedures resulting in some sacrifice of details. Frequencies and column are summarized in Tables as averages and percentages are transformed into indices or attention scores to be used as a single variable in subsequent analysis.

Table 1: Volume-wise Analysis

Sl.

No.

Vol.

No. Year

No. of

issues

No. of

articles

Average no. of

articles per issue

1 85 2006 3 20 06.66

2 84 2005 3 30 10.00

3 83 2004 3 37 12.33

Total 87 27.00

9.1 Volume wise Distribution

Table 1 shows the volume wise distribution of the source journal i.e., Journal of Genetics.

Further it shows that 37 papers are published in volume 83, followed by 30 papers in volume 84

and 20 papers in volume 85 respectively. This clearly shows that the downward trend of the

papers published in this journal.

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 681

Table 2: Form-wise Distribution

Sl. No. Form of Literature No. of Citations Percentage

1 Journals 2382 88.8%

2 Books 246 09.17%

3 Reports 12 00.44%

4 Thesis/Dissertations 8 00.29%

5 Conference Proceedings 21 00.78%

6 Others 13 00.48%

Total 2682 100

9.2 Form wise Distribution

Literature of a subject is its foundation. It represents a record of achievements of human race. Literature is diverse, complex and multilingual in nature. It is becoming more and more inter-disciplinary. It is growing at a fast pace. In sciences, it is almost doubling itself in every 5.5 years. In social sciences, it is doubling at the rate of every eight to twelve years. Literature serves the informational needs of various kinds of users. It forms sources of information. Information sources include books, periodicals, newspapers etc.

Form-wise distribution of references cited gives directions for the investments on the type of documents to be procured in the libraries. And also the number of references cited to a particular document type indicates the present strength of the library.

Table 2 shows the distribution of citations among different documentary forms such as periodicals, books, reports, conference proceedings etc. Periodical articles accounts to 88.81% (2382) of total citations, followed by books 9.17% (246). Periodicals and books together contribute more than 99% of the total citations. Remaining form of the literatures is used very marginally by the Indian Geneticists. The above Table clearly reveals that journal is the most popular form as it is the premier vehicle of nascent information transfer/dissemination.

Table 3: Geographical distribution of citations

Sl. No. Country No. of citations Percentage

1 United States 1301 48.51

2 U K 598 22.30

3 Germany 168 6.26

4 Netherlands 152 5.67

5 India 106 3.95

6 China 53 1.98

7 Japan 45 1.68

8 Switzerland 40 1.49

9 Canada 37 1.38

10 Ireland 35 1.30

11 France 25 0.93

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Sl. No. Country No. of citations Percentage

12 Denmark 22 0.82

13 Sweden 12 0.45

15 Korea 11 0.41

16 Australia 9 0.34

17 Italy 8 0.30

18 Russia 6 0.22

19 Poland 6 0.22

20 Philippines 6 0.22

21 Colombia 5 0.19

22 Turkey 4 0.15

23 Finland 4 0.15

24 Austria 4 0.15

25 Spain 3 0.11

26 Rome 3 0.11

27 New Zealand 3 0.11

28 Others 16 0.60

Total 2682 100

9.3 Geographical distribution

Table 3 gives country-wise distribution of citations in Genetics. Here the citations are

analyzed according to their country of origin. 1301 (48.51%) of the citations are from United

States and 598 (22.30%) articles are originated in U. K. followed by Germany, Netherlands, India

and China. It is seen that India occupies 5th place. And it is concluded that Indian Geneticists

prefer western literature for their study, that too they prefer articles published from United States.

Table 4: Chronological Distribution of journal citation (publication-year-wise)

Sl.

