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Temperature effect on thin lipidfilm elasticity and phase
separation:insights from Langmuir monolayer andfluorescence
microscopy techniquesZ. Khattariab, M. Maghrabia & T.
Al-Abdullahaa Department of Physics, Hashemite University, Zarqa,
Jordanb Department of Physics, Tabuk University, Tabuk,
KSAPublished online: 08 May 2015.
To cite this article: Z. Khattari, M. Maghrabi & T.
Al-Abdullah (2015) Temperature effecton thin lipid film elasticity
and phase separation: insights from Langmuir monolayer
andfluorescence microscopy techniques, Phase Transitions: A
Multinational Journal, 88:7, 668-681,
DOI:10.1080/01411594.2015.1021348
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Temperature effect on thin lipid film elasticity and phase
separation:
insights from Langmuir monolayer and fluorescence microscopy
techniques
Z. Khattaria,b*, M. Maghrabia and T. Al-Abdullaha
aDepartment of Physics, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan;
bDepartment of Physics,Tabuk University, Tabuk, KSA
(Received 31 October 2014; accepted 16 February 2015)
Langmuir monolayer pressure isotherms and compressibility
modulus measurements ofphospholipid mixtures in several Langmuir
monolayer systems at the air/water interfacewere investigated in
this study. The ultimate aim was to carry out a comparison of
theelasticity modulus for monolayers with different mixtures of
l,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC),
l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) andchicken egg
yolk sphingomyelin (eSM), in the presence/absence of cholesterol
(Chol).In particular, we were able to propose that the leading
force beyond the phaseseparation into liquid expanded (LE-) and
liquid condensed (LC-) phases emerges fromthe increasing barrier to
incorporate DOPC molecules into a highly ordered LC-phase.In
addition, our findings suggest that DOPC lipid molecules have a
priority toincorporate in a disordered LE-phase, while DPPC and eSM
prefer the ordered one.Also, Chol seems to split almost equally
into both phases, indicating that Chol has nopriority for either
phase and there are no particular interactions between Chol
andsaturated lipid molecules.
Keywords: Langmuir monolayer technique; monolayer ordered phase;
monolayercompressibility; phase transition; lipid rafts
1. Introduction
The presence of cholesterol (Chol) or related sterols in
different lipid membranes plays a
vital role for normal cell structure and functioning. Chol is
often found randomly distrib-
uted in the lipid rafts which uniquely contribute to form
liquid/condensed-ordered-like
phase in many plasma membranes.[1�3] The observation of the
co-existence of liquidand condensed lamellar domains in the phase
diagrams containing Chol and saturated
phosphatidylcholine or sphingolipid has assumed the significance
in cell biology such as
membrane sorting or ultimately the entry of pathogens.[4,5]
Importantly, Chol was found
to distribute heterogeneously at different concentrations with
various intracellular mem-
branes. Its lowest concentration was found in the membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum,
while its highest concentration was found in the plasma
membrane.[5,6]
McConnell and others [7,8] were very successful in establishing
a detailed molecular
explanation for this phenomenon (i.e., co-existence of liquid
expanded/liquid condensed
(LE/LC) phases). Successful theoretical models, thermodynamics
or microscopic interac-
tion models which describe these phases and domains were
proposed by many research
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
� 2015 Taylor & Francis
Phase Transitions, 2015
Vol. 88, No. 7, 668�681,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2015.1021348
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mailto:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2015.1021348
-
groups.[8,9] On the other hand, the description of phase
equilibrium of the binary or
ternary mixtures of phospholipid and Chol systems was
experimentally determined by
Langmuir monolayer and fluorescence techniques.[10,11] In the
last two decades, a large
number of publications have been reported with studies on
various systems, where the
presence of lateral phase separation into two phases,
liquid-expanded (i.e., disordered)
and liquid-condensed (i.e., ordered) phases, has been
observed.[12] The experimental
methods described in those studies have used the monolayer’s
compressibility modulus
as a useful tool to infer the structure of these phases in
ternary lipid mixtures of sphingo-
myelin, unsaturated phospholipids and Chol.[13] Model membrane
systems involving
one, two or three phospholipids have been proven to be a
powerful approach for investi-
gating the effect of each lipid on phase separation.[14]
However, few studies have exam-
ined the phase separation properties of Langmuir monolayer with
complex phospholipid
mixtures as found in biological membranes. Moreover, the effect
of Chol on the phase
separation of the monolayer systems remains unclear. In simple
model system, Chol can
enhance, inhibit or be essential for phase separation.[12�14]In
the present work, we investigate the monolayer compressibility
modulus in differ-
ent phospholipid systems in order to carry out a comparison of
the elasticity modulus for
monolayers with different compositions of
l,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and
chicken egg yolk
sphingomyelin (eSM) in the presence/absence of Chol. Such a
comparison turned out to
be adequate to gather new information on the elastic behavior of
these lipid monolayers
as well as on the lateral phase separation into two phases that
were not fully considered
before. Another motivation for the present work relies on the
existence of so-called ‘lipid
rafts’. The original idea of Simon and Ikonen [3] suggested that
a membrane containing
rafts is enriched in sphingolipids and Chol. Model membranes
similar to lipid rafts have
suggested the existence of a liquid-ordered phase that is
primarily composed of tightly
packed acyl carbon chains with extended degrees of freedom.
These lipid rafts of mam-
malian cells adjust their membranes’ lipid composition when
exposed to external temper-
atures that are different from the normal physiological
conditions. The two most common
pathways by which cells alter their membrane lipid composition
are the modification of
phospholipid structures and/or by adjusting sterol content.[3]
Therefore, the present study
of ternary lipid mixture monolayers that mimic the composition
of lipid rafts at various
temperatures will shield some light on the elasticity and
morphology of these complex
cell compartments.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Preparation of lipid monolayers
DPPC, DOPC and eSM were used to prepare the phospholipid
monolayer systems at the
air/water interface. The molecular structure of these lipids is
depicted in Scheme 1. The
mixtures used in this study are the intersection representations
of the ellipses in the Venn
diagram. The phospholipids were obtained from Avanti Polar
Lipids (Alabaster, AL,
USA). Cholesterol and chloroform were purchased from Sigma (St
Louis, MO, USA).
All components are of >99% purity and used without further
purification. Stock solutions
(c D 0.1 mg/mL) were prepared by dissolving the lipids in
chloroform. Such solutionswere then used to prepare solutions of
the desired lipid-mixture ratio. For samples con-
taining two phospholipids, the ratio was held at 1:1 mol% and
when Chol was added, its
concentration was kept at 20 mol%.
Phase Transitions 669
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2.2. Langmuir monolayer pressure isotherms technique
2.2.1. Langmuir film balance
A Langmuir trough manufactured by NIMA Technology Ltd (The
Science Park,
Coventry CV4 7EZ, England; model 601M) was used in this study.
The trough comes
with a 105-cm2 surface area with two mechanically coupled
barriers, surface pressure
sensor, computer interface unit, and software for data
acquisition and analysis. Surface
purity of the pure subphase (water or buffer) was checked by
closing and opening the bar-
riers to ensure that the pressure (p) readings accuracy is
within § 0.1 mN/m. The surfacetension was measured by means of a
Wilhelmy paper plate hung to the balance. The data
were collected by the operating software and directly converted
into interfacial pressure
after subtracting the interfacial tension of the pure aqueous
subphase.
2.2.2. Mixed monolayer p�A isothermsMonolayers were formed at
the air/water interface by spreading the solution of lipids in
an organic solvent. A Hamilton syringe was cleaned three times
with chloroform, and an
Scheme 1. Venn diagram illustration of the lipids used in this
study. V represents the total set ofall lipids as shown in the
figure. Each subgroup is represented by an ellipse. The
intersections of thesubgroups are the phospholipid mixtures
investigated experimentally.