No. Period

No. of

citations

Cumulative

citations Percentage

Cumulative

percentage

1 2006-2002 489 489 20.53 20.53

2 2001-1996 845 1334 35.47 56.00

3 1995-1991 371 1705 15.58 71.58

4 1990-1986 216 1921 9.07 80.65

5 1985-1981 121 2042 5.08 85.73

6 1980-1976 113 2155 4.74 90.47

7 1975-1971 64 2219 2.69 93.16

8 1970-1966 57 2276 2.39 95.55

9 1965-1961 25 2301 1.05 96.60

10 1960-1956 19 2320 0.80 97.40

11 1955-1951 21 2341 0.88 98.28

12 1950-1946 12 2353 0.50 98.78

13 1945-1941 5 2358 0.21 98.99

14 1940-1936 2 2360 0.08 99.08

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 683

Sl.

No. Period

No. of

citations

Cumulative

citations Percentage

Cumulative

percentage

15 1935-1931 4 2364 0.17 99.24

16 1930-1926 4 2368 0.17 99.41

17 1925-1921 2 2370 0.08 99.50

18 1920-1916 0 2370 0.00 99.50

19 1915-1911 3 2373 0.13 99.62

20 1910-1906 1 2374 0.04 99.66

21 1905-1901 2 2376 0.08 99.75

22 1900-1896 1 2377 0.04 99.79

23 1895-1891 1 2378 0.04 99.83

24 1890-1886 0 2378 0.00 99.83

25 1885-1881 0 2378 0.00 99.83

26 1880-1876 0 2378 0.00 99.83

27 1875-1871 0 2378 0.00 99.83

28 1870-1866 1 2379 0.04 99.87

29 1865-1861 0 2379 0.00 99.87

30 1860-1856 0 2379 0.00 99.87

31 1855-1851 1 2380 0.04 99.92

32 1850-1846 1 2381 0.04 99.96

33 1845-1841 0 2381 0.00 99.96

34 1840-1836 0 2381 0.00 99.96

35 1835-1831 1 2382 0.04 100.00

9.4 Chronological Distribution

The chronological distributions of the Journal citations are presented in Table 4. It is

ascertained that 20.53% of citations are used in the last five years i.e., from 2002-2006 followed

by 35.47 % of citations are used during 1996-2001. This shows that 56% of the total citations are

used for the first ten years. This clearly indicates that recently published articles are cited more

and it is learnt that Geneticists prefer current information for their research activities.

Table 5: Authorship Pattern

Sl.

No. Nature of Authors

Total

Citations

Cumulative

Citations Percentage

Cumulative

Percentage

1 Single Author 574 574 21.40 21.40

2 Two Authors 709 1283 26.44 47.84

3 Three Authors 528 1811 19.69 67.52

4 Four Authors 284 2095 10.59 78.11

5 Five Authors 206 2301 7.68 85.79

6 Six Authors 127 2428 4.74 90.53

7 Seven and above Authors 251 2679 9.36 99.89

8 Unidentified Authors 3 2682 0.11 100.00

2682 100

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9.5 Authorship Pattern

Table 5 points out the authorship pattern of articles published in the journal under study. The result shows that two authors accupied the first place (26.44%) by contributing maximum articles to journals followed by single author (21.40%), three authors (19.69%), four authors (10.59%), five authors (07.68%), six authors (04.74%), seven and more authors (09.36%) respectively.

And it is found from the study that more than 90% of articles are contributed by multiple authors, and this clearly indicates that like in the other sciences in Genetics also the authorship trend indicates team research.

Table 6: Rank List of Journals

Rank Name of the Journal Country No. of

citations

Cumulative

citations %

Cumulative

%

1 Genetics United States 115 115 4.83 4.83

2 Science United States 97 212 4.07 8.90

3 Proceedings of the

National Academy of

Sciences of USA

United States 78 290 3.27 12.18

4 Evolution; international

journal of organic

evolution

United States 65 355 2.73 14.91

5 Nature England 58 413 2.43 17.34

5 Nucleic acids research England 58 471 2.43 19.78

5 Behavior Genetics United States 58 529 2.43 22.21

6 Theoretical and applied

genetics

Germany 56 585 2.35 24.56

7 Animal Genetics England 52 637 2.18 26.74

8 Amer. Journal of Human

Genetics

United States 43 680 1.81 28.55

9 The Journal of heredity United States 36 716 1.51 30.06

10 Plant molecular biology Netherlands 35 751 1.47 31.53

10 Genome research United States 35 786 1.47 33.00

11 Heredity England 34 820 1.43 34.43

12 Plant physiology United States 33 853 1.39 35.81

13 Genetica Netherlands 27 880 1.13 36.95

13 American Naturalist United States 27 907 1.13 38.08

14 The Plant cell United States 25 932 1.05 39.13

14 Journal of genetics India 25 957 1.05 40.18

15 The Plant journal : for

cell and molecular

England 24 981 1.01 41.19

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 685


citations

Cumulative

citations %

Cumulative

%

biology

16 Nature genetics United States 23 1004 0.97 42.15

16 Current science India 23 1027 0.97 43.12

17 Molecular biology and

evolution

United States 20 1047 0.84 43.96

18 Journal of molecular

evolution

Germany 18 1065 0.76 44.71

18 Drosophila information

service

United States 18 1083 0.76 45.47

19 Journal of evolutionary

biology

Switzerland 17 1100 0.71 46.18

20 Journal of forensic

sciences

United States 16 1116 0.67 46.85

20 Genetics, selection,

evolution. : GSE

France 16 1132 0.67 47.53

20 Development

(Cambridge, England)

England 16 1148 0.67 48.20

20 Cell United States 16 1164 0.67 48.87

21 Gene Netherlands 15 1179 0.63 49.50

22 Trends in plant science England 14 1193 0.59 50.09

22 Trends in genetics : TIG England 14 1207 0.59 50.67

22 The EMBO journal England 14 1221 0.59 51.26

22 Plant science (Shannon,

Ireland)