670 Z. Khattari et al.
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appropriate volume of solution (usually 60 mL) was drawn. With
the syringe just above
the water surface, aliquots of the lipid mixture were deposited
in a dropwise manner onto
the aqueous surface with a caution that the pressure value
produced by adding the drop
has returned to zero before introducing the next one. After
waiting 30 min for the solvent
to evaporate, compression was started at a speed of 0.05 and 0.1
nm2/mol/min and the
pressure�area (p�A) isotherms were recorded. Reproducibility of
the results waschecked by repeating each curve at least twice. The
trough temperature was maintained
within §1 �C of the desired temperature by a circulating water
bath (Lauda, ModelRK20) and a thermoelectric device.
2.2.3. Compressibility modulus of Langmuir monolayer
Mechanical properties of the monomolecular film can be inferred
from the compress-
ibility modulus of the monolayer.[15] The compressibility
modulus is the ability of the
material to change its physical state when an external force is
applied to it. For mono-
layers, it describes the differential change in the interfacial
pressure with relative
change in the molecular area at constant temperature. The
inverse compressibility mod-
ulus can be evaluated from the interfacial�area isotherms
according to the followingequation:
C¡ 1s D ¡A@p
@A;
where A is the area per molecule at specific interfacial
pressure and p is the correspond-ing interfacial pressure. It
should be noted that the modulus is zero for bare air/water
interface and increases with the amount of surface-active
molecules within the mono-
layer. The values of the compressibility for different
monolayers provide information
about the elasticity and the compressibility of the
corresponding cell membrane.
For example, a higher value of Cs¡1 indicates lower elasticity
of the monomolecular
film (i.e., more condensed films) and vice versa.[16]
2.2.4. Fluorescence microscopy imaging of the monolayer
To observe the morphological characteristics of the monolayer at
the air/water interface, a
homemade mini trough was constructed. The trough has a working
area of 7 £ 5 cm2which can be mounted directly under the
microscope. Fluorescence from a monomolecu-
lar film doped with 1% Tex red fluorescent probe at the
air/water interface was observed
using a Nikon 20£ long working distance objective on a Leica
microscope. Excitation ofthe fluorescent probes was achieved using
a 100 W mercury lamp with a Leica blue light
pass filter. The fluorescent images were captured by a Leica
video camera (Model DFC
360 FX) attached to the microscope.[12]
2.2.5. Statistical analysis
The data points shown in Figures 1 and 2 are calculated as the
mean value § standarderror of three measurements taking into
account the systematic and analytical uncertain-
ties. Student’s t-test was employed to compare differences
between mean values of the
physical properties. Samples with Chol were compared with
samples without Chol at a
significant difference of p � 0.05.
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3. Results and discussion
Typical pressure�area isotherms were obtained for all
phospholipid systems reported inthis study, but are not shown here
because they contribute little to the purpose of the study.
For detailed measurements of pressure�area isotherms, see [7]
and the references therein.The pressure�area isotherms exemplified
by one-, two- and three-component(s) lipid sys-tems are depicted in
Figure 1(a). Typical isotherms shown for these monolayers at
T D 30 �C are consistent with those previously reported in
[17,18]. For example, the mono-layer of pure DOPC, which always
exhibits an LE-phase with a lift-off pressure at about
95 A� 2 and a collapse pressure around 40 mN/m, was found in
good agreement with the
results of Chang-Chun Hao et al. [17] carried out at a constant
temperature. When either
Chol or eSM is mixed with DOPC, the isotherms shift to a lower
molecular area per lipid
molecule in comparison with the single-component system. Also,
the interfacial collapse
pressure of mixed monolayers has increased to higher values
indicating a molecular mixing
between lipids has been achieved. The relationship between Cs¡1
and the interfacial
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
2
4
6
8
Nor
mal
ized
Inve
rse
Com
pres
sibi
lity
DOPC DOPC-Chol DOPC-eSM-Chol
Normalized Area per Molecule60 80 100 120 140 160
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
Cs-
1 [m
N/m
]
Area per Molecule [A2]
DOPC DOPC-Chol DOPC-DPPC-eSM
60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Area per Molecule [ 2]
Pre
ssur
e [m
N/m
]DOPCDOPC-CholDOPC-DPPC-eSM
Figure 1. (a) Pressure�area isotherms for selected lipid mixture
monolayers at T D 30 �C, (b) thecorresponding inverse compressible
modulus, and (c) the normalized inverse compressibility as
afunction of the lipid molecular area. The normalized values have
been calculated with respect tominimum lipid molecular area as
obtained from the isotherms. The mean lipid component in
theseselected lipid systems is the DOPC.