Ireland 14 1235 0.59 51.85

22 Current opinion in plant

biology

England 14 1249 0.59 52.44

23 Human mutation United States 13 1262 0.55 52.98

23 Human molecular

genetics

England 13 1275 0.55 53.53

23 Genetical research England 13 1288 0.55 54.07

23 Euphytica; Netherlands

journal of plant breeding

Netherlands 13 1301 0.55 54.62

23 DNA research : an

international journal for

rapid publication of

reports on genes and

genomes

England 13 1314 0.55 55.17

23 Biotechniques United States 13 1327 0.55 55.71

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citations

Cumulative

citations %

Cumulative

%

24 Molecular ecology England 12 1339 0.50 56.22

24 Genome / National

Research Council

Canada = Génome /

Conseil national de

recherches Canada

Canada 12 1351 0.50 56.72

24 Forensic science

international

Ireland 12 1363 0.50 57.22

25 The Japanese journal of

genetics

Japan 11 1374 0.46 57.68

25 Molecular phylogenetics

and evolution

United States 11 1385 0.46 58.15

25 Molecular & general

genetics : MGG

Germany 11 1396 0.46 58.61

25 Journal of experimental

botany

England 11 1407 0.46 59.07

25 Hereditas Sweden 11 1418 0.46 59.53

25 Genomics United States 11 1429 0.46 59.99

25 Genes & development United States 11 1440 0.46 60.46

25 Carnivore Genetics

Newsletter

England 11 1451 0.46 60.92

26 Journal of bacteriology United States 10 1461 0.42 61.34

26 Canadian journal of

research

Canada 10 1471 0.42 61.76

27 Trends in ecology &

evolution

England 9 1480 0.38 62.13

27 Journal of molecular

biology

England 9 1489 0.38 62.51

27 Animal Behaviour England 9 1498 0.38 62.89

27 Algological studies Germany 9 1507 0.38 63.27

28 Plant, cell &

environment

United States 8 1515 0.34 63.60

28 Plant breeding =

Zeitschrift für

Pflanzenzüchtung

Germany 8 1523 0.34 63.94

28 Physiologia plantarum Denmark 8 1531 0.34 64.28

28 Journal of animal

breeding and genetics =

Zeitschrift für

Germany

8 1539 0.34 64.61

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 687


citations

Cumulative

citations %

Cumulative

%

Tierzüchtung und

Züchtungsbiologie

28 Human genetics Germany 8 1547 0.34 64.95

28 Chromosoma Germany 8 1555 0.34 65.28

28 Biometrics United States 8 1563 0.34 65.62

28 Bioinformatics England 8 1571 0.34 65.96

29 The Journal of biological

chemistry

United States 7 1578 0.29 66.25

29 Mammalian genome :

official journal of the

International Mammalian

Genome Society

United States 7 1585 0.29 66.54

29 Journal of structural

biology

United States 7 1592 0.29 66.84

29 Journal of comparative

psychology

United States 7 1599 0.29 67.13

29 Journal of biosciences India 7 1606 0.29 67.42

29 Biochemical and

Biophysical Research

Communications

United States 7 1613 0.29 67.72

29 Analytical Biochemistry United States 7 1620 0.29 68.01

30 The Nucleus; an

international journal of

cytology and allied

topics

India 6 1626 0.25 68.26

30 Plant cell reports Germany 6 1632 0.25 68.52

30 Journal of neurology Germany 6 1638 0.25 68.77

30 Journal of

neuroimmunology

Netherlands 6 1644 0.25 69.02

30 Journal of insect

physiology

England 6 1650 0.25 69.27

30 Journal of fish biology England 6 1656 0.25 69.52

30 Human biology; an

international record of

research

United States

6 1662 0.25 69.78

30 Genes and immunity England 6 1668 0.25 70.03

30 Ecology United States 6 1674 0.25 70.28

30 Developmental biology United States 6 1680 0.25 70.53

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citations

Cumulative

citations %

Cumulative

%

30 Chromosome research Netherlands 6 1686 0.25 70.78

30 Biological Journal of the

Linnean Society

United States 6 1692 0.25 71.03

30 Annals of Human

Genetics

England 6 1698 0.25 71.29

31 Trends in biochemical

sciences

England 5 1703 0.21 71.50

31 The New phytologist England 5 1708 0.21 71.71

31 Nature reviews. Genetics England 5 1713 0.21 71.92

31 Molecular breeding :

new strategies in plant

improvement

Netherlands

5 1718 0.21 72.13

31 Mechanisms of

development

Ireland 5 1723 0.21 72.34

31 Journal of plant

physiology

Germany 5 1728 0.21 72.55

31 Indian Journal of animal

genetics breeding

India 5 1733 0.21 72.76

31 Genes & genetic systems Japan 5 1738 0.21 72.97

31 Field crops research Netherlands 5 1743 0.21 73.18

31 Fertility and sterility United States 5 1748 0.21 73.39

31 Electrophoresis Germany 5 1753 0.21 73.60

31 Crop science United States 5 1758 0.21 73.81

31 Biometrika England 5 1763 0.21 74.02

31 Asian-Australasian

Journal of Animal

Sciences

Korea

(South)

5 1768 0.21 74.23

31 Annual Review of

Neuroscience

United States 5 1773 0.21 74.44

32 23 journals having 4

citations each

93 1866 3.90 78.34


citations each

126 1992 5.29 83.63


citations each

48 2040 2.02 85.64

35 316 journals having

single citations

Each

342 2382 14.36 100.00

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 689

9.6 Rank List of Journals

The selection of periodicals can be made on the basis of ranked list of periodicals prepared

through bibliometric study. With this view a ranked list of periodicals is prepared for the subject

of Genetics and presented in the Table 6.

It is seen from the Table that “Genetics” (4.83%) is the most heavily cited journal, which is

published from the United States, followed by journal “Science” (4.07%) also from the United

States. More than 50% of the cited journals are from the United States. So it is understood that

contribution of the United States in the field of Genetics is more. It is observed from the Table

that the first 30 journals received around 50% of the total references; most of the journals are

originated from United States. The Indian journal, „Journal of Genetics‟ occupied the 14th place.

The other Indian journals in Genetics which are cited by Indian Geneticists are „Current Science‟,

„Indian journal of Animal Genetics Breeding‟, and „Journal of Biosciences‟.

Table 7: Obsolescence of Literature

Sl.

No.

Age

(in Years)

No. of

Citations

Cumulative

Citations %

Cumulative

%

Citation in

Tail (T)

1 0 23 23 0.86 00.86 2682

2 1 132 155 4.93 05.79 2659

3 2 175 330 6.53 12.32 2527

4 3 183 513 6.83 19.15 2352

5 4 161 674 6.01 25.16 2169

6 5 195 869 7.28 32.44 2008

7 6 138 1007 5.11 37.55 1813

8 7 146 1153 5.45 43.00 1675

9 8 144 1297 5.38 48.38 1529

10 9 132 1429 4.93 53.30 1385

11 10 111 1540 4.14 57.45 1253

12 11 93 1633 3.47 60.92 1142

13 12 89 1722 3.28 64.20 1049

14 13 78 1800 2.91 67.11 960

15 14 59 1859 2.2 69.32 882

16 15 60 1919 2.24 71.56 823

17 16 53 1972 1.98 73.53 763

18 17 56 2028 2.09 75.63 710

19 18 42 2070 1.57 77.19 654

20 19 49 2119 1.83 79.02 612

21 20 39 2158 1.46 80.48 563

22 21 34 2192 1.27 81.75 524

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Sl.

No.

Age

(in Years)

No. of

Citations

Cumulative

Citations %

Cumulative

%

Citation in

Tail (T)

23 22 27 2219 1.01 82.75 490

24 23 23 2242 0.86 83.61 463

25 24 29 2271 1.08 84.70 440

26 25 31 2302 1.12 85.82 411

27 26 29 2331 1.08 86.90 380

28 27 24 2355 0.9 87.79 351

29 28 22 2377 0.82 88.62 327

30 29 21 2398 0.78 89.40 305

31 30 20 2418 0.75 90.15 284

32 31 16 2434 0.6 90.74 264

33 32 17 2451 0.63 91.38 248

34 33 22 2473 0.82 92.20 231

35 34 12 2485 0.45 92.65 209

36 35 17 2502 0.63 93.28 197

37 36 18 2520 0.67 93.95 180

38 37 16 2536 0.6 94.55 162

39 38 10 2546 0.37 94.92 146

40 39 5 2551 0.19 95.11 136

41 40 9 2560 0.34 95.45 131

42 41 10 2570 0.37 95.82 122

43 42 5 2575 0.19 96.01 112

44 43 3 2578 0.11 96.12 107

45 44 5 2583 0.19 96.30 104

46 45 7 2590 0.26 96.57 99

47 46 2 2592 0.07 96.64 92

48 47 6 2598 0.22 96.86 90

49 48 2 2600 0.07 96.94 84

50 49 4 2604 0.15 97.09 82

51 50 4 2608 0.15 97.24 78

52 51 8 2616 0.3 97.54 74

53 52 3 2619 0.11 97.65 66

54 53 5 2624 0.19 97.84 63

55 54 7 2631 0.26 98.10 58

56 55 4 2635 0.15 98.25 51

57 56 2 2637 0.07 98.32 47

58 57 4 2641 0.15 98.47 45

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 691

Sl.

No.

Age

(in Years)

No. of

Citations

Cumulative

Citations %

Cumulative

%

Citation in

Tail (T)