2025
3035
4045 50
100150200250300350400450500
T [ 0C]
Cs -1 [m
N/m]
=5 mN/m
=10 mN/m
=15 mN/m
=20 mN/m
=25 mN/m
=30 mN/m
=35 mN/m
=40 mN/m
Figure 2. A 3D diagram illustration of the eSM lipid monolayer
elasticity as a function of selectedtemperatures and pressures.
These values are calculated from pressure�area isotherms analogous
tothose shown in Figure 1.
672 Z. Khattari et al.
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pressure for these lipid monolayers at T D 30 �C has been
calculated based on p�Aisotherms as shown in Figure 1(b). At this
temperature, the Cs
¡1 values reported by [19] atp D 30 mN/m are very close to our
values Cs¡1 2 {95�125} mN/m owing to a small dif-ference in
measured temperatures between our study and their studies (see
Table 1). Mixing
eSM or Chol molecules with DOPC molecules increases the Cs¡1
values to a higher col-
lapsing pressure. This is due to the fact that the cis double
bond in the hydrocarbon chains
of DOPC prevents close packing of the molecules and therefore a
higher Cs¡1 value
(ca. 110�120 mN/m) was observed for these mixed monomolecular
lipid films when com-pared with the pure DOPC monolayer. The
packing effect of these two lipids on the phos-
pholipid films’ elasticity is evident from the higher value of
Cs¡1. This in turn means the
existence of less compressible mixed monolayers with reduced
in-plane elasticity despite
the slightly larger cross-sectional molecular area. In effect,
the addition of eSM or Chol lip-
ids to the DOPC monolayers makes them more densely packed (more
condensed) and more
produces ordered phases. Such an effect can also be attributed
to condensation effect of
Chol when mixed with the monomolecular lipid (see Figure 1(c))
film as pointed out by
Smaby et al.[20] On the other hand, normalizing the inverse
compressibility with the mini-
mum lipid molecular area obtained from the p�A isotherms
revealed that this effect is dueto a geometrical contribution from
the phospholipid headgroups.[18] Once these lipid mix-
tures are spread at the air/water interface at certain
temperature to form monolayers, a com-
petition between the headgroups in a tiny amount of the
available molecular space becomes
essential for a collective effect of all molecules regarding
their molecular rigidity, order and
possible chain tilting. Hence, the amount of the available space
will be entrapped among
various lipid molecules, leading to an average molecular
cross-sectional area for all lipids
participating in the film at a certain pressure.[18,20]
A three-dimensional (3D) illustration of the inverse
compressibility as a function of
both pressure and temperature is presented in Figure 2. The 3D
ribbon diagram shows the
detailed variation of Cs¡1 observed at several temperature and
pressure values (i.e.,
T 2 {20�55} �C, p 2 {5�40} mN/m). Two-dimensional (2D) phase
transitions of a LE(chain-disordered) to condensed (chain-ordered)
nature were observed at several tempera-
tures. This observation is consistent with the earlier studies
conducted by many groups.
[16�18] The sharpness of the 2D phase transition clearly depends
on the nature of the
Table 1. Lipid interfacial elastic moduli of area
compressibility and minimum area per molecule atselected points (T,
p) lipid mixture.
(T, p) Am (A� 2) Cs
¡1 (mN/m) Am (A� 2) Cs
¡1 (mN/m) Ref.
Single-component system
DOPC (20, 30) 59 122 63 118 [17,19]
DPPC (20, 30) 15 255 14 250 [19]
(25, 30) 46 220 45 210 [21]
eSM (20, 30) 47 325 47 301 [18]
(25, 30) 48 290 47 279 [18]
(30, 30) 49 273 48 153 [18]
Two-component system
DOPC/eSM (20, 30) 51 87 49 108 [17]
eSM/Chol (25, 30) 37 77 39 95 [30]
Note: Am is the minimum area per molecule obtained from the
pressure�area isotherms.Cs
¡1 is the inverse compressibility moduli at a given (T, p).
Phase Transitions 673
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acyl composition of the lipid mixture. For these lipid chains,
the acyl chain length and
headgroups shape of the eSM lipid monolayer play a crucial role
in the onset behavior of
the phase transition. Obviously, as the temperature of the lipid
monolayer is reduced, a
lower interfacial pressure is gained by the monolayer as can
easily be seen in the 2D phase
transition. A dramatic change in the Cs¡1 values was observed
across the phase transition
appearing at different points (i.e., at an ordered pairs of (T,
p)) in the phase space covered
by the experiments. These inflection points in the 2D space of
the phase diagram reflect
the contribution of the partial cross-sectional molecular area
within the LE/LC co-existing
phases. As the lipid monolayer crosses the 2D phase transition
region, much higher Cs¡1
values occur for the condensed phase of the lipid molecules.[20]
Further discussion of the
elasticity for various lipid mixture monolayers based on the
lipid composition is given
below for a wide range of possible values of temperature and
pressure.
3.1. One-lipid systems
The temperature dependence of phospholipid inverse
compressibility coefficient for
the various monolayers at the air/water interface is shown in
Figure 3 at a pressure of
p D 5 and 30 mN/m for temperature range T 2 {20�55} �C. As can
be observed fromFigure 3(a), the single-component lipid monolayers
at low pressure produces Cs
¡1 valuesthat decrease for the various phospholipids in the
following order: DOPC � DPPC
-
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5520
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120 DOPC-DPPC-eSM DOPC-DPPC-Chol DPPC-eSM-Chol DOPC-eSM-Chol
T [0C]
Cs-
1[m
N/m
]
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 DOPC-DPPC-eSM DOPC-DPPC-Chol DPPC-eSM-Chol DOPC-eSM-Chol
T [0C]
30
40
50
60
70
80
DOPC-Chol DPPC-Chol eSM-Chol
Cs-
1[m
N/m
]
50
100
150
200
250
300
DOPC-Chol DPPC-Chol eSM-Chol
20
25
30
35
40
Cs-
1[m
N/m
]
DOPC-eSM DPPC-eSM DPPC-DOPC
0
25
50
75
100
125 DOPC-eSM DPPC-eSM DPPC-DOPC
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
Cs-
1[m
N/m
] DOPC DPPC eSM
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400 DOPC DPPC eSM
Figure 3. The phospholipids monolayer inverse compressibility
coefficients for the one- (a), (b),two- (c), (d), (e), (f) and
three- (g), (h) component system(s). The compressibility data
wereobtained at constant interfacial pressure p D 5 (left panels)
and p D 30 (right panels) mN/m.
Phase Transitions 675
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compared to that of the two PC molecules in the
monolayers.[18,23] The saturated fatty
acids in eSM and DPPC also result in denser packing for these
molecules than that for the
unsaturated DOPC.[17,21]
Finally, the correlation between the monomolecular film inverse
compressibility coef-
ficients and the lateral packing of the hydrocarbon lipid chains
should be employed in the
discussion of the more complex monolayer systems.
3.2. Two-lipid systems
Figure 3(c) and 3(d) shows the inverse compressibility
coefficient modulus (p D 5 and30 mN/m) for binary monolayers lipid
mixture obtained from the p�A isotherms at vari-ous temperatures.
The overall increase in Cs
¡1 values is expected when DPPC or eSM ispresent in the lipid
monolayer with the largest effect being for eSM at least for low
pres-
sure monolayers.[19,20] When a less elastic molecule is
introduced into the monolayer, a
large elastic molecule will be stiff down (and vice versa).[23]
In view of phospholipid
chain packing, the addition of DOPC to the high temperature
melting lipid impairs the
order in monolayers which decreases the Cs¡1 values. Our data
show that this effect is
higher for eSM than for DPPC (see Table 1). The saturated lipids
exhibit a two-phase co-
existence of fluid and liquid condensed phases at temperatures
lower than the melting
temperature (Tm) as confirmed by [22]. This observation is
evidenced from the fluores-
cence images in the fluid phase where the large elasticity
modulus is due to the highly
elastic relaxation of the lipid molecules (see Figure 4).
Therefore, the reported Cs¡1 val-
ues mostly correspond to lipids in the LE-phase. An increase in
the Cs¡1 values can be
expected due to lipid mixing as the amount of the
liquid-condensed phase increases
within the monolayer persisting at the air/water interface.
Therefore, decreasing the
molecular area available per lipid molecule produces much higher
Cs¡1 values character-
izing the evolving LC-phase of the monolayer.
This alteration in behavior was observed as a small peak at T D
40 and 35 �C in theinverse compressibility modulus for eSM and DPPC
mixtures, respectively. It should be
noted that the melting temperatures for DPPC and eSM are Tm D 35
and 18 �C, respec-tively. A condensed phase formation leads to a
gradual depletion of the high melting lipid
Figure 4. Fluorescence microscopy images of DOPC/DPPC/Chol
ternary mixture monolayer atthe air/water interface as a function
of temperature at two selected pressures of p D 5 andp D 30
mN/m.
676 Z. Khattari et al.
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which is miscible in the liquid phase, leaving mainly DOPC
molecules in the condensed
phase. This explains the coalescence of the curves seen at
intermediate temperatures with
higher Cs¡1 values of the binary systems than that for pure DOPC
monolayer due to hin-
dering effects of the hydrophobic chain rigidity.[17,27]
A noticeable increase in the inverse compressibility value was
observed when Chol is
mixed with the lipids forming the monolayers (see Figure 3(e)
and 3(f)). This hallmark
shows that Chol effectively reduces the free area (i.e.,
condensation effect of Chol) avail-
able for the phospholipid molecules present in the monolayer.
The resulting effect
increases in the following order: DOPC < DPPC �eSM (i.e., the
saturated chains aremore sensible to ordering by Chol than the
unsaturated ones). It is well known that Chol
intercalates between the lipid chains, thereby stimulating a
huge increase in the film
molecular ordering and packing in the monomolecular
film.[18,20]
3.3. Three-lipid systems
In the phospholipid ternary systems, we encounter at first
glance an overall increase in the
inverse compressibility coefficient values (see Figure 3(g) and
3(h)). This result has been
attributed to a phase separation into domains of LE-phase and
LC-phase. In fact, the
observed increase in the inverse compressibility coefficients is
independent of the varia-
tions in the monolayer LC or LE domain size (usually > 5 mm)
or shape.[10,11] Domains
of such sizes have been visualized in similar systems by
fluorescence and Brewster angle
microscopy techniques.[22] A pronounced peak for the systems was
observed between
T D 37 and 43 �C at low pressure. At higher pressure values, a
reduction in the peakheight was observed which may be attributed to
a close packing between the lipid mole-
cules within the monolayers.[7]
The ternary mixtures of DOPC/DPPC/Chol and DOPC/eSM/Chol systems
show
monotonic behavior of the compressibility coefficient at high
temperature. Meanwhile,
this monotonic behavior is absent in the mixtures of
DPPC/eSM/Chol.
At about 37 and 46 �C, large and small Cs¡1 values were,
respectively, obtained for all
the mixtures reported here. At the same temperatures, the
phospholipid elasticity in the
two-phase co-existence region is very similar to the monolayers
containing Chol. Note
that there is an increase in the compressibility coefficient as
a function of temperature
indicating changes in the miscibility of the two phases with
respect to the overall lipid
composition. Compressibility studies of lipid monolayers at the
air/water interface have
shown that the LE-phase is depressed in the DOPC/DPPC/Chol
mixture when the concen-
tration of Chol is reduced in this phase.[10,11] Hence, the
inverse compressibility values
of these ternary systems reflect those obtained for the binary
DOPC/Chol monolayers.
The inverse compressibility values obtained in the DOPC/eSM/Chol
system suggest a
similar separation mechanism operates in this system. Our
findings are in good agreement
with the elasticity values estimated for DOPC/DPPC/Chol
system.[8�11] Moreover, ourresults suggest that Chol has no
specific priority for LE-phase or LC-phase. Such results
are supported by several recent reports, where no preferred
interactions between Chol
and eSM have been found.[25�27]If one compares the Cs
¡1 values for the LE-phase to those obtained for the binary
sys-tems it is obvious that some DOPC molecules must be settled in
this phase, since the
phospholipid monolayer is more elastic than that for DPPC/Chol
or eSM/Chol systems.
This means that ternary systems tend to phase-separate into a
tightly packed LE-phase
including the three components, and an LC-phase containing only
DOPC and Chol mole-
cules. Thus, monolayers having two saturated phospholipid
molecules and Chol show no
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phase segregation, and the obtained values for the inverse
compressibility are very close
to the average values of the binary DPPC/Chol and eSM/Chol
systems at temperatures
above 30 �C.[20] The overall conclusions have been confirmed by
fluorescence micros-copy on a ternary mixture as shown in Figure
4.
To further discuss the apparent 2D-phase transitions among the
various lipid systems
based on the monolayer morphological transition from LE- to
LC-phase passing through
the co-existing region LE/LC-phase in connection with the lipid
melting chain tempera-
ture (Tm), we will employ the combined results obtained from the
elasticity measurements
and the fluorescence microscopy imaging technique. The
chain-melting temperatures of
DPPC, eSM and DOPC are 35, 18.8 and ¡5 �C, respectively. Both
lipids mix ideallywith DOPC at all ratios, forming a stable fluid
phase structure above its chain-melting
point of ¡5 �C. In fact, Tm of these lipid mixtures with or
without Chol has been experi-mentally verified to be liquid-ordered
phase in a co-existence with the solid-ordered
phase. This observation has been confirmed from fluorescence
microscopy on monolayers
and from the two-component quadrupolar 2H-NMR spectra of
deuterated chain studies.
Our data show that the Cs¡1 values have a peak at the transition
temperature at least for
the one-component systems near the melting temperature with the
exception of DOPC
monolayer as expected.[28]
4. Connection between the monolayer results and the lipid
bilayer in the cell membrane
Many interfacial pressure isotherms have been tested for
monolayer and bilayer samples
by several techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, Brewster
angle microscopy and
atomic force microscopy. An interfacial monolayer is commonly
accepted to model the
outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer in mammalian cell
membrane.[18] However, the phases and
phase transition presented in lipid monolayer are mostly
understood at lower initial pressures
than those found in the cell membrane. A large body of
experimental investigations have
revealed that model membranes of binary and ternary mixtures are
similar to those found in
natural lipid raft membrane and show a phase transition or
separation to produce an LC-
phase of eSM/Chol and LE-phase of PC-rich lipids. The present
study has focused on the
distribution of DOPC in these phase-separated mixtures in order
to gain a better understand-
ing about the occurring of natural rafts phase and the synthetic
cell membranes. Our results
clearly show that including DOPC or Chol monolayers of ternary
mixtures leads to LE-rich
elastic phase distributed among LC-phases similar to that found
in the natural rafts. The
present results are analogous to earlier investigations that
showed similar LE-phase and LC-
phase in PC and PC/Chol monolayers and bilayers.[28] However,
these results are slightly
different from other studies of PC/Chol monolayers because of
lipid composition ratios and
sample preparation. For example, the fluorescence experiments
performed by Radhakrishnan
and McConnell [9] have provided evidence for three separate
phases in the presence of
Chol. The current work predicts similar results owing to the
fact that different phospholipids
and molar ratios between lipids have been used. However, the
present study did not provide
an evidence for the co-existence of three-phase monolayers.
Comparing monolayer and
bilayer elastic values for pure and mixed lipid components is
not an easy task due to obvi-
ous experimental challenges linking vesicle elasticity to that
of the monolayer of the same
lipid mixtures. In general, vesicle membrane bilayers are
unstable below Tm. Little is known
about the vesicle bilayer elasticity modules which emerge from
bulk compressibility moduli
measurements. These measurements are performed by micropipette
aspiration on a limited
number of lipid membrane mixtures such as brain sphingomyelin or
eSM with cholesterol.
678 Z. Khattari et al.
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Interestingly, the measured systems of both monolayers and
bilayers where the comparison
is possible are generally showing similar trends with respect to
the lipid mixture composi-
tion or structure at certain temperatures.[20]
There are still many unresolved questions concerning the
existence and the role of
unsaturated fatty lipids and cholesterol in forming the rafts in
natural membrane.
However, these observations of lipid�cholesterol complexes in
model membranes pro-vide important insights in the ability of these
phospholipids to organize within LC- or
LE-phase. In addition, factors that trigger lipid monolayers
organization in analogy to
cell membrane bilayers are still to be established.
5. Conclusions
The lateral phase separation in the systems studied in this work
can be understood in
terms of lipid order and DOPC miscibility in ordered phases.
First, we stress that the
interpretation of our experimental outcomes is based on the
hypothesis that the monolayer
elasticity is strongly dependent on the lipid packing order and
that the specific interactions
between the lipid molecules have to be neglected. Similar
results are suggested in the lit-
erature for lipid�Chol complexes or Chol dimmers. It is worth
mentioning here that suchinteractions cannot be removed from our
system, but we can confidently say that there is
no need to implement them to understand the changes in the
monolayer elasticity upon
alterations in its composition. With this assumption it is
obvious that saturated lipids
(e.g., DPPC and eSM) form a more ordered phase than unsaturated
lipids, and mixing
with Chol greatly enhances the lipid chain ordering, especially
for those with saturated
chains. Therefore, we propose that the leading force beyond the
phase separation into
LE- and LC-phases is due to the increasing barrier width for
DOPC to be integrated into a
highly ordered LC-phase. Our results suggest that DOPC has a
choice to be located in a
disordered LE-phase, while DPPC and eSM prefer the ordered
LC-phase. Interestingly,
Chol seems to split almost equally into both phases, indicating
that Chol has no specific
affinity for any of these phases, and there are no preferred
interactions between Chol mole-
cules and the saturated lipids. This behavior probably emerges
from the rigid nature of the
sterol structure, making it rather insensitive to the molecular
order of the monolayer com-
position. The primary role of Chol molecules in the phase
separation process is to increase
the ordering and packing of the Langmuir monolayer to an extent
that the system finally
prefers phase separation than miscibility, where every DOPC
lipid molecule departs from
the LC-ordered phase. A future work has to be performed on
certain lipid system mixtures
that exactly resemble the lipid rafts presented in mammalian
cell membranes.
Acknowledgements
Z. Khattari would like to thank Prof. Thomas Fischer (University
of Bayreuth, Germany) for hisgenerous hospitality during carrying
out of the experiments in his laboratory.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the
authors.
Funding
Financial support from DFG and Hashemite University [grant
number Fi 548 11-1] is gratefullyacknowledged.
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Abstract1. Introduction2. Materials and methods2.1. Preparation
of lipid monolayers2.2. Langmuir monolayer pressure isotherms
technique2.2.1. . Langmuir film balance2.2.2. Mixed monolayer π-A
isotherms2.2.3. Compressibility modulus of Langmuir monolayer2.2.4.
Fluorescence microscopy imaging of the monolayer2.2.5. Statistical
analysis
3. Results and discussion3.1. One-lipid systems3.2. Two-lipid
systems3.3. Three-lipid systems
4. Connection between the monolayer results and the lipid
bilayer in the cell membrane5.
ConclusionsAcknowledgementsDisclosure
statementFundingReferences