59 59 4 2645 0.15 98.62 41

60 61 1 2646 0.04 98.66 37

61 62 2 2648 0.07 98.73 36

62 63 1 2649 0.04 98.77 34

63 65 2 2651 0.07 98.84 33

64 67 1 2652 0.04 98.88 31

65 69 1 2653 0.04 98.92 30

66 70 1 2654 0.04 98.95 29

67 71 2 2656 0.07 99.03 28

68 73 2 2658 0.07 99.10 26

69 74 4 2662 0.15 99.25 24

70 75 1 2663 0.04 99.29 20

71 76 1 2664 0.04 99.33 19

72 77 1 2665 0.04 99.37 18

73 78 1 2666 0.04 99.40 17

74 79 1 2667 0.04 99.44 16

75 81 1 2668 0.04 99.48 15

76 82 1 2669 0.04 99.51 14

77 91 3 2672 0.11 99.63 13

78 97 1 2673 0.04 99.66 10

79 100 2 2675 0.07 99.74 9

80 107 1 2676 0.04 99.78 7

81 121 1 2677 0.04 99.81 6

82 136 1 2678 0.04 99.85 5

83 138 1 2679 0.04 99.89 4

84 143 1 2680 0.04 99.93 3

85 159 1 2681 0.04 99.96 2

85 174 1 2682 0.04 100 1

Total 2682 100

9.7 Obsolescence of Literature

The problems like space, organization of library materials, limited staff, made the librarian to

assess the obsolescence rate of literature. By that one can know how far a researcher will go back

to obtain a particular published literature in a given subject field. Based on obsolescence study

librarian can decide about organization of reading materials and discard the less used materials.

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Table 7 gives the chronological dispersion of the cited articles (age-wise) in the field of

Genetics. It shows that more number of citations (64.2%) are distributed in the age group of 0-12

years. Like in other subjects number of citations decrease with increase in age except in some

years. Geneticists cited 80% of the references within the age of 20 years. This indicates that the

documents within the age of 20 years are used more. And it is also seen that the documents as

old as 174 years have also been cited. It can also be seen that Genetic scientists also use very old

documents.

9.7.1 Findings

The management of journals in libraries is a difficult task, as subscription costs increase year

after year, library budgets are tight, new journals appear and new modalities of subscriptions are

becoming available. Small and medium size libraries that do not belong to big consortia may have

difficulty in maintaining a relevant collection of journals. In this context, the evaluation of

collections is becoming even more necessary.

Many quantitative as well as qualitative parameters must be taken in to account to perform an

appropriate evaluation of a library collection. Nevertheless, one of the most important parameters

is the level of use of collections. As direct measurements are not always possible, a librarian can

use a bibliometric method such as the analysis of references cited in articles published by the

patrons, in order to obtain an estimate of the use of the collection.

The major findings of the present study are shown below:

Volume-wise distribution: the average number of citations per volume is 12, 10 and 6 for

the years1983, 1984 and 1985 respectively. The contribution of articles is showing a

downward trend;

Form-wise distribution: the distribution pattern of citations by type of document or form-

wise distribution shows that journals are heavily cited; citation to books falls in the next

order followed by conference proceeding, reports and theses/dissertations;

Authorship pattern: It is evident from the study that the trend is towards team research.

Multi authors lead over single author. Two authors contributed more with 26.44%

followed by other multiple authors;

Geographical distribution: the United States of America contributes more number of

articles in the field of Genetics. Around 48% of the journals cited are from the United

States;

Chronological distribution: More number of journals cited are of the period between 1996

and 2000 followed by 2001-2006, 1990-1995. Therefore it is seen that current literature is

more important;

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Vol. 48, No.6, October 2011 693

Core journals: It is observed from the study that „Genetics‟ is the most heavily cited

journal followed by „Science‟; both are from the United States. The Indian journal “

Journal of Genetics is in the 14th place; and

Literature as old as 174 years have also been cited.

10 CONCLUSIONS

The above study will help the librarians and information scientists in acquiring the more

useful journals to the library particularly in the field of genetics. This will indirectly help in

reducing the cost incurred for acquiring the journals to the library and help the librarians to take

decisions regarding proper allocation of library budget towards the acquisition of periodicals to

the library.

Many librarians and information scientists in decision-making process adopt the statistical

and mathematical techniques like citation study or bibliometric study. These studies are adopted

in order to overcome the problems like explosive growth of subjects, ever increasing cost of

journals etc., and help them in decision-making process in their acquisition policy.

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JOURNAL OF GENETICS: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

